Unit 1 The Changing World
Topic 1 Our country has developed rapidly.
一、重点短语
1.have a good summer holiday 过一个愉快的暑假 25.see …. oneself 亲眼看见…… 2.come back from…从……回来 26.make progress取得进步 3.work for …为……工作 27.thanks to多亏; 幸亏；由于 4.feel sorry for…对……深表同情 28.stand for代表
5.a disabled children’s home一家残疾儿童养育院 29. with the help of…在……的帮助下 6.the whole holiday整个假期 30.draw up an outline拟定提纲
7.tell stories to kids给小孩讲故事 31. How was your trip?你的旅行如何？ 8.learn…from 从……当中学习 32. take place发生
9.feed a child喂小孩 33. have/has been to曾经去过„„（已回） 10.in one’s spare/free time在空闲时间 34.so…that…太„„以至于„„
11.go to summer classes上暑期班 35. have/has gone to到„„去了（去而未归） 12.write an article about…写一篇有关……的文章 36. There goes the bell.上课铃响了。 13.have a hard/ happy life过着艰苦的/ 幸福的生活 37.feel satisfied with…对……感到满足 14.in the past/ future在过去/ 在将来 38.divide …into…把……分成…… 15.make friends with sb.和某人交朋友 39.fall ill得病/ 患病 16.at sunrise在日出时 40.go hungry变饿了 17.have no chance/time to do sth.没有机会/时间做某事 41.at sunrise在日出时
18.afford ( to do) sth担负得起(做)某事 42.used to do sth.过去常做某事 19.give support to sb.给某人帮助/支持 43.enjoy Beijing Opera欣赏京剧
20.get a good education获得良好的教育 44. win/ lose a competition 赢得/ 输掉比赛 21.search…for…为了……搜索…… 45.study/ go abroad在国外学习/ 出国 22.have little food to eat 吃不饱 46.sleep in the open air在户外睡觉 23.dress warmly穿得暖 47.play musical instruments演奏乐器 24.with the development of… 随着……的发展 48.reform and opening-up改革开放 二、重点知识点
1.The Changing World变化中的世界。changing是在分词作world的定语。 2. There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing. =That’s the bell.铃响了。倒装语序。
主语是代词时一般用局部倒装。如：Here he comes.他来了。Here you are.给你。 主语是名词时用e完全倒装。如：There comes the bus.公共汽车来了。 3.improve（动词）提高，改善，改进。（名词improvement改进处，改进的事物） 作及物动词 如：improve myself自我提高。improve my English提高我的英语。 不及物动词 如：improve on/upon sth 对„„做出改进
He has improved on the invention.他进一步完善了他的发明。
4.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy.尽管我没时间去旅游，但我仍然感到很愉快。 ①Though/although连词，用来引导让步状语从句，表“虽然；尽管”，不能与but连用。
如：Though/Although he is poor, he is happy. = He is poor, but he is happy.尽管他很贫穷，但是他很快乐。
②have (no)time to do sth. (没)有时间做某事 如:I have time to see you.我有时间去看你。 have a/the chance to do sth有机会做某事 have no chance to do sth没有机会做某事
5.Could /Would you please (not) do sth？ 请（不）做某事好吗？
1
如：Could you please turn down your radio? 请把收音机声音调低好吗？
Would you please not play football here? 请不要在这儿踢球好吗？
6.see sth. oneself亲眼目睹I saw him helping others myself.我亲眼目睹他帮助别人。 7.receive a good education受到良好的教育 8.keep in touch with sb.与某人保持联系
lose touch with sb.=be out of touch with sb.与某人失去联系 9.faraway遥远的，如：a faraway town一个遥远的小镇
far away遥远，常放在句末作后置定语。如：They live in a village far away. be far away from+地点，离某地遥远。如前面有具体数字时，则不要far。
如：My home is far away from Beijing.我家离北京很远。
My home is about 1000km away from Beijing.我家离北京大约1000km。
10.develop v.发展，发达；development n.发展；developed adj.发达的；developing adj.发展中的。 如：⑴China has developed rapidly, but it is still a developing country while the USA is a developed country.中国发展迅速，但它仍然是个发展中国家，然而美国却是个发达国家。
⑵With the development of China, People’s living conditions have improved a lot. 随着中国的发展，人们的生活条件有了很大的改善
11.Why not go and search the Internet for some information?为什么不上网查找相关信息呢？ search sp. for sth. 搜查某地寻找某物 search sb. for sth. 搜身查找某物
search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb. 搜寻某物/ 某人； 如：
Tom searched the room for his lost pen. Tom在房间里寻找他失踪的钢笔。
The police searched the man for the stolen money. 警察搜那个男人的身，查找被偷的钱。 He is searching/ looking for his missing keys. 他在寻找他丢的钥匙。 12.used to be/ do… 过去曾是/常做……
be used to do sth. = be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 be/ get /become used to (doing ) sth. 习惯于（做）某事；
如：I used to be a Chinese teacher. 我过去曾是一名语文老师。
I used to swim in this river. 我过去常在这条河中游泳。
Knives are used to cut things.= knives are used for cutting things. 刀子被用砍东西。 We are used to getting up earlier now. 现在我们习惯于早起。
13. satisfy v.使(某人)满意或满足 如：It’s impossible to satisfy everyone.让所有人都满足是不可能的。
be satisfied/pleased with…对„„感到满意、满足
如：He is satisfied/pleased with his new job.他对他的新工作感到满意。
14.就近原则:there/here+be/系动词，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but(also)...，not...but.. 如： Not only you but also Tom has been to Africa.不仅你去过非洲，Tom也去过。
Here is a pen, a few books for you.
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. Either you or he has to go there with me.要么你要么他必须和我去那里。 Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
Not you but your father is wrong . 不是你，而是你父亲错了。
就远原则：“名词 + 介词 / 介词短语（ with，together with，along with，as well as 等） + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由介词前的名词的单复数形式决定。 如：Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing
15.succeed v.成功；success n.成功；successful adj.成功的；successfully adv.成功地
He succeeded in getting the job. 他谋得了那份工作。 Failure is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。
This is a very successful speech 这是一次非常成功的演讲。 He finished the work successfully.他成功的完成了任务。 16.dream about (doing) sth.梦想(做)某事
He dreams about a new house.他梦想拥有一栋新房子。
We used to dream about living abroad.过去我们常常梦想去国外生活。 17.play a part/role (in sth)发挥作用
The Internet plays an important part/role in our lives.网络在我们的生活中发挥着重要的作用。 18.spend(spent spent)花费 sb. spend+钱/时间+on sth. sb. spend+钱/时间+ (in) doing sth. eg: He spent 10 yuan on the book.他花了10元买这本书。
He spent two hours (in) doing his homework.他用了两个小时做他的家庭作业。 cost(cost cost)花钱 物体做主语 sth cost sb+钱 eg: This book cost me 10 yuan. pay(paid paid) pay for sth 付款 eg: He paid 10 yuan for the book.
take(took taken) It takes sb.+时间+to do sth.某人花时间做某事。 eg: It took him 2 hours to do his homework.
19. China has made such rapid progress. 中国已经取得如此迅速的进步。
progress 为不可数名词 make progress 取得进步
make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 许多/ 巨大的进步 20. take place 表示“发生、举行、举办”，事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排 eg:Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years. happen作“发生、碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突发性事件 eg: I happened to see him on my way home. sth. happen to sb. 某人发生了某事。（一般是不好的事）
eg:If anything happens to him, let me know. 万一他有什么不测，就请通知我。 A little accident happened to her yesterday. 昨天她发生了点小意外。 21. as well 多用于口语，只用于句末，不用逗号隔开； too 多用于口语，用于句末，要用逗号隔开； also 较正式，不用于句末； either 用于否定句，表“也不”，与too 对应。 如：
He likes sports as well. = He likes sports, too. = He also likes sports. 他也喜欢运动。 He didn’t come, either. 他也没来。
Topic 2 The population in developing countries is growing fast?
一、重点短语
1.get lost迷路2.hate to go shopping讨厌去购物2.hear from sb.=receive/ get a letter from sb.收到某人的来信3.be abroad在国外4.go abroad 去国外5.at home and abroad国内外6.at least至少7.China’s one-child policy中国的独生子女政策8.be strict with sb.对某人要求严格9.be strict in about sth对事严格10.the population of China中国的人口11.live longer活得更长12.medical care医疗保健3.control the population控制人口14.be known / famous as以……而闻名15.be known / famous for因„„而著名16.work well in doing sth.在做某事方面很有功效17.have a long way to go 有很长的路要走18.be
2
short of缺乏……19.one of the greatest problems最大的问题之一20.be in trouble陷入麻烦中/ 在困境中21.prefer boys to girls重男轻女22.offer sb. a good education提供某人良好的教育23.a couple of一些 ;几个24.even though = even if即使25.have a lot of pressure有许多压力26.the differences between A and BA与B之间的区别27.call up/ring up/make a telephone call给某人打电话 二、重点语言点
1． ---- I really hate to go shopping. 我真讨厌去购物。 ---- So do I . 我也是。
So do I .为倒装句，表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体，表“某某也一样”，结构为
“so + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
如：Jim is a student, so is Tom. 吉姆是一名学生，汤姆也是。 Jim can swim, so can Tom. 吉姆会游泳，汤姆也会。
Jim likes sports, so does Tom. 吉姆喜欢运动，汤姆也喜欢。
如表前面不怎样，后面“也不”怎样时，其结构为“ neither/ nor + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
如：Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they. 吉姆不中国人，他们也不是。 Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I . 吉姆不会说日语，我也不会。 Jim didn’t go there, neither did I . 吉姆没去那儿，我也没去。 如前后两句表达的是同一个主体，则不能倒装，表“的确如此”。 如：Jim is a good student. So he is. 吉姆是一名好学生，的确如此。 Jim swims well. So he does. 吉姆游泳很好，的确如此。
2.population为不可数名词，表示人口的多少只能用 “large”或 “small”修饰，提问人口用“what”, 如：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口比北京多。
The population of China is 1.3 billion=China has a population of 1.3 billion.中国有13亿 What’s the population of China?= How many people are there in China?
=How large is the population of China? 中国的人口有多少？
3. Great changes have taken place in China. 中国发生了巨大变化。 take place 指必然性的“发生”或有计划、安排之内的“举行”。如： The meeting will take place next Friday. 会议将在下周五举行。
happen 指偶然的、没有预料的“发生“，其结果往往给人带来不幸或麻烦。如： The accident happened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。 ※两者都不用于被动语态。
4. increase by+倍数或者百分数 “增加了……”; increase to+具体增长后的数字 “增加到……”
eg：The population of this town has increase by 5 percent. 这个镇的人口增长了5%。
The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我们国家的人口已增长到了13 亿。 5.英文分数表达法：分子为基数词，分母为序数词，先读分子后读分母。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词则变为复数，直接在词尾加“s”。如：
one fourth=a quarter 四分之一； three fourths 四分之三； one second 二分之一； two thirds 三分之二
6. work well in doing sth. 表“在……方面很有功效”, 如:
It has worked well in controlling China’s population. 它在控制人口数量方面取得了显著的功效。
Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight.做眼保健操在保护视力方面很有功效。 7.be short of… 表 “缺乏……”, be short for… 表“是……的缩写”
eg:She is always short of money at the end of every month. 每个月底她总是缺钱。
TV is short for television. TV是television的缩写形式. 8.whole整个的 强调整体，接可数名词单数。谓语用三单。 The whole family likes watching |TV.全家人都喜欢看电视。
All全部，都。 着重于全体中的各个部分，接不可数名词或名词复数。 All the people in the ship lost their lives.轮船上的人都死了。 8.Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education?
所有的中国家庭都能给他们的的孩子提供良好的教育吗？ offer 表“（主动）给予， 提供”
offer sb. sth. “提供某人某物” 如：
I offered him a glass of wine. 我敬了他一杯酒。 offer to do sth. “（主动）提出做某事” 如：
She offered to cook for her mother. 她提出帮她妈妈煮饭。
9. supply n.供应量，储备。The water supply is not enough.水的供给不足。 supply v.供应，提供 supply sth. to sb./ supply sb. with sth.给某人提供某物
eg: Our conntry supplies free books to children. Our conntry supplies free children with free books.我
国给孩子们提供免费的书。
provide sth.for sb.= provide sb. with sth.向某人提供某物
eg:Our school provides us with books.=Our school provides books for us.学校给我们提供书籍． offer sth. to sb.=offer sb. sth提供某人某物
eg:I offered him a glass of wine. 我敬了他一杯酒。 offer to do sth. “（主动）提出做某事” 如：
eg:She offered to cook for her mother. 她提出帮她妈妈煮饭。
10.thanks to +n./v-ing多亏了„„，由于„„的帮助。. 相当于because of/with the help of… eg: Thanks to the doctor, I am well again.多亏了这位医生，我身体有康复了。 Thanks for+n./pron/v-ing感谢„„
eg: Thanks for inviting me.=Thank you for your invitation.感谢你的邀请
11.The boy called/named/with the name of Li Lei is my brother.叫李雷的那个男孩是我弟弟。 called/named过去分词作后置定语。
12.be surrounded by 被„„所环绕。The small town is surrounded by trees.小城四周绿树环绕
13.be careful with/about/of sth.小心，谨慎地对待某事/物 Be careful with the steps,please.请当心台阶。 14. unless = if not 表“除非…; 如果不”，引导条件状语从句。
eg: I won’t go unless I hear from you. = I won’t go if I don’t hear from you.如果你不通知我，我就不去。
Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam. 如果比尔不努力, 他不会通过考试的.
Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.
一、重点短语
help homeless people帮助无家可归的人in need需要（食物和钱）decide on (doing ) sth.决定（做）某事provide sb. with sth.给某人提供某物come for a visit来参观；来看一看be successful in (doing) sth.成功地做了某事get/find jobs获得/ 找到工作feel good about oneself自我感觉良好take drugs吸毒give sb. a good chance to do sth.给某人做某事的一次好机会end the war结束战争live a happy life过着幸福的生活smile on one’s face脸上露出笑容Project Hopes希望工程at home and abroad 在国内外in poor areas在贫困地区receive a good education受到良好的教育 二、重点语言点
1. Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them. 他们一旦发现有人需要帮助，就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。
a) once 是从属连词，表“一旦……就……”,它的从句为现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，主句则为一般将来时。或者主从句均为过去的某种时态。如：
3
Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up. 一旦你迷上了电脑游戏，你就很难放弃它。
Once he arrives here, he will know the whole thing. 一旦他到这儿，他就会知道整件事的。 She told him once she arrived, she would call him. 她告诉他一旦她到了，她会打电话给他。 b) decide on (doing ) sth. 决定（做）某事， 相当于 decide to do sth. 如：
They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan. 他们决定在海南度假。 = They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.
2. The government provides homeless people with nice homes.
政府向无家可归的人们提供舒适的住处。
provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 提供给某人某物
The school provided the students with food. 这所学校为学生们提供食物。 = The school provided food for the students.
3. I think it’s a wonderful place to live in. 我认为那是一个居住的好地方。
to live in 是动词不定式，用来修饰前面的名词place. 在不定式中，如动词为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后必须跟上相应的介词。 如： There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的事。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。
4. It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives. 它很出名是因为它已经成功地帮助无家可归的人重新过上正常的生活。
be successful in doing sth. 成功地做成某事， 相当于 succeed in doing sth. 如： He was successful in passing the exam. 他成功地通过了考试。
They were successful in climbing Mount Huang. 他们成功地登上了黄山。 5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan. 在近十六年来，希望工程已筹集了大约30亿元。 in the past + 若干时间，表“近若干时间来”，用于现在完成时。如： They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.
近两个月来，他们已经学习了大约500个英语单词。
You have grown up a lot in the past three years. 近三年来，你们长大了许多。 四、重点语法
（一） 直接引语和间接引语
在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如： “What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked.
当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述部分称为间接引语。如： Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：
1． 直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。 1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that或省略。如： She said, “I’m very glad to have such a chance.”
→She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether或 if。如：
Maria asked Jane, “Can they get good food and medicine?”
→Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine.
3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how等。 如：Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?”
→Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
4）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order引导的不定式结构。如： Mother said to me, “ Try again.”→ Mother asked me to try again. “ Don’t be afraid”, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 2． 语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。 3． 时态的变化。
1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如： He says, “I’m tired.”→ He says he is tired.
He will say, “ The boy was lazy.”→ He will say the boy was lazy.
2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。如：
He said, “I’m sorry.”→ He said he was sorry.
The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.” → The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 4． 人称的变化。如：
The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” → The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class.
5． 时间状语的变化。如：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night;
this morning→that morning; ago→before; yesterday→the day before; last night→the night before; the day before yesterday→two days before; tomorrow→the next day; next week→the next week. 6． 地点状语的变化。如：here→there
7． 指示代词的变化。如：this→that; these → those 8． 动词的变化。如：come → go; bring → take
Unit 2 Saving the earth
Topic 1 Pollution has caused too many problems.
一.重点词组
produce terrible gas 产生难闻的气味 manage to do sth. 设法做某事 in a good / bad mood 情绪好/差 feel uncomfortable 感到不舒适 pour waste into river 把废水倒入河里 something useful 有用的事物
be harmful to sb. / sth. 对某人/某物有害 the look of our cities 城市面貌
see fish swimming 看到鱼儿游来游去 at present 目前
shout at sb. 对某人大喊大叫；斥责某人 stop making so much noise 停止发出如此大的噪音 disturb others 打扰别人 a kind of pollution 一种污染
be sorry for doing sth. 对做了某事感到抱歉 from now on 从现在起
in noisy conditions 在吵杂的条件下
4
become deaf 变聋了 quite a few 相当多
no better than （几乎）与……一样差 cause high blood pressure 引发高血压
in strong, changeable light 在强烈、易变的光线下 二．重点语言点
1.see/hear sb. doing sth看/听见某人正在做某事 You could see bees dancing.
see/hear sb. do sth看/听见某人做过某事 I often hear Tom sing in his room. 2.What a mess! 多么脏乱啊！ 3.What a pity/shame! 真遗憾！
4.There be+ sb. /sth doing sth.有某人/物正在做某事。There is a boy crying in the classroom. 5.chemical factory 化工厂
6.pour…into…把„„倒入 Please pour the water into the glass. 7.waste adj.废弃的，无用的，丢弃的。waste water/paper n.浪费，废弃物。a waste of time 浪费时间。 v.浪费 Don’t waste food.
8.several+可数名词复数，几个。近似 a few。He has several friends in his class. 9.be harmful to=do harm to= be bad for对„„有害 be good for对„„有益 吸烟不利于健康 10. breathe /bri:ð/ v.呼吸 breathe in 吸入breathe out呼出We breathe fresh air. breath/ breθ/ n.呼吸 hold one’s breath屏住呼吸 be out of breath上气不接下气
take a(deep)breath(深深地)吸一口气
11.in a good mood心情好in a bad mood心情差
12.bear/ stand +n./pron./doing 忍受某人/某事/做某事I can’t bear/stand staying up late.
bear/stand sb. doing sth容忍某人做某事I can’t bear/stand people dropping litter.我受不了人们乱扔垃圾 13. hope n. 希望 He never gave up his hope.他从不放弃希望。
hope v.希望 1.hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to see you at the party.
2.hope+从句 I hope you can come. 我希望你能来。
3. hope for+名词I hope for a better future.我希望有更好的将来。 4.做简略回答 I hope so.我希望如此 I hope not.我不希望那样。 5.hope 一般不用于进行时
※6.hope sb to do sth 这是错误的，不能这样用。
wish v.希望，但愿1. wish+从句 I wish I were you.
2.wish to do sth 希望做某事 I wish to go with you. 3.wish sb. sth/adj. I wish you success. 我祝你成功。
4.wish sb. to do sth I wish you to go with me. 希望你同我一道去。
14.What’s wrong with sb./sth. =What’s the matter/trouble with sb./sth.„„怎么了？ 15.too much+不可数名词 太多„„Don’t eat too much meat.
too many+可数名词 太多„„They built too many buildings last year.去年他们建了许多楼房。 much too+adj/adv 太„„It's much too cold．天气实在太冷了。 没有many too这个结构。 16.not all…不是所有的„„ not both…不是两者都„„ not every…不是每一个„„
all…not 不是所有的„„都„„ both…not两者/双方不都„„
every…not不是每个„„都„„以上短语都表部分否定
如：Not all the students like sports.=All the students don’t like sports不是所有的学生都喜欢运动。 一.重点词组
1．read this article 看这篇文章 2．here and there = everywhere 到处 3．care for = look after = take care of 照顾
none,no one,nothing,nobody,neither表全部否定
如：None of my friends likes swimming.我的朋友中没有一个喜欢游泳。 17. none与no one 的区别：
a) none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用
复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。 如：He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。
None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。 No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。
b) none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。 如：A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.
A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.
A: Who is in the room? B: No one.谁在房中？没有人。
18.What do you mean by sth. ? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth. mean?某物是什么意思呢? 19.no better than…(almost as/weak/ bad/badly as…)同„„一样差，不比„„做得好 Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考的几乎一样差。 20.It’s reported/It’s said/It’s believed 据报道 21.including (介词)包括，包含在内。
如：They have many pets, including three cats. 他们有很多宠物, 猫就有三只
include（动词）包括，包含。The university includes ten colleges.该大学有10个学院。 22.as well 也， 肯定句末不用‘,’隔开。She will go there as well. too 也， 肯定句末（偶尔也放句中）要用‘，’隔开。I like English, too. also 也，肯定句中，be/助/情后实意动词前。I also like English。 either 也，否定末，用‘，’隔开。I don’t like English either。 23.Let’s be greener people.让我们成为环保者。
24.There be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。
如： There are some birds singing in the tree. 树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。 There is a little girl crying in the street. 街上有个小女孩在哭。 25.stop doing sth. 停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件）事
如：It’s late. They will stop working and (stop) to have supper.很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。 The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.学生们停止说话去听课。
26.be sorry for doing sth. 表对做过的事感到抱歉 be sorry to do sth. 表对当前的事感到抱歉
如:I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday. 很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。 I’m sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
27. sound指各种声音 I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声.
noise主要指“噪音” I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 voice指人的“嗓音” Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。
Topic 2 All these problems are very serious.
4．give some advice to … 提出一些建议给……
5．set one’s mind to sth. 集中精力于……; 用心于…… 6．protect nature 保护自然 7．wash away 冲走
8．blow away 吹走；刮走 9．turn into = change into 转变成 10．die out 灭绝；绝迹
11．stop / prevent …(from) doing sth. 阻止……做某事 12．keep…from doing sth. 阻止……做某事 13．move toward… 朝……移动 14．cut down 砍倒
15．run away 跑走; 流走 16．cut off 中断
17．on the earth 在地球上
18． be in danger of (doing) sth. 处于做某事的危险中 19．destroy/ harm/ pollute the environment 破坏/损害/污染环境 20．have a quiet life 过着平静的生活 21．plenty of 大量的 22．come to realize 开始意识 23．have a clean-up 大扫除
24．one after another 一个接着另一个 25．on recycled paper 在再生纸上 26．enter the competition 进入比赛
27．offer one’s suggestion 提供某人的建议 二.重点语言点
1. sth. + says that… 此句型中主语是事或物，say表用“文字、数字”说明信息。如：It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card. 卡片上写着“新年快乐！”。 The clock says that it is 20:00 now. 这面钟显示现在是20：00。 2.
3． It has become a big problem recently.最近它已经成为一个严重问题。 recently“到目前为止；近来”，常用于现在完成时。如：
I haven’t heard from him recently. 最近，我没收到他的来信。
She has read some books on history recently. 最近她看了一些有关历史的书。 4． When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨时，土壤就会被冲走。 will be +过去分词为一般将来时的被动语形式。如：
The earth will be blown away by the wind. 泥土将会被风刮走。（被动语态） = The wind will blow away the earth. 风将会把泥土刮走。（主动语态）
5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.
许多肥沃的土地已经变成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黄沙。
5
all…not 不是所有的„„都„„ both…not两者/双方不都„„
every…not不是每个„„都„„以上短语都表部分否定
如：Not all the students like sports.=All the students don’t like sports不是所有的学生都喜欢运动。 一.重点词组
1．read this article 看这篇文章 2．here and there = everywhere 到处 3．care for = look after = take care of 照顾
none,no one,nothing,nobody,neither表全部否定
如：None of my friends likes swimming.我的朋友中没有一个喜欢游泳。 17. none与no one 的区别：
a) none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用
复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。 如：He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。
None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。 No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。
b) none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。 如：A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.
A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.
A: Who is in the room? B: No one.谁在房中？没有人。
18.What do you mean by sth. ? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth. mean?某物是什么意思呢? 19.no better than…(almost as/weak/ bad/badly as…)同„„一样差，不比„„做得好 Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考的几乎一样差。 20.It’s reported/It’s said/It’s believed 据报道 21.including (介词)包括，包含在内。
如：They have many pets, including three cats. 他们有很多宠物, 猫就有三只
include（动词）包括，包含。The university includes ten colleges.该大学有10个学院。 22.as well 也， 肯定句末不用‘,’隔开。She will go there as well. too 也， 肯定句末（偶尔也放句中）要用‘，’隔开。I like English, too. also 也，肯定句中，be/助/情后实意动词前。I also like English。 either 也，否定末，用‘，’隔开。I don’t like English either。 23.Let’s be greener people.让我们成为环保者。
24.There be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。
如： There are some birds singing in the tree. 树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。 There is a little girl crying in the street. 街上有个小女孩在哭。 25.stop doing sth. 停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件）事
如：It’s late. They will stop working and (stop) to have supper.很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。 The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.学生们停止说话去听课。
26.be sorry for doing sth. 表对做过的事感到抱歉 be sorry to do sth. 表对当前的事感到抱歉
如:I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday. 很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。 I’m sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
27. sound指各种声音 I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声.
noise主要指“噪音” I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 voice指人的“嗓音” Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。
Topic 2 All these problems are very serious.
4．give some advice to … 提出一些建议给……
5．set one’s mind to sth. 集中精力于……; 用心于…… 6．protect nature 保护自然 7．wash away 冲走
8．blow away 吹走；刮走 9．turn into = change into 转变成 10．die out 灭绝；绝迹
11．stop / prevent …(from) doing sth. 阻止……做某事 12．keep…from doing sth. 阻止……做某事 13．move toward… 朝……移动 14．cut down 砍倒
15．run away 跑走; 流走 16．cut off 中断
17．on the earth 在地球上
18． be in danger of (doing) sth. 处于做某事的危险中 19．destroy/ harm/ pollute the environment 破坏/损害/污染环境 20．have a quiet life 过着平静的生活 21．plenty of 大量的 22．come to realize 开始意识 23．have a clean-up 大扫除
24．one after another 一个接着另一个 25．on recycled paper 在再生纸上 26．enter the competition 进入比赛
27．offer one’s suggestion 提供某人的建议 二.重点语言点
1. sth. + says that… 此句型中主语是事或物，say表用“文字、数字”说明信息。如：It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card. 卡片上写着“新年快乐！”。 The clock says that it is 20:00 now. 这面钟显示现在是20：00。 2.
3． It has become a big problem recently.最近它已经成为一个严重问题。 recently“到目前为止；近来”，常用于现在完成时。如：
I haven’t heard from him recently. 最近，我没收到他的来信。
She has read some books on history recently. 最近她看了一些有关历史的书。 4． When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨时，土壤就会被冲走。 will be +过去分词为一般将来时的被动语形式。如：
The earth will be blown away by the wind. 泥土将会被风刮走。（被动语态） = The wind will blow away the earth. 风将会把泥土刮走。（主动语态）
5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.
许多肥沃的土地已经变成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黄沙。
5
a) change… into… = turn… into… 把…..(转)变成….. 如：
Please change/ turn English into Chinese. 请把英语变成汉语。
When the traffic lights change/ turn into green, we can go.当交通灯变成绿色时,我们就可以通行。 b) leaving only stand现在分词短语作状语, 表伴随。如：
The children went away, talking and laughing.孩子们说着、笑着离开了。
The girl is looking for her mother, crying loudly.这个女孩大声地哭着在寻找她的母亲。
6．Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away. They can also prevent the sand from moving
toward the rich land. 树可以防风固土，也可阻止风沙吹进良田。 Trees can keep water from running away. 树可以防止水土流失。
stop / prevent sb. /sth. (from ) doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事 keep sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事
7. Although we have built the Great Green Wall, we still need to work hard to protect the
environment. 尽管我们已经建了绿色长城，我们仍需要致力于保护环境。 although 连词，表“虽然； 尽管”，引导让步状语从句，相当于though 但比though正式。不能与but同时连用。如：
Although the question is difficult, he can still answer it. 尽管这个问题很难，他仍能回答上它。
1． And some animals are in danger of disappearing completely.
= And some animals are in danger of dying out. 一些动物濒临灭绝。 in danger of ( doing ) sth. 处于做某事的危险中； 如：
They are in danger of losing their lives. 他们正处于失去生命的危险中。
9. You may either take a bus or a taxi. 你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。
a) either…or… “要么……要么……; 或者……或者……” 并列连词,连接对等结构;连接主语时,根据就近原则。如：
You may come either today or tomorrow. 你要么今天来，要么明天来。 We can either sing or dance. 我们可以唱歌或者跳舞。 Either you or he is right. 要么你对，要么他对。
b) either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。如：
A：Ｗould you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK 你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。
Either of us is right. 我们俩中有一人是对的。 四、重点语法
不定代词和不定副词： (一) 不定代词：
指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody 指物：something anything nothing everything （二）不定副词
指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere （三）用法：
1． some-复合代词/副词常用于肯定句；如：
I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。 There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。
He has gone somewhere warm for his holiday. 他去暖和的地方度假了。
6
2． any-复合代词/副词常用于否定句或疑问句；如：
I didn’t see anyone in the room. 我没看见有人在房间里。 There isn’t anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。
He hasn’t gone somewhere warm for his holiday.他没去暖和的地方度假。 3． no- 复合代词/副词表全否定；如：
I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。 There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。 4． every- 复合代词/副词代替全部；如：
Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。
It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。
※ some-复合代词/副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请求；如：
Would you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？ ※ any-复合代词/副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；如：
If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. 如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。 ※ 不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如：
No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。 Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。
※ 如果有定语修饰,定语应放在不定代词或不定副词后；如：
I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。 There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
※ no= not any → nobody = not anybody; nothing = not anything
She didn’t say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。 There is nobody strange here.= There isn’t anybody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
Topic 3 What can we do at home to protect the environment.
一、重点词汇 （一）词形变换
1. organization(动词) organize 2.recycle(动名词) recycling 3. follow(形容词) following 4.electricity(形容词) electric 5. move(名词) movement 6. quick(副词) quickly
7. environment(形容词) environmental 8. protect(名词) protection （二）重点词组
1. environmental protection 环境的保护 2. work for… 为……工作 3. spread message about… 宣传有关……
4. reduce the waste/ air pollution 减少浪费/ 空气污染 5. both sides of … ……的两面
6. rather than (是)……而不是…. 7. not only…but also… 不仅…….而且…… 8. save money/ energy/ electricity 省钱/ 能源/ 电 9. be supposed to do sth. 应当做某事 10. travel a short distance 短途旅行
11. put…into… 把……放入…… 12. take up a lot of space 占据许多空间 13. produce power from… 从……获得能量 14. run the car 发动汽车
15. push…forward /up /down 推…….向前/向上/向下 16. power machines 发动机器
17. produce electricity by doing sth. 通过做某事发电 18. the movement of water 水的流动
19. be used for doing sth 被用作做某事 20. take a quick shower 快速淋浴 21. make a short journey 短途旅行 22. pick the litter up 捡起垃圾 23. try harder 再努力
24. produce a short oral report 作一个简短的口头报告 二、重点句型
1．Let’s be greener people. 让我们做环保使者吧。
2．…my main job is to help spread message about protecting the environment.
我主要的工作是帮助做有关保护环境的宣传。 3．It’s kind of you to do that. 你那样做真是太好了。
4．Would you like to be a greener person? 你想成为一名绿色使者吗？ 5．Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。
6．Actions speak louder than words. 百说不如一干；事实胜于雄辩。 7．Of all the rubbish, about 35 percent can be recycled while the rest can’t.
在所有的垃圾里，大约35%能被回收，但剩余的则不能。 8. They work well, but they are slow and can’t run for long.
他们行驶得很好，但他们行驶很慢并且不能远距离行驶。 三、重点语言点
1. We all know that you’re working for some organizations that protect the environment. 我们
都知道你在为环保组织工作。 work for… 表“为……工作”
He works for a foreign company in Shanghai. 他在上海为一家外资公司工作。
2. We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away. 我们应该
把纸的两面都使用，将塑料袋再次使用而不是轻易扔掉。 a) both 修饰复数名词；而 either 修饰单数名词； 如： There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.
= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road. 在路的两边有许多树。 b) rather than 表“（是）……而不是”;连词, 连接对等结构, 相当于instead of如: I like coffee
rather than tea. = I like coffee instead of tea. 我喜欢咖啡而不是茶.
He likes listening to music rather than/ instead of singing. 他喜欢听音乐而不是唱歌.
He wants to go today rather than/ instead of tomorrow. 他想今天走而不明天.
I did my homework rather than watched TV.
7
= I did my homework instead of watching TV. 昨晚我做作业了而不是看电视.
但rather than位于句首时, 后跟动词原形,它不受句中谓语动词的时态影响。如： Rather than do it by myself, I didn’t ask for help.
宁可自己干, 我没请人帮忙。
3. Everyone is supposed to do it. 每个人都应该那样做。
be supposed to do sth.指（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当做某事；必须做某事；相当于should; 用于否定句时，表“允许”； 如：
Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot. 老师应该知道很多。 You are not supposed to smoke here. 这里不允许抽烟。
4. First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room.
首先，当你离开房间的时候，应该随手关灯。
ought to 情态动词, 表 “应该; 应当”; 语气比 should 强;指道义上应该做的事,有时含有责备或督促的语气。should 指主观上感到有责任或义务去做。如：
You ought to help your mother do some housework.你应该帮你妈妈做些家务。 We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。 其否定式和疑问式：
You oughtn’t to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不应该起这么晚。 Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我该告诉她坏消息吗？ Yes, you ought. No, you oughtn’t. 四、重点语法
并列句：是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子，连词前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。
1．表示并列关系，常用连接词有and, not only…but also…等。如： His father is a teacher and his mother is a doctor. 他的父亲是一位老师，母亲是一位医生。
Mr. Green can not only drive a car but also repair it. 格林先生不但会开车而且还能修车。
2．表示转折，常用连词有but, while等。如：
I bought my sister a present, but she didn’t like it. 我给妹妹买了一件礼物，但是她并不喜欢。
Tom does housework every day while his sister does nothing. 汤姆每天都做家务活，而他的妹妹什么也不做。
3．表示选择关系，常用连词有or, either…or…等。如： He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语，或者懂法语。
Either he could not come or he did not want to. 他要么是不能来要么是不想来。
1. 表示因果关系，常用连词有so, for等。如：
Her mother is ill, so she has to stay at home and look after her mother. 她母亲病了，所以她不得不呆在家里照看她。 The ground is very wet, for it rained last night. 地面很湿，因为昨晚下雨了。
Unit 1 The Changing World
Topic 1 Our country has developed rapidly.
一、重点短语
1.have a good summer holiday 过一个愉快的暑假 25.see …. oneself 亲眼看见…… 2.come back from…从……回来 26.make progress取得进步 3.work for …为……工作 27.thanks to多亏; 幸亏；由于 4.feel sorry for…对……深表同情 28.stand for代表
5.a disabled children’s home一家残疾儿童养育院 29. with the help of…在……的帮助下 6.the whole holiday整个假期 30.draw up an outline拟定提纲
7.tell stories to kids给小孩讲故事 31. How was your trip?你的旅行如何？ 8.learn…from 从……当中学习 32. take place发生
9.feed a child喂小孩 33. have/has been to曾经去过„„（已回） 10.in one’s spare/free time在空闲时间 34.so…that…太„„以至于„„
11.go to summer classes上暑期班 35. have/has gone to到„„去了（去而未归） 12.write an article about…写一篇有关……的文章 36. There goes the bell.上课铃响了。 13.have a hard/ happy life过着艰苦的/ 幸福的生活 37.feel satisfied with…对……感到满足 14.in the past/ future在过去/ 在将来 38.divide …into…把……分成…… 15.make friends with sb.和某人交朋友 39.fall ill得病/ 患病 16.at sunrise在日出时 40.go hungry变饿了 17.have no chance/time to do sth.没有机会/时间做某事 41.at sunrise在日出时
18.afford ( to do) sth担负得起(做)某事 42.used to do sth.过去常做某事 19.give support to sb.给某人帮助/支持 43.enjoy Beijing Opera欣赏京剧
20.get a good education获得良好的教育 44. win/ lose a competition 赢得/ 输掉比赛 21.search…for…为了……搜索…… 45.study/ go abroad在国外学习/ 出国 22.have little food to eat 吃不饱 46.sleep in the open air在户外睡觉 23.dress warmly穿得暖 47.play musical instruments演奏乐器 24.with the development of… 随着……的发展 48.reform and opening-up改革开放 二、重点知识点
1.The Changing World变化中的世界。changing是在分词作world的定语。 2. There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing. =That’s the bell.铃响了。倒装语序。
主语是代词时一般用局部倒装。如：Here he comes.他来了。Here you are.给你。 主语是名词时用e完全倒装。如：There comes the bus.公共汽车来了。 3.improve（动词）提高，改善，改进。（名词improvement改进处，改进的事物） 作及物动词 如：improve myself自我提高。improve my English提高我的英语。 不及物动词 如：improve on/upon sth 对„„做出改进
He has improved on the invention.他进一步完善了他的发明。
4.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy.尽管我没时间去旅游，但我仍然感到很愉快。 ①Though/although连词，用来引导让步状语从句，表“虽然；尽管”，不能与but连用。
如：Though/Although he is poor, he is happy. = He is poor, but he is happy.尽管他很贫穷，但是他很快乐。
②have (no)time to do sth. (没)有时间做某事 如:I have time to see you.我有时间去看你。 have a/the chance to do sth有机会做某事 have no chance to do sth没有机会做某事
5.Could /Would you please (not) do sth？ 请（不）做某事好吗？
1
如：Could you please turn down your radio? 请把收音机声音调低好吗？
Would you please not play football here? 请不要在这儿踢球好吗？
6.see sth. oneself亲眼目睹I saw him helping others myself.我亲眼目睹他帮助别人。 7.receive a good education受到良好的教育 8.keep in touch with sb.与某人保持联系
lose touch with sb.=be out of touch with sb.与某人失去联系 9.faraway遥远的，如：a faraway town一个遥远的小镇
far away遥远，常放在句末作后置定语。如：They live in a village far away. be far away from+地点，离某地遥远。如前面有具体数字时，则不要far。
如：My home is far away from Beijing.我家离北京很远。
My home is about 1000km away from Beijing.我家离北京大约1000km。
10.develop v.发展，发达；development n.发展；developed adj.发达的；developing adj.发展中的。 如：⑴China has developed rapidly, but it is still a developing country while the USA is a developed country.中国发展迅速，但它仍然是个发展中国家，然而美国却是个发达国家。
⑵With the development of China, People’s living conditions have improved a lot. 随着中国的发展，人们的生活条件有了很大的改善
11.Why not go and search the Internet for some information?为什么不上网查找相关信息呢？ search sp. for sth. 搜查某地寻找某物 search sb. for sth. 搜身查找某物
search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb. 搜寻某物/ 某人； 如：
Tom searched the room for his lost pen. Tom在房间里寻找他失踪的钢笔。
The police searched the man for the stolen money. 警察搜那个男人的身，查找被偷的钱。 He is searching/ looking for his missing keys. 他在寻找他丢的钥匙。 12.used to be/ do… 过去曾是/常做……
be used to do sth. = be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 be/ get /become used to (doing ) sth. 习惯于（做）某事；
如：I used to be a Chinese teacher. 我过去曾是一名语文老师。
I used to swim in this river. 我过去常在这条河中游泳。
Knives are used to cut things.= knives are used for cutting things. 刀子被用砍东西。 We are used to getting up earlier now. 现在我们习惯于早起。
13. satisfy v.使(某人)满意或满足 如：It’s impossible to satisfy everyone.让所有人都满足是不可能的。
be satisfied/pleased with…对„„感到满意、满足
如：He is satisfied/pleased with his new job.他对他的新工作感到满意。
14.就近原则:there/here+be/系动词，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but(also)...，not...but.. 如： Not only you but also Tom has been to Africa.不仅你去过非洲，Tom也去过。
Here is a pen, a few books for you.
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. Either you or he has to go there with me.要么你要么他必须和我去那里。 Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
Not you but your father is wrong . 不是你，而是你父亲错了。
就远原则：“名词 + 介词 / 介词短语（ with，together with，along with，as well as 等） + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由介词前的名词的单复数形式决定。 如：Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing
15.succeed v.成功；success n.成功；successful adj.成功的；successfully adv.成功地
He succeeded in getting the job. 他谋得了那份工作。 Failure is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。
This is a very successful speech 这是一次非常成功的演讲。 He finished the work successfully.他成功的完成了任务。 16.dream about (doing) sth.梦想(做)某事
He dreams about a new house.他梦想拥有一栋新房子。
We used to dream about living abroad.过去我们常常梦想去国外生活。 17.play a part/role (in sth)发挥作用
The Internet plays an important part/role in our lives.网络在我们的生活中发挥着重要的作用。 18.spend(spent spent)花费 sb. spend+钱/时间+on sth. sb. spend+钱/时间+ (in) doing sth. eg: He spent 10 yuan on the book.他花了10元买这本书。
He spent two hours (in) doing his homework.他用了两个小时做他的家庭作业。 cost(cost cost)花钱 物体做主语 sth cost sb+钱 eg: This book cost me 10 yuan. pay(paid paid) pay for sth 付款 eg: He paid 10 yuan for the book.
take(took taken) It takes sb.+时间+to do sth.某人花时间做某事。 eg: It took him 2 hours to do his homework.
19. China has made such rapid progress. 中国已经取得如此迅速的进步。
progress 为不可数名词 make progress 取得进步
make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 许多/ 巨大的进步 20. take place 表示“发生、举行、举办”，事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排 eg:Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years. happen作“发生、碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突发性事件 eg: I happened to see him on my way home. sth. happen to sb. 某人发生了某事。（一般是不好的事）
eg:If anything happens to him, let me know. 万一他有什么不测，就请通知我。 A little accident happened to her yesterday. 昨天她发生了点小意外。 21. as well 多用于口语，只用于句末，不用逗号隔开； too 多用于口语，用于句末，要用逗号隔开； also 较正式，不用于句末； either 用于否定句，表“也不”，与too 对应。 如：
He likes sports as well. = He likes sports, too. = He also likes sports. 他也喜欢运动。 He didn’t come, either. 他也没来。
Topic 2 The population in developing countries is growing fast?
一、重点短语
1.get lost迷路2.hate to go shopping讨厌去购物2.hear from sb.=receive/ get a letter from sb.收到某人的来信3.be abroad在国外4.go abroad 去国外5.at home and abroad国内外6.at least至少7.China’s one-child policy中国的独生子女政策8.be strict with sb.对某人要求严格9.be strict in about sth对事严格10.the population of China中国的人口11.live longer活得更长12.medical care医疗保健3.control the population控制人口14.be known / famous as以……而闻名15.be known / famous for因„„而著名16.work well in doing sth.在做某事方面很有功效17.have a long way to go 有很长的路要走18.be
2
short of缺乏……19.one of the greatest problems最大的问题之一20.be in trouble陷入麻烦中/ 在困境中21.prefer boys to girls重男轻女22.offer sb. a good education提供某人良好的教育23.a couple of一些 ;几个24.even though = even if即使25.have a lot of pressure有许多压力26.the differences between A and BA与B之间的区别27.call up/ring up/make a telephone call给某人打电话 二、重点语言点
1． ---- I really hate to go shopping. 我真讨厌去购物。 ---- So do I . 我也是。
So do I .为倒装句，表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体，表“某某也一样”，结构为
“so + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
如：Jim is a student, so is Tom. 吉姆是一名学生，汤姆也是。 Jim can swim, so can Tom. 吉姆会游泳，汤姆也会。
Jim likes sports, so does Tom. 吉姆喜欢运动，汤姆也喜欢。
如表前面不怎样，后面“也不”怎样时，其结构为“ neither/ nor + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
如：Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they. 吉姆不中国人，他们也不是。 Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I . 吉姆不会说日语，我也不会。 Jim didn’t go there, neither did I . 吉姆没去那儿，我也没去。 如前后两句表达的是同一个主体，则不能倒装，表“的确如此”。 如：Jim is a good student. So he is. 吉姆是一名好学生，的确如此。 Jim swims well. So he does. 吉姆游泳很好，的确如此。
2.population为不可数名词，表示人口的多少只能用 “large”或 “small”修饰，提问人口用“what”, 如：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口比北京多。
The population of China is 1.3 billion=China has a population of 1.3 billion.中国有13亿 What’s the population of China?= How many people are there in China?
=How large is the population of China? 中国的人口有多少？
3. Great changes have taken place in China. 中国发生了巨大变化。 take place 指必然性的“发生”或有计划、安排之内的“举行”。如： The meeting will take place next Friday. 会议将在下周五举行。
happen 指偶然的、没有预料的“发生“，其结果往往给人带来不幸或麻烦。如： The accident happened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。 ※两者都不用于被动语态。
4. increase by+倍数或者百分数 “增加了……”; increase to+具体增长后的数字 “增加到……”
eg：The population of this town has increase by 5 percent. 这个镇的人口增长了5%。
The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我们国家的人口已增长到了13 亿。 5.英文分数表达法：分子为基数词，分母为序数词，先读分子后读分母。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词则变为复数，直接在词尾加“s”。如：
one fourth=a quarter 四分之一； three fourths 四分之三； one second 二分之一； two thirds 三分之二
6. work well in doing sth. 表“在……方面很有功效”, 如:
It has worked well in controlling China’s population. 它在控制人口数量方面取得了显著的功效。
Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight.做眼保健操在保护视力方面很有功效。 7.be short of… 表 “缺乏……”, be short for… 表“是……的缩写”
eg:She is always short of money at the end of every month. 每个月底她总是缺钱。
TV is short for television. TV是television的缩写形式. 8.whole整个的 强调整体，接可数名词单数。谓语用三单。 The whole family likes watching |TV.全家人都喜欢看电视。
All全部，都。 着重于全体中的各个部分，接不可数名词或名词复数。 All the people in the ship lost their lives.轮船上的人都死了。 8.Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education?
所有的中国家庭都能给他们的的孩子提供良好的教育吗？ offer 表“（主动）给予， 提供”
offer sb. sth. “提供某人某物” 如：
I offered him a glass of wine. 我敬了他一杯酒。 offer to do sth. “（主动）提出做某事” 如：
She offered to cook for her mother. 她提出帮她妈妈煮饭。
9. supply n.供应量，储备。The water supply is not enough.水的供给不足。 supply v.供应，提供 supply sth. to sb./ supply sb. with sth.给某人提供某物
eg: Our conntry supplies free books to children. Our conntry supplies free children with free books.我
国给孩子们提供免费的书。
provide sth.for sb.= provide sb. with sth.向某人提供某物
eg:Our school provides us with books.=Our school provides books for us.学校给我们提供书籍． offer sth. to sb.=offer sb. sth提供某人某物
eg:I offered him a glass of wine. 我敬了他一杯酒。 offer to do sth. “（主动）提出做某事” 如：
eg:She offered to cook for her mother. 她提出帮她妈妈煮饭。
10.thanks to +n./v-ing多亏了„„，由于„„的帮助。. 相当于because of/with the help of… eg: Thanks to the doctor, I am well again.多亏了这位医生，我身体有康复了。 Thanks for+n./pron/v-ing感谢„„
eg: Thanks for inviting me.=Thank you for your invitation.感谢你的邀请
11.The boy called/named/with the name of Li Lei is my brother.叫李雷的那个男孩是我弟弟。 called/named过去分词作后置定语。
12.be surrounded by 被„„所环绕。The small town is surrounded by trees.小城四周绿树环绕
13.be careful with/about/of sth.小心，谨慎地对待某事/物 Be careful with the steps,please.请当心台阶。 14. unless = if not 表“除非…; 如果不”，引导条件状语从句。
eg: I won’t go unless I hear from you. = I won’t go if I don’t hear from you.如果你不通知我，我就不去。
Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam. 如果比尔不努力, 他不会通过考试的.
Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.
一、重点短语
help homeless people帮助无家可归的人in need需要（食物和钱）decide on (doing ) sth.决定（做）某事provide sb. with sth.给某人提供某物come for a visit来参观；来看一看be successful in (doing) sth.成功地做了某事get/find jobs获得/ 找到工作feel good about oneself自我感觉良好take drugs吸毒give sb. a good chance to do sth.给某人做某事的一次好机会end the war结束战争live a happy life过着幸福的生活smile on one’s face脸上露出笑容Project Hopes希望工程at home and abroad 在国内外in poor areas在贫困地区receive a good education受到良好的教育 二、重点语言点
1. Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them. 他们一旦发现有人需要帮助，就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。
a) once 是从属连词，表“一旦……就……”,它的从句为现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，主句则为一般将来时。或者主从句均为过去的某种时态。如：
3
Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up. 一旦你迷上了电脑游戏，你就很难放弃它。
Once he arrives here, he will know the whole thing. 一旦他到这儿，他就会知道整件事的。 She told him once she arrived, she would call him. 她告诉他一旦她到了，她会打电话给他。 b) decide on (doing ) sth. 决定（做）某事， 相当于 decide to do sth. 如：
They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan. 他们决定在海南度假。 = They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.
2. The government provides homeless people with nice homes.
政府向无家可归的人们提供舒适的住处。
provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 提供给某人某物
The school provided the students with food. 这所学校为学生们提供食物。 = The school provided food for the students.
3. I think it’s a wonderful place to live in. 我认为那是一个居住的好地方。
to live in 是动词不定式，用来修饰前面的名词place. 在不定式中，如动词为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后必须跟上相应的介词。 如： There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的事。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。
4. It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives. 它很出名是因为它已经成功地帮助无家可归的人重新过上正常的生活。
be successful in doing sth. 成功地做成某事， 相当于 succeed in doing sth. 如： He was successful in passing the exam. 他成功地通过了考试。
They were successful in climbing Mount Huang. 他们成功地登上了黄山。 5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan. 在近十六年来，希望工程已筹集了大约30亿元。 in the past + 若干时间，表“近若干时间来”，用于现在完成时。如： They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.
近两个月来，他们已经学习了大约500个英语单词。
You have grown up a lot in the past three years. 近三年来，你们长大了许多。 四、重点语法
（一） 直接引语和间接引语
在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如： “What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked.
当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述部分称为间接引语。如： Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：
1． 直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。 1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that或省略。如： She said, “I’m very glad to have such a chance.”
→She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether或 if。如：
Maria asked Jane, “Can they get good food and medicine?”
→Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine.
3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how等。 如：Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?”
→Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
4）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order引导的不定式结构。如： Mother said to me, “ Try again.”→ Mother asked me to try again. “ Don’t be afraid”, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 2． 语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。 3． 时态的变化。
1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如： He says, “I’m tired.”→ He says he is tired.
He will say, “ The boy was lazy.”→ He will say the boy was lazy.
2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。如：
He said, “I’m sorry.”→ He said he was sorry.
The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.” → The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 4． 人称的变化。如：
The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” → The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class.
5． 时间状语的变化。如：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night;
this morning→that morning; ago→before; yesterday→the day before; last night→the night before; the day before yesterday→two days before; tomorrow→the next day; next week→the next week. 6． 地点状语的变化。如：here→there
7． 指示代词的变化。如：this→that; these → those 8． 动词的变化。如：come → go; bring → take
Unit 2 Saving the earth
Topic 1 Pollution has caused too many problems.
一.重点词组
produce terrible gas 产生难闻的气味 manage to do sth. 设法做某事 in a good / bad mood 情绪好/差 feel uncomfortable 感到不舒适 pour waste into river 把废水倒入河里 something useful 有用的事物
be harmful to sb. / sth. 对某人/某物有害 the look of our cities 城市面貌
see fish swimming 看到鱼儿游来游去 at present 目前
shout at sb. 对某人大喊大叫；斥责某人 stop making so much noise 停止发出如此大的噪音 disturb others 打扰别人 a kind of pollution 一种污染
be sorry for doing sth. 对做了某事感到抱歉 from now on 从现在起
in noisy conditions 在吵杂的条件下
4
become deaf 变聋了 quite a few 相当多
no better than （几乎）与……一样差 cause high blood pressure 引发高血压
in strong, changeable light 在强烈、易变的光线下 二．重点语言点
1.see/hear sb. doing sth看/听见某人正在做某事 You could see bees dancing.
see/hear sb. do sth看/听见某人做过某事 I often hear Tom sing in his room. 2.What a mess! 多么脏乱啊！ 3.What a pity/shame! 真遗憾！
4.There be+ sb. /sth doing sth.有某人/物正在做某事。There is a boy crying in the classroom. 5.chemical factory 化工厂
6.pour…into…把„„倒入 Please pour the water into the glass. 7.waste adj.废弃的，无用的，丢弃的。waste water/paper n.浪费，废弃物。a waste of time 浪费时间。 v.浪费 Don’t waste food.
8.several+可数名词复数，几个。近似 a few。He has several friends in his class. 9.be harmful to=do harm to= be bad for对„„有害 be good for对„„有益 吸烟不利于健康 10. breathe /bri:ð/ v.呼吸 breathe in 吸入breathe out呼出We breathe fresh air. breath/ breθ/ n.呼吸 hold one’s breath屏住呼吸 be out of breath上气不接下气
take a(deep)breath(深深地)吸一口气
11.in a good mood心情好in a bad mood心情差
12.bear/ stand +n./pron./doing 忍受某人/某事/做某事I can’t bear/stand staying up late.
bear/stand sb. doing sth容忍某人做某事I can’t bear/stand people dropping litter.我受不了人们乱扔垃圾 13. hope n. 希望 He never gave up his hope.他从不放弃希望。
hope v.希望 1.hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to see you at the party.
2.hope+从句 I hope you can come. 我希望你能来。
3. hope for+名词I hope for a better future.我希望有更好的将来。 4.做简略回答 I hope so.我希望如此 I hope not.我不希望那样。 5.hope 一般不用于进行时
※6.hope sb to do sth 这是错误的，不能这样用。
wish v.希望，但愿1. wish+从句 I wish I were you.
2.wish to do sth 希望做某事 I wish to go with you. 3.wish sb. sth/adj. I wish you success. 我祝你成功。
4.wish sb. to do sth I wish you to go with me. 希望你同我一道去。
14.What’s wrong with sb./sth. =What’s the matter/trouble with sb./sth.„„怎么了？ 15.too much+不可数名词 太多„„Don’t eat too much meat.
too many+可数名词 太多„„They built too many buildings last year.去年他们建了许多楼房。 much too+adj/adv 太„„It's much too cold．天气实在太冷了。 没有many too这个结构。 16.not all…不是所有的„„ not both…不是两者都„„ not every…不是每一个„„
all…not 不是所有的„„都„„ both…not两者/双方不都„„
every…not不是每个„„都„„以上短语都表部分否定
如：Not all the students like sports.=All the students don’t like sports不是所有的学生都喜欢运动。 一.重点词组
1．read this article 看这篇文章 2．here and there = everywhere 到处 3．care for = look after = take care of 照顾
none,no one,nothing,nobody,neither表全部否定
如：None of my friends likes swimming.我的朋友中没有一个喜欢游泳。 17. none与no one 的区别：
a) none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用
复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。 如：He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。
None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。 No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。
b) none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。 如：A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.
A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.
A: Who is in the room? B: No one.谁在房中？没有人。
18.What do you mean by sth. ? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth. mean?某物是什么意思呢? 19.no better than…(almost as/weak/ bad/badly as…)同„„一样差，不比„„做得好 Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考的几乎一样差。 20.It’s reported/It’s said/It’s believed 据报道 21.including (介词)包括，包含在内。
如：They have many pets, including three cats. 他们有很多宠物, 猫就有三只
include（动词）包括，包含。The university includes ten colleges.该大学有10个学院。 22.as well 也， 肯定句末不用‘,’隔开。She will go there as well. too 也， 肯定句末（偶尔也放句中）要用‘，’隔开。I like English, too. also 也，肯定句中，be/助/情后实意动词前。I also like English。 either 也，否定末，用‘，’隔开。I don’t like English either。 23.Let’s be greener people.让我们成为环保者。
24.There be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。
如： There are some birds singing in the tree. 树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。 There is a little girl crying in the street. 街上有个小女孩在哭。 25.stop doing sth. 停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件）事
如：It’s late. They will stop working and (stop) to have supper.很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。 The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.学生们停止说话去听课。
26.be sorry for doing sth. 表对做过的事感到抱歉 be sorry to do sth. 表对当前的事感到抱歉
如:I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday. 很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。 I’m sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
27. sound指各种声音 I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声.
noise主要指“噪音” I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 voice指人的“嗓音” Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。
Topic 2 All these problems are very serious.
4．give some advice to … 提出一些建议给……
5．set one’s mind to sth. 集中精力于……; 用心于…… 6．protect nature 保护自然 7．wash away 冲走
8．blow away 吹走；刮走 9．turn into = change into 转变成 10．die out 灭绝；绝迹
11．stop / prevent …(from) doing sth. 阻止……做某事 12．keep…from doing sth. 阻止……做某事 13．move toward… 朝……移动 14．cut down 砍倒
15．run away 跑走; 流走 16．cut off 中断
17．on the earth 在地球上
18． be in danger of (doing) sth. 处于做某事的危险中 19．destroy/ harm/ pollute the environment 破坏/损害/污染环境 20．have a quiet life 过着平静的生活 21．plenty of 大量的 22．come to realize 开始意识 23．have a clean-up 大扫除
24．one after another 一个接着另一个 25．on recycled paper 在再生纸上 26．enter the competition 进入比赛
27．offer one’s suggestion 提供某人的建议 二.重点语言点
1. sth. + says that… 此句型中主语是事或物，say表用“文字、数字”说明信息。如：It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card. 卡片上写着“新年快乐！”。 The clock says that it is 20:00 now. 这面钟显示现在是20：00。 2.
3． It has become a big problem recently.最近它已经成为一个严重问题。 recently“到目前为止；近来”，常用于现在完成时。如：
I haven’t heard from him recently. 最近，我没收到他的来信。
She has read some books on history recently. 最近她看了一些有关历史的书。 4． When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨时，土壤就会被冲走。 will be +过去分词为一般将来时的被动语形式。如：
The earth will be blown away by the wind. 泥土将会被风刮走。（被动语态） = The wind will blow away the earth. 风将会把泥土刮走。（主动语态）
5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.
许多肥沃的土地已经变成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黄沙。
5
all…not 不是所有的„„都„„ both…not两者/双方不都„„
every…not不是每个„„都„„以上短语都表部分否定
如：Not all the students like sports.=All the students don’t like sports不是所有的学生都喜欢运动。 一.重点词组
1．read this article 看这篇文章 2．here and there = everywhere 到处 3．care for = look after = take care of 照顾
none,no one,nothing,nobody,neither表全部否定
如：None of my friends likes swimming.我的朋友中没有一个喜欢游泳。 17. none与no one 的区别：
a) none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用
复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。 如：He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。
None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。 No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。
b) none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。 如：A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.
A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.
A: Who is in the room? B: No one.谁在房中？没有人。
18.What do you mean by sth. ? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth. mean?某物是什么意思呢? 19.no better than…(almost as/weak/ bad/badly as…)同„„一样差，不比„„做得好 Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考的几乎一样差。 20.It’s reported/It’s said/It’s believed 据报道 21.including (介词)包括，包含在内。
如：They have many pets, including three cats. 他们有很多宠物, 猫就有三只
include（动词）包括，包含。The university includes ten colleges.该大学有10个学院。 22.as well 也， 肯定句末不用‘,’隔开。She will go there as well. too 也， 肯定句末（偶尔也放句中）要用‘，’隔开。I like English, too. also 也，肯定句中，be/助/情后实意动词前。I also like English。 either 也，否定末，用‘，’隔开。I don’t like English either。 23.Let’s be greener people.让我们成为环保者。
24.There be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。
如： There are some birds singing in the tree. 树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。 There is a little girl crying in the street. 街上有个小女孩在哭。 25.stop doing sth. 停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件）事
如：It’s late. They will stop working and (stop) to have supper.很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。 The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.学生们停止说话去听课。
26.be sorry for doing sth. 表对做过的事感到抱歉 be sorry to do sth. 表对当前的事感到抱歉
如:I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday. 很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。 I’m sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
27. sound指各种声音 I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声.
noise主要指“噪音” I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 voice指人的“嗓音” Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。
Topic 2 All these problems are very serious.
4．give some advice to … 提出一些建议给……
5．set one’s mind to sth. 集中精力于……; 用心于…… 6．protect nature 保护自然 7．wash away 冲走
8．blow away 吹走；刮走 9．turn into = change into 转变成 10．die out 灭绝；绝迹
11．stop / prevent …(from) doing sth. 阻止……做某事 12．keep…from doing sth. 阻止……做某事 13．move toward… 朝……移动 14．cut down 砍倒
15．run away 跑走; 流走 16．cut off 中断
17．on the earth 在地球上
18． be in danger of (doing) sth. 处于做某事的危险中 19．destroy/ harm/ pollute the environment 破坏/损害/污染环境 20．have a quiet life 过着平静的生活 21．plenty of 大量的 22．come to realize 开始意识 23．have a clean-up 大扫除
24．one after another 一个接着另一个 25．on recycled paper 在再生纸上 26．enter the competition 进入比赛
27．offer one’s suggestion 提供某人的建议 二.重点语言点
1. sth. + says that… 此句型中主语是事或物，say表用“文字、数字”说明信息。如：It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card. 卡片上写着“新年快乐！”。 The clock says that it is 20:00 now. 这面钟显示现在是20：00。 2.
3． It has become a big problem recently.最近它已经成为一个严重问题。 recently“到目前为止；近来”，常用于现在完成时。如：
I haven’t heard from him recently. 最近，我没收到他的来信。
She has read some books on history recently. 最近她看了一些有关历史的书。 4． When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨时，土壤就会被冲走。 will be +过去分词为一般将来时的被动语形式。如：
The earth will be blown away by the wind. 泥土将会被风刮走。（被动语态） = The wind will blow away the earth. 风将会把泥土刮走。（主动语态）
5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.
许多肥沃的土地已经变成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黄沙。
5
a) change… into… = turn… into… 把…..(转)变成….. 如：
Please change/ turn English into Chinese. 请把英语变成汉语。
When the traffic lights change/ turn into green, we can go.当交通灯变成绿色时,我们就可以通行。 b) leaving only stand现在分词短语作状语, 表伴随。如：
The children went away, talking and laughing.孩子们说着、笑着离开了。
The girl is looking for her mother, crying loudly.这个女孩大声地哭着在寻找她的母亲。
6．Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away. They can also prevent the sand from moving
toward the rich land. 树可以防风固土，也可阻止风沙吹进良田。 Trees can keep water from running away. 树可以防止水土流失。
stop / prevent sb. /sth. (from ) doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事 keep sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事
7. Although we have built the Great Green Wall, we still need to work hard to protect the
environment. 尽管我们已经建了绿色长城，我们仍需要致力于保护环境。 although 连词，表“虽然； 尽管”，引导让步状语从句，相当于though 但比though正式。不能与but同时连用。如：
Although the question is difficult, he can still answer it. 尽管这个问题很难，他仍能回答上它。
1． And some animals are in danger of disappearing completely.
= And some animals are in danger of dying out. 一些动物濒临灭绝。 in danger of ( doing ) sth. 处于做某事的危险中； 如：
They are in danger of losing their lives. 他们正处于失去生命的危险中。
9. You may either take a bus or a taxi. 你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。
a) either…or… “要么……要么……; 或者……或者……” 并列连词,连接对等结构;连接主语时,根据就近原则。如：
You may come either today or tomorrow. 你要么今天来，要么明天来。 We can either sing or dance. 我们可以唱歌或者跳舞。 Either you or he is right. 要么你对，要么他对。
b) either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。如：
A：Ｗould you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK 你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。
Either of us is right. 我们俩中有一人是对的。 四、重点语法
不定代词和不定副词： (一) 不定代词：
指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody 指物：something anything nothing everything （二）不定副词
指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere （三）用法：
1． some-复合代词/副词常用于肯定句；如：
I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。 There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。
He has gone somewhere warm for his holiday. 他去暖和的地方度假了。
6
2． any-复合代词/副词常用于否定句或疑问句；如：
I didn’t see anyone in the room. 我没看见有人在房间里。 There isn’t anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。
He hasn’t gone somewhere warm for his holiday.他没去暖和的地方度假。 3． no- 复合代词/副词表全否定；如：
I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。 There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。 4． every- 复合代词/副词代替全部；如：
Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。
It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。
※ some-复合代词/副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请求；如：
Would you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？ ※ any-复合代词/副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；如：
If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. 如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。 ※ 不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如：
No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。 Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。
※ 如果有定语修饰,定语应放在不定代词或不定副词后；如：
I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。 There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
※ no= not any → nobody = not anybody; nothing = not anything
She didn’t say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。 There is nobody strange here.= There isn’t anybody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
Topic 3 What can we do at home to protect the environment.
一、重点词汇 （一）词形变换
1. organization(动词) organize 2.recycle(动名词) recycling 3. follow(形容词) following 4.electricity(形容词) electric 5. move(名词) movement 6. quick(副词) quickly
7. environment(形容词) environmental 8. protect(名词) protection （二）重点词组
1. environmental protection 环境的保护 2. work for… 为……工作 3. spread message about… 宣传有关……
4. reduce the waste/ air pollution 减少浪费/ 空气污染 5. both sides of … ……的两面
6. rather than (是)……而不是…. 7. not only…but also… 不仅…….而且…… 8. save money/ energy/ electricity 省钱/ 能源/ 电 9. be supposed to do sth. 应当做某事 10. travel a short distance 短途旅行
11. put…into… 把……放入…… 12. take up a lot of space 占据许多空间 13. produce power from… 从……获得能量 14. run the car 发动汽车
15. push…forward /up /down 推…….向前/向上/向下 16. power machines 发动机器
17. produce electricity by doing sth. 通过做某事发电 18. the movement of water 水的流动
19. be used for doing sth 被用作做某事 20. take a quick shower 快速淋浴 21. make a short journey 短途旅行 22. pick the litter up 捡起垃圾 23. try harder 再努力
24. produce a short oral report 作一个简短的口头报告 二、重点句型
1．Let’s be greener people. 让我们做环保使者吧。
2．…my main job is to help spread message about protecting the environment.
我主要的工作是帮助做有关保护环境的宣传。 3．It’s kind of you to do that. 你那样做真是太好了。
4．Would you like to be a greener person? 你想成为一名绿色使者吗？ 5．Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。
6．Actions speak louder than words. 百说不如一干；事实胜于雄辩。 7．Of all the rubbish, about 35 percent can be recycled while the rest can’t.
在所有的垃圾里，大约35%能被回收，但剩余的则不能。 8. They work well, but they are slow and can’t run for long.
他们行驶得很好，但他们行驶很慢并且不能远距离行驶。 三、重点语言点
1. We all know that you’re working for some organizations that protect the environment. 我们
都知道你在为环保组织工作。 work for… 表“为……工作”
He works for a foreign company in Shanghai. 他在上海为一家外资公司工作。
2. We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away. 我们应该
把纸的两面都使用，将塑料袋再次使用而不是轻易扔掉。 a) both 修饰复数名词；而 either 修饰单数名词； 如： There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.
= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road. 在路的两边有许多树。 b) rather than 表“（是）……而不是”;连词, 连接对等结构, 相当于instead of如: I like coffee
rather than tea. = I like coffee instead of tea. 我喜欢咖啡而不是茶.
He likes listening to music rather than/ instead of singing. 他喜欢听音乐而不是唱歌.
He wants to go today rather than/ instead of tomorrow. 他想今天走而不明天.
I did my homework rather than watched TV.
7
= I did my homework instead of watching TV. 昨晚我做作业了而不是看电视.
但rather than位于句首时, 后跟动词原形,它不受句中谓语动词的时态影响。如： Rather than do it by myself, I didn’t ask for help.
宁可自己干, 我没请人帮忙。
3. Everyone is supposed to do it. 每个人都应该那样做。
be supposed to do sth.指（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当做某事；必须做某事；相当于should; 用于否定句时，表“允许”； 如：
Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot. 老师应该知道很多。 You are not supposed to smoke here. 这里不允许抽烟。
4. First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room.
首先，当你离开房间的时候，应该随手关灯。
ought to 情态动词, 表 “应该; 应当”; 语气比 should 强;指道义上应该做的事,有时含有责备或督促的语气。should 指主观上感到有责任或义务去做。如：
You ought to help your mother do some housework.你应该帮你妈妈做些家务。 We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。 其否定式和疑问式：
You oughtn’t to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不应该起这么晚。 Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我该告诉她坏消息吗？ Yes, you ought. No, you oughtn’t. 四、重点语法
并列句：是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子，连词前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。
1．表示并列关系，常用连接词有and, not only…but also…等。如： His father is a teacher and his mother is a doctor. 他的父亲是一位老师，母亲是一位医生。
Mr. Green can not only drive a car but also repair it. 格林先生不但会开车而且还能修车。
2．表示转折，常用连词有but, while等。如：
I bought my sister a present, but she didn’t like it. 我给妹妹买了一件礼物，但是她并不喜欢。
Tom does housework every day while his sister does nothing. 汤姆每天都做家务活，而他的妹妹什么也不做。
3．表示选择关系，常用连词有or, either…or…等。如： He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语，或者懂法语。
Either he could not come or he did not want to. 他要么是不能来要么是不想来。
1. 表示因果关系，常用连词有so, for等。如：
Her mother is ill, so she has to stay at home and look after her mother. 她母亲病了，所以她不得不呆在家里照看她。 The ground is very wet, for it rained last night. 地面很湿，因为昨晚下雨了。