作文从结构上看，一般由三部分组成：引言部分、展开部分、结尾部分，而且每段往往只有一个主题，段中各支持句围绕主题展开，论证并服务于主题句。整篇文章也是层层推进，环环相扣。 由此可见，考试中只要遵循了这一原则，获得高分并不困难，但事实并非如此。探究其因，主要有两个方面：一是错误太多，这里提到的错误既包括语法错误（例如：时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数等），也包括拼写、标点错误；二是考生使用的词汇和句型过于单一，整篇文章没有亮点。
针对上述问题，为了在考试中取得高分，我们应注意以下几个方面：
表达方式多样化（包括句子结构、类型以及使用的词汇）
1. “结构词”的多样化。
(1) 叙述正反方各自观点或是讲述对某一个问题的看法时，可用First 、Second 、Third 等来表示，这样可以使文章结构清晰，给人一目了然的感觉。
(2) 举例说明时可用for example、for instance、to illustrate 表示。
(3) 进一步阐述观点或说明问题时可用furthermore 、in addition 、moreover ,plus表示。
(4) 突出某一点的重要性时，可用surely 、truly 、undoubtedly 、clearly 、indeed 、as a matter of fact表达。
(5) 归纳总结时，可以使用therefore 、in summary、consequently 、in conclusion、in short引出结论。
(6) 分析因果时可用because 、due to、so that、as a result来表示主从句之间的逻辑关系。
(7) 表示转折时，可以使用but 、however 、nevertheless 、otherwise 等，而on the one hand、on the other hand、on one side of the coin、on the other side of the coin则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。
2. 文章词汇的多样化。
同一词语在一句话、一个段落甚至整篇文章中最好不要重复出现，尽可能用同义词、近义词替换。例如：think 可以用reckon 、assume 、argue 、believe 、suppose 等词来替换。
3. 句型的多样化。
(1) 使用一些固定句型，例如：强调句、There be句型等。此外，在保证正确的前提下，尽量多使用一些复合句。
(2) 除了使用比较熟悉的陈述句和疑问句外，还可以使用反问句来加强语气；用感叹句来表示讥讽；用类比来增加句子的份量。尽管句子多变，但必须遵循一个原则，即解释说明文章的观点和主题。
例如奥巴马2015年国情咨文里面讲的：
We are 15 years into this new century. Fifteen years that dawned with terror touching our
shores; that unfolded with a new generation fighting two long and costly wars; that saw a
vicious recession spread across our nation and the world. It has been, and still is, a hard
time for many. 我们跨入新世纪已经15年了。新世纪一开始，我们就遭受了恐怖袭击，新一代人就投入了两场旷日持久而又代价昂贵的战争，后来又发生了席卷全国乃至全球的恶性衰退。对很多人来说，那时候是，现在也仍然是一段艰难的时期。
(3) 句型也应富于变化，不要拘泥于主谓宾句型，可以使用过去分词和现在分词短语作状语、不定式短语作状语、状语从句、虚拟语气、独立主格和非谓语动词等。
4. 文章检查。
检查的第一步主要集中在语法上，主要注意以下方面：
(1) 句子是否有谓语动词。
(2) 谓语时态、语态是否正确。
(3) 主谓是否一致。
(4) 代词与其指代的事物是否一致。
(5) 标点符号是否正确。
检查第二步应注意句子的表达：
(1) 句子所表达的意思是否准确，尽量使用地道表达方式，避免中式表达。
(2) 上下文之间的逻辑衔接是否通顺、紧密。
(3) 所举例子能否能够说明观点、主题。
检查的第三步主要是通读一遍，注意一下拼写是否正确。 除上述几点之外，要想在考试中取得好成绩，考生平时还需要多读、多背、多写、多改。俗话说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也能吟。”所以，考生应大量积累经典英文句型、表达和范文，平时勤于背诵，背完经典范文后，进行默写，然后对照原文纠错，搞清楚哪里出了问题。这可以帮助学生改正一些小错误，如拼写、单复数、大小写等。与此同时，学生还需要模仿范文写作新的文章，套用范文的精彩词汇、句型、句子和框架。最初套用时可能比较生硬，但随着不断的积累，组合起来会越来越顺手。
段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers ，however ，it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 作文开头
Nowadays ，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?
中间段落句
1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.
2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example ，____.Worst of all，___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ______is necessary and important to our country"s development and construction. First，______.What"s more, _____.Most important of all,______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another ，______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于…… Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.
8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.
9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下： I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
结尾句
1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.
2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.
3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……
But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.
4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that_____. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.
5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ______.So it"s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you _____.
7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to____. The reasons are as follows. First _____.Second ______. Last but not least,______.
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。 It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view find______.
9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.
1、条件关系
as long as, even if, even though, if, if…… not, on condition that, otherwise, provided, supposing, unless
2、空间关系 常用连接词
above, across, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, close at hand, close to, down, far ahead, far behind, farther, here, in front of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on, on the left/right, opposite to, over, there, to the left/right, under, up
3、举例说明
a case in point, as an illustration, for example, for instance, for one thing…… for another, likewise, namely, on one hand. . . on the other hand, similarly, such as, such. . . as, take. . . for example, that is, to give another example, to illustrate
4、解释或定义
in other words, in simple terms, namely, that is, that is to say
5、时间关系
above all, after, and, after a while, afterward, also, as soon as, at first, at last, before, besides, eventually, finally, firstly, first of all, further, furthermore, immediately, in addition, in the end, in the first place, last, later, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, recently, secondly, shortly, since then, soon, then, thirdly, to begin with, to start with, what's more
6、递进关系
provided, supposing, unless, additionally, again, and, also, another, besides, further, furthermore, in addition （to ）, likewise, more, moreover, not only. . . but also, too, what' s more
7、强调关系
above all, actually, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, clearly, first of all, in any case, in fact, indeed, in particular, most important of all, naturally, no doubt, obviously, of course, on no account, surely
8、因果关系
accordingly, account for, as a result, as for, because, because of, consequent-ly, contribute to, due to, for, for this reason, hence, lead to, now that, on account of, owing
to, result from, result in, since, so, thanks to, then, therefore, thus
9、转折关系
after all, all at once, all of a sudden, although, anything, as a matter of fact, apart from, but, despite, different from, even so, even though, except for, however, in contrast to, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on one hand……, on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, though, unless, unlike, yet
10、比较与对比关系
another, at the same time, but, by contrast, compared to, compared with, despite, differ from, different from, equally （important ）, even so, have. . . in common, however, likewise, in comparison （with ） , in contrast （to ）, instead, in the same way, not only. . . but also, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, similarly, similar to, still, the same as, unlike, whereas, while, yet
11、总结与归纳
above all, accordingly, all in all, altogether, as a result, by and large, briefly speaking, consequently ,finally, generally speaking, hence, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in general, in short, in summary, on the whole, so, therefore, thus, to be brief, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up
12、引用他人的观点
as it is known to all, as sb. puts it, as we all know, as . . . goes, as the proverb says, it is often said that, some people argue
13、发表个人观点
as far as. . . be concerned, as for sb., as to sth., from one' s point of view, in one' s eyes, in one' s opinion, in the eyes of sb., it seems to sb. that, when it comes to…… 替换单词
1.individuals,characters, folks替换（people ,persons）
2.positive, favorable, rosy （美好的），promising （有希望的），perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill （有害的）替换bad 如果bad 做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 eg ：An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4. （an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most）替换many
注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many 后一定要有词 eg:Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.
5.a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that替换think （因为是书面语，所以要加that ）
7.affair ,business ,matter替换thing
8.shared 替换common
9.reap huge fruits替换get many benefits
10.for my part ,from my own perspective替换in my opinion
11.Increasing （ly ）,growing 替换more and more 注意没有growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. eg ：sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly
13.beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer
15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely替换very
16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable …… 替换 unnecessary, avoidable
17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.
19.facet,demension,sphere 代aspect
20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear
21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause
22. There are several reasons behind sth替换……reasons for sth
23.desire 替换want
24.pour attention into替换pay attention to
25.bear in mind that替换remember
26. enjoy, possess 替换have （注意process 是过程的意思）
27. interaction 替换communication
28.frown on sth替换be against , disagree with sth
29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance
30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible
作文从结构上看，一般由三部分组成：引言部分、展开部分、结尾部分，而且每段往往只有一个主题，段中各支持句围绕主题展开，论证并服务于主题句。整篇文章也是层层推进，环环相扣。 由此可见，考试中只要遵循了这一原则，获得高分并不困难，但事实并非如此。探究其因，主要有两个方面：一是错误太多，这里提到的错误既包括语法错误（例如：时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数等），也包括拼写、标点错误；二是考生使用的词汇和句型过于单一，整篇文章没有亮点。
针对上述问题，为了在考试中取得高分，我们应注意以下几个方面：
表达方式多样化（包括句子结构、类型以及使用的词汇）
1. “结构词”的多样化。
(1) 叙述正反方各自观点或是讲述对某一个问题的看法时，可用First 、Second 、Third 等来表示，这样可以使文章结构清晰，给人一目了然的感觉。
(2) 举例说明时可用for example、for instance、to illustrate 表示。
(3) 进一步阐述观点或说明问题时可用furthermore 、in addition 、moreover ,plus表示。
(4) 突出某一点的重要性时，可用surely 、truly 、undoubtedly 、clearly 、indeed 、as a matter of fact表达。
(5) 归纳总结时，可以使用therefore 、in summary、consequently 、in conclusion、in short引出结论。
(6) 分析因果时可用because 、due to、so that、as a result来表示主从句之间的逻辑关系。
(7) 表示转折时，可以使用but 、however 、nevertheless 、otherwise 等，而on the one hand、on the other hand、on one side of the coin、on the other side of the coin则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。
2. 文章词汇的多样化。
同一词语在一句话、一个段落甚至整篇文章中最好不要重复出现，尽可能用同义词、近义词替换。例如：think 可以用reckon 、assume 、argue 、believe 、suppose 等词来替换。
3. 句型的多样化。
(1) 使用一些固定句型，例如：强调句、There be句型等。此外，在保证正确的前提下，尽量多使用一些复合句。
(2) 除了使用比较熟悉的陈述句和疑问句外，还可以使用反问句来加强语气；用感叹句来表示讥讽；用类比来增加句子的份量。尽管句子多变，但必须遵循一个原则，即解释说明文章的观点和主题。
例如奥巴马2015年国情咨文里面讲的：
We are 15 years into this new century. Fifteen years that dawned with terror touching our
shores; that unfolded with a new generation fighting two long and costly wars; that saw a
vicious recession spread across our nation and the world. It has been, and still is, a hard
time for many. 我们跨入新世纪已经15年了。新世纪一开始，我们就遭受了恐怖袭击，新一代人就投入了两场旷日持久而又代价昂贵的战争，后来又发生了席卷全国乃至全球的恶性衰退。对很多人来说，那时候是，现在也仍然是一段艰难的时期。
(3) 句型也应富于变化，不要拘泥于主谓宾句型，可以使用过去分词和现在分词短语作状语、不定式短语作状语、状语从句、虚拟语气、独立主格和非谓语动词等。
4. 文章检查。
检查的第一步主要集中在语法上，主要注意以下方面：
(1) 句子是否有谓语动词。
(2) 谓语时态、语态是否正确。
(3) 主谓是否一致。
(4) 代词与其指代的事物是否一致。
(5) 标点符号是否正确。
检查第二步应注意句子的表达：
(1) 句子所表达的意思是否准确，尽量使用地道表达方式，避免中式表达。
(2) 上下文之间的逻辑衔接是否通顺、紧密。
(3) 所举例子能否能够说明观点、主题。
检查的第三步主要是通读一遍，注意一下拼写是否正确。 除上述几点之外，要想在考试中取得好成绩，考生平时还需要多读、多背、多写、多改。俗话说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也能吟。”所以，考生应大量积累经典英文句型、表达和范文，平时勤于背诵，背完经典范文后，进行默写，然后对照原文纠错，搞清楚哪里出了问题。这可以帮助学生改正一些小错误，如拼写、单复数、大小写等。与此同时，学生还需要模仿范文写作新的文章，套用范文的精彩词汇、句型、句子和框架。最初套用时可能比较生硬，但随着不断的积累，组合起来会越来越顺手。
段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers ，however ，it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 作文开头
Nowadays ，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?
中间段落句
1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.
2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example ，____.Worst of all，___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ______is necessary and important to our country"s development and construction. First，______.What"s more, _____.Most important of all,______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another ，______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于…… Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.
8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.
9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下： I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
结尾句
1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.
2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.
3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……
But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.
4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that_____. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.
5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ______.So it"s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you _____.
7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to____. The reasons are as follows. First _____.Second ______. Last but not least,______.
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。 It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view find______.
9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.
1、条件关系
as long as, even if, even though, if, if…… not, on condition that, otherwise, provided, supposing, unless
2、空间关系 常用连接词
above, across, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, close at hand, close to, down, far ahead, far behind, farther, here, in front of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on, on the left/right, opposite to, over, there, to the left/right, under, up
3、举例说明
a case in point, as an illustration, for example, for instance, for one thing…… for another, likewise, namely, on one hand. . . on the other hand, similarly, such as, such. . . as, take. . . for example, that is, to give another example, to illustrate
4、解释或定义
in other words, in simple terms, namely, that is, that is to say
5、时间关系
above all, after, and, after a while, afterward, also, as soon as, at first, at last, before, besides, eventually, finally, firstly, first of all, further, furthermore, immediately, in addition, in the end, in the first place, last, later, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, recently, secondly, shortly, since then, soon, then, thirdly, to begin with, to start with, what's more
6、递进关系
provided, supposing, unless, additionally, again, and, also, another, besides, further, furthermore, in addition （to ）, likewise, more, moreover, not only. . . but also, too, what' s more
7、强调关系
above all, actually, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, clearly, first of all, in any case, in fact, indeed, in particular, most important of all, naturally, no doubt, obviously, of course, on no account, surely
8、因果关系
accordingly, account for, as a result, as for, because, because of, consequent-ly, contribute to, due to, for, for this reason, hence, lead to, now that, on account of, owing
to, result from, result in, since, so, thanks to, then, therefore, thus
9、转折关系
after all, all at once, all of a sudden, although, anything, as a matter of fact, apart from, but, despite, different from, even so, even though, except for, however, in contrast to, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on one hand……, on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, though, unless, unlike, yet
10、比较与对比关系
another, at the same time, but, by contrast, compared to, compared with, despite, differ from, different from, equally （important ）, even so, have. . . in common, however, likewise, in comparison （with ） , in contrast （to ）, instead, in the same way, not only. . . but also, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, similarly, similar to, still, the same as, unlike, whereas, while, yet
11、总结与归纳
above all, accordingly, all in all, altogether, as a result, by and large, briefly speaking, consequently ,finally, generally speaking, hence, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in general, in short, in summary, on the whole, so, therefore, thus, to be brief, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up
12、引用他人的观点
as it is known to all, as sb. puts it, as we all know, as . . . goes, as the proverb says, it is often said that, some people argue
13、发表个人观点
as far as. . . be concerned, as for sb., as to sth., from one' s point of view, in one' s eyes, in one' s opinion, in the eyes of sb., it seems to sb. that, when it comes to…… 替换单词
1.individuals,characters, folks替换（people ,persons）
2.positive, favorable, rosy （美好的），promising （有希望的），perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill （有害的）替换bad 如果bad 做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 eg ：An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4. （an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most）替换many
注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many 后一定要有词 eg:Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.
5.a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that替换think （因为是书面语，所以要加that ）
7.affair ,business ,matter替换thing
8.shared 替换common
9.reap huge fruits替换get many benefits
10.for my part ,from my own perspective替换in my opinion
11.Increasing （ly ）,growing 替换more and more 注意没有growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. eg ：sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly
13.beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer
15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely替换very
16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable …… 替换 unnecessary, avoidable
17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.
19.facet,demension,sphere 代aspect
20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear
21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause
22. There are several reasons behind sth替换……reasons for sth
23.desire 替换want
24.pour attention into替换pay attention to
25.bear in mind that替换remember
26. enjoy, possess 替换have （注意process 是过程的意思）
27. interaction 替换communication
28.frown on sth替换be against , disagree with sth
29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance
30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible