语法部分
第一讲 虚拟语气
I. 考点分析：
虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：
1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如： 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。 例如：
（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）
4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I under the ladder to catch
you when you fell, you now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）
又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we 从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； 从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)
5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);
A true friend differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)
6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。
But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。
7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。
例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.
Had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never have been able to beat the drought.
But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it.
8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。
9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：（联合国敦促他撤军。）
10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等；
例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)
邀请他的建议被否决了。 用于表语从句)
他们的要求是工资增加20%。
11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。 常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）,
suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。
第二讲 非谓语动词
I．考点分析
非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：
He seemed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)
He seemed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)
He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)
He seemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)
一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。
1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：
The film is exciting. (表语)
The exciting film attracted the children very much. (定语)
Having finished the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语) The problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)
2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：
Children are excited at the film. (表语)
The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (逻辑定语)
Excited at the news, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)
This was the problem discussed at the meeting yesterday. (定语后置)
3. 不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式, 不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。
It is of importance to have good friends. (逻辑主语)
To see is to believe. (主语)
I expect him to come back soon. (宾语补语)
I don’t know how to get there. (宾语)
We need someone to help us. (定语)
To get there earlier, we started at 6 o’clock. (状语)
The room seemed to have been cleaned. (表语)
4. 动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。
I don’t liking talking with her. (宾语)
Smoking is dangerous for health. (主语)
Her hobby is collecting coins. (表语)
二、 四级考试中的非谓语动词考点
1. 非谓语动词的时态和语态
The two buildings being repaired now are the students’ dormitories. (正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动)
The two buildings repaired during the summer vacation are the students’ dormitories. (过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)
The two buildings to be repaired are the students’ dormitories. (不定式表示动作未发生，将要发
生)
2. 非谓语动词的否定形式和物主代词的用法
Not knowing what to do next, he asked me for help. (分词作状语的否定形式)
I regret not telling her the news earlier. (动名词作宾语的否定形式)
I don’t mind your being late. (动名词作宾语的物主形式)
I persuade him not to stay there too long. (不定式作补语的否定形式)
3. 现在分词和过去分词区别：现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如； in Africa.
句中主语the banana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词Originally cultivated。 The lost child was found hiding in the cave.
句中hiding in the cave与其主语the child是主动关系，用现在分词。
4. 不定式和动名词的区别：不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。
要求接不定式作宾语的动词有：expect, urge, intend, persuade, prefer, cause, encourage, tell, ask, make, let
要求接动名词作宾语的动词有：mind, quit, resent, mention, appreciate, postpone, consider, enjoy, deserve, delay, avoid, escape, deny, resist, admit, fancy, give up, cannot but, need, want，feel like 下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember, forget, regret, mean, like, hate, love, stop
remember, forget, regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like, hate, love 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。 stop 后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。 mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。
5. 几种特殊的句型
1）It is no good (use)+ doing sth.
It is no use arguing with her about the matter.
2）There Is no _ doing sth.
There is no telling when to start.
3）But + (to)do: 介词前动词若是实义动词do， 省略to; 介词前动词若不是实义动词do， 则不能省略to。
Our parents required us of nothing but to study hard.
He said nothing but to cry.
He did nothing but cry.
4）分词的固定搭配词组：judging from, generally speaking, considering, taking…into consideration, compared to (with)
例句：Judging from the handwriting, I know the letter was written by her boyfriend.
6. 独立主格结构
独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：
1）主语＋分词
The problem being solved, he went back home.
Time permitting, we will go outing this weekend.
The report having been read a lively discussion began.
2）With + 逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）
The old man came In with a book under his arm.
They went home with the lights on.
三、 非谓语动词考点例题
● 时态
1． As a public relations officer, he is said ______some very influential people. （01/6/34）【A】
A) to know B) to be knowing C) to have been knowing D) to have known
2. The ancient Egyptians are supposed ______rockets to the moon. （96/6/37）【C】
A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending ● 语态
1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______to the nation. （96/6/24）【D】
A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left
2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self--restraint as if I were the one ______.（96/6/28）【D】
A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected
3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba. （00/1/45）【B】
A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivating
● 作状语（不定式,分词）
1. ______a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.（95/1/48）【A】
A) To become B) Become C) One become D) On becoming
2. This programme will examine the writer's books in detail ______an introduction to her life. （94/1/70）【A】
A) following B) having followed C) being followed D) to be followed
3. The house was very quiet______ as it was on the side of a mountain. （99/6/48）【A】
A) isolated B) being isolated C) isolating D) having been isolated ● 作宾补（分词）
1. In Australia the Asians make their influence ______in businesses large and small.（94/4/67）【C】
A) feeling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt
2. Don't get your schedule ______; stay with us in this class. （96/1/42）【C】
A) to change B) changing C) changed D) change
3. Could you find someone ______.（94/1/63）【A】
A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis with
● 作后置定语(分词)
1. Homework ______ on time will lead to better grades. （95/1/44）【A】
A) done B) be done C) having done D) to have been done
2. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported school must be established In every town ______50 household or more. （98/1/36）【A】
A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had
● 作宾语(动名词)
1. Ann never dreams of ______for her to be sent abroad very soon. （98/6/43）【A】
A) there being a chance B) there to be a chance C) there be a chance D) being a chance
2. He gives people the impression ______all his life broad. （98/6/46）【A】
A) of having spent B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spend
● 特殊动词后接不定式或动名词作宾语
1. I would appreciate ______ it a secret. （95/6/41）【A】
A) your keeping B) you to keep C) that you keep D) that you will keep
2. Mark often attempts to escape ______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. （95/6/42）【D】
A) having been fined B) to be fined C) to have been fined D) being fined
3. If I had remembered __ the window, the thief would not have got in. （96/1/40）【A】
A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed
4. The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. （97/6/58）【D】
A) have told B) be told C) being told D) having told
第三讲 倒 装
I.考点分析
英语句子的一般语序为 “主语部分+谓语部分”。 如果在一定条件下，为了达到某些语法或修辞上的效果，改变句子的一般语序，把谓语放在主语的面前，我们称之为倒装（Inverted Order）。倒装又分为完全倒装(Complete Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。 把谓语部分完全放到主语前称为完全倒装， 如Here are some letters for you.
把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，称之为部分倒装， 如Never have I heard such nonsense.
纵观历届CET 4考题，“倒装”是常考的项目。倒装的考察要点有：
1. 以某些副词开头的句子，如：here, now, then, up, down, out, in, 或由副词there, then, now 等引起，谓语动词为come或go，并且主语不是人称代词的句子，应该完全倒装。 例：1) Here comes the bus. 2. 有时出于修辞上的考虑可以把表语提前放在主语前面，同时主谓完全倒装。 例：1) Very grateful we are for you help. ’ life is the weather report.
3. 代词neither, nor, no more用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，而且时态（包括助动词）必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。
例：1) She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
2) We don’t need air 4. 虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were, had 和should 要移至主语之前。 例：1) Had I known it, I should have told him. 5. 句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。 例：1) Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party.
常用于这一结构的词语有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means, hardly/scarcely … when, in vain, much/even/still less, no longer, no sooner… than, not a single word, not a soul, not infrequently, not often, not only… but (also), not until 等。
6. only位于句子开头， 如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。
例：1) Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.
7. so / such …that结构中的 so放在句首时， 需要倒装。
例：1) So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. ’ opinion. 8. 在比较和方式副词从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添加助动词do/did以代替前面已出现过的动词。
例：1) I spend more than do my friends. 9. 在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。 例：1) Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. 10. 句首为many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such extremes, to such lengths, to such a point, with every justification, with good reason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。 例： To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night.
11. 当句子没有宾语且主语较长，常可将状语提到句子前头，主谓完全倒装。
例：1) After them came in the host and the hostess.
同样地，也可以把表语和系动词提到主语前面，表语可以是介词短语， 形容词，副词或分词。
例：1) Around the lake are 21 state farms.
12. 在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。
例：1) May you live a long and happy life! ’s Republic of China!
第四讲 状语从句
I. 考点分析
状语从句可用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步等。
1．时间状语从句
1) 常见关联词有 when, whenever, while, as, before, after 等。
2）注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。 He didn’t go to sleep until he had finished his homework. （正常结构）
Not until he had finished his homework did he go to sleep. （倒装结构）
It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.（强调结构） Until he had finished his homework he didn’t go to sleep. （until置于句首）
3）表示“一„„就„„”的连词：once, as soon as, hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly
4）其他表示时间的短语还有：every time, next time, the day 等。
2．地点状语从句通常由where, wherever引导, 如：
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3．原因状语从句
1) 通常由because, as ,since引导, 三者区别：
because 语气最强，重在交待原因，以why引导的疑问句只能用because来回答；其前可用only, just等词强调；可用在 It is…that…强调句型中。如：You shouldn't get angry just as 一词口气最弱，表示明显的原因。since 表示人们已知的事实，所以常译成“既然„„”。started.
另外，for属并列连词，不能位于句首，是对前一分句加以解释或说明。如：It must have rained last night, for the yard is wet.
2）与since相近，seeing that, now that, considering that, given that 都有“鉴于某个事实、考虑到”的意思，此外，in that， not that…but that…，on the grounds that 均可表示原因。
4．目的状语从句引导词有 从句中常有情态助动词may/might, shall/should, will/would, can/could) 从句中常有should, might等助动词) for the purpose that等。
5．结果状语从句引导词有so that, such that, so…that, such…that, to the degree/extent that等。
6．条件状语从句分为真实和非真实两种。（非真实条件状语从句详见虚拟语气部分）引导词有if, unless, as/so long as, once, in case, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing that, on condition that
7．方式状语从句引导词有as, as if, as though, the way. 如：Do it the way you were taught.
8．比较状语从句详见比较部分
9．让步状语从句引导词有though, although, even though, even if, wh-ever(no matter how/what/who…) ，while (while位于句首，一般意为“尽管„„”) 如：While we don't agree we continue to be friends. 关于让步状语从句的倒装，详见倒装部分
第五讲 名词性从句
I. 考点分析
名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，多由连词that，wh- 疑问词或由what，whatever等关系代词引导，其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。关于名词性从句中虚拟语气的情况，详见虚拟语气相关内容。
1. 主语从句
1) 主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：
Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.
Whoever comes is welcome.
2) 主语从句前的that不能省略，仅起连接作用，有时为了保持句子平衡，that从句后置，而由it作形式主语。如：
That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s influence.
It is not true that he has moved to New York.
2. 宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，如：
I don’t know where the sound came from.
Don’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.
3．当从句放在系动词 be, look, remain, seem等后即构成表语从句。
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
It seemed that the night would never end.
4. 1) 同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，能接名词性从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。
The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.
2) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内容；that在定语从句中充当成分，为关系代词，而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连词作用。如：
The fact that we talked about is very important. (定语从句)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.( 同位语从句)
5. whether与if 在名词性从句中的用法区别
if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而 whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。
1) 连词whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能用if来替换。
Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.
The question is whether he will come.
2) 宾语从句中，whether常与or not搭配，可以说whether or not，而不说if or not。 I don’t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.
3) whether可用在介词后，或带to不定式前，if则不可。
She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
4）某些动词后面(如discuss)只能用whether ，不用if。
We discussed whether we should go on climbing.
第六讲 定 语 从 句
I. 考点分析
一、概述
用作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中，
1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。请看例句：
1）2. When 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如： 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号隔开。 二、 定语从句中的四级考点:
1. 在下列情形下只能用that，而不能用which。
1) 序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时： Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
2) All, everything, nothing, anything, something等不定代词修饰先行词时： 2. 非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that，而只能用which或 as。而后两者的区别是which引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。
of the production here.
3. which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。 a. Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. /
Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from.
b. The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant. /
The house which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant.
c. This is the magazine (that) you are looking for.
4. 介词＋which的结构可代替定语从句中的引导词when和where。
a. He was born in Germany where(in which) he stayed for 12 years.
b. She arrived at 12 o’clock when(at which) it was raining hard.
5. but, than也可作关系代词。
a. You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
b. There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。but = who don't）
从历年四级词汇语法考点中分析可知，定语从句出现的频率很高，主要集中在以上所讲的定语从句的特殊用法中，因此需重点掌握。此外，在做题和复习过程中要活学活用。
第七讲 主 谓 一 致
I. 考点分析
一、概述
主谓一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、性、数等方面的一致关系。 处理主谓一致一般应遵循以下三条原则：
1. 语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语为单数形式，谓语动词也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。 2. 意义一致，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。 单形名词主语要求复数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个整体中的成员) 复数名词单数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个数目)
3. 邻近原则，即指谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。 （动词are不与主语a man一致，而与其邻近的复形名词abilities形式上一致。
二、主谓一致注意要点：
1. 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、时间等复数名词时，往往可根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。 如果明显地指一个个个体，则要根据语法一致地原则，谓语动词用复数形式。 2. 如果名词词组中心词是all, most, half, the last, the rest, the remainder等词组时，其主谓关系一般遵循意义一致的原则：如所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；如所指为单数意义，则谓语动词用单数形式。
3. 如果主语是由“lots of , loads of , scads of等＋名词”构成时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于其后的名词的单、复数形式。
4. 如果主语是由“a portion of, a series of, a kind of等＋名词”构成时谓语动词一般要根据语法一致的原则用单数形式。 但在“these / those kind / type of＋复数名词”之后，谓语动词用复数形式。 所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。
5. 以数词为名词词组中心词构成主语时，用法不一。有时谓语动词用单数形式： 有时谓语动词用复数形式：
如果名词的中心词组是“分数或百分数＋of词组”，谓语动词的单、复数取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式。 如果名词词组中心是数词，其后跟有或等介词词组构成主语时，一般根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。 但在非正式文体中，也可根据就近原则或意义一致的原则， 谓语动词用复数用复数形式。 6. 如果主语是由“many a, more than one +单数名词”构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍采取单数形式。 7. 如果主语由“the＋形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式：如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。 8. 如果主语由“either(neither) + of +复数名词（或代词）”结构担任时，一般根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。 在非正式文体中，也可根据意义一致的就近原则，谓语动词用复数形式。
第八讲 几种重要的时态
I. 考点分析
时态虽然不再是四级考试的重点，但考察历届真题，我们仍然发现完成时态常出现在考题中。
1． 完成时态中的考查点通常有现在完成时（have +done）、现在完成进行时(have+been doing)、过去完成时(had + done)、过去完成进行时（had +been doing）和将来完成时(will/shall +have done)等，其中将来完成时和过去完成时出现的频率相当高，几乎达到每次一题。
A 关于现在完成
1.现在完成时表示对现在仍有影响的某一已发生的动作，常与already, yet, recently, lately或频度副词often, never, ever, seldom, twice等连用，例如： He 2. 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在的动作，常与for +一段时间, since, in recent years, so far等词或词组连用；例如：He has lived in Beijing for 20 years. 3.It is (has been)…since这一结构也常用于现在完成时。例如： 也可用is) a long time since they last met each other.
4. “This is the first (second) time that…”句型中，从句常用现在完成时态。例如： 5.可用于if, unless, when, as, until等引导的条件和时间状语从句中，表示将来完成的动作。例如：Come here when you have finished your work.
B关于现在完成进行时
由have (has) + been +现在分词构成，表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for hours, since this morning….例如： 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的第二种（即表示动作延续）的用法相似，并常常可以互换。它们的区别在于：现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性，前者可以说是后者的强调形式。
C 关于过去完成时
1.由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by, before，until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。例如： 2.这一时态也常用于宾语或定语从句中。例如：
3.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中，例如：
D 关于过去完成进行时
由had been +现在分词构成，主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作，例如：
E 关于将来完成时
由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。例如： When we get there they
By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.
第九讲 被动语态
I. 考点分析
一、被动语态的形式
被动语态是非常重要的考点。并且我们发现与被动语态有关的考题每次都有2到3题。 首先我们要了解被动语态的基本形式。
一般现在时 be done
现在进行时 be being done
一般过去时 was/were done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had done
一般将来时 will be done
将来过去时 would/should be done
将来完成时 will have been done
过去将来完成时 would/should have been done
going to结构 going to be done
be to be to be done
情态动词 情态动词+be done
不定式 to be done to have been done
二、被动语态在下列情况下可以使用：
1. 只有及物动词或不及物动词+前置词才能用被动态结构；单独的不及物动词不能使用。
A great battle was fought.
The babies were looked after by the nurse.
2. 当不知到动作的发出者，或不容易指出动作的发出者时，可用被动语态。 The window is broken.
The chemical works is equipped with sophisticated machines.
The audience is requested to keep silence.
3. 当我们对动作的接受者比动作的发出者更感兴趣时，可用被动语态。
The five-year plan has been drawn up.
Comrade Li was elected chairman.
4. 由于某种特殊的原因(如说话技巧、说话者的感情等)，故意回避行为的发出者时，可用被动语态。
Any suggestions will be heartily appreciated.
It is believed that there are about four million workers unemployed the U.S.A each year.
5. 当谈及疾病时，可用被动结构。
His left lung is affected.
She is confined to the room by illness.
Tom was seized with sudden chest pain.
6. 当由于工作或其它原因过度疲劳时，可用被动结构。
He was completely exhausted after a long walk.
I was almost fagged out.
She was knocked up after the long steep climb.
7. 由于兴奋或激动时，可用被动结构表示。
Jane was delighted to hear the news of your success.
I am very pleased to see you here.
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her.
8. 当由于受阻或某种原因延迟或耽搁时，可用被动语态结构。
We have been held up by fog.
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock.
The train was delayed 2 hours. The harbour was blocked by ice.
9. 当涉及个人习惯时，可用被动态结构。
He is quite used to hard work.
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to.
He is addicted to smoking.
10．当涉及烦恼时，可用被动结构
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.
She is easily upset emotionally.
He was vexed at his failure.
He was disturbed to hear of your illness.
11．表示惊讶时，可用被动态结构。
I was astonished to see him there.
I am surprised he didn’t come.
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing.
He was startled to see her looking so ill.
12．当涉及被围困、被（栅栏）隔开、拦开时，可用被动态结构。
His land is fenced with barbed wire.
The troops were surrounded.
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for 10 years.
Japan is compassed about by the ocean.
13．当涉及污染、弄脏等意思时，可用被动态结构。
His reputation is tarnished.
My car was mired.
Your fingers are stained with ink.
14．当涉及与混淆有关的意思时，可用被动结构。
I was confused t o hear that.
He was puzzled what to do next.
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.
They asked so many questions that I got confused.
三、被动语态注意要点：
1. 主动语态的主语是people, they, we, you, one, someone, no one等，如泛指一般人，则改为被动语态时，常常被省略。
They speak Portuguese in Brazil. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil.
You should observe this law. This law should be observed.
2. 不及物动词+介词的动词短语， 改为被动语态时，介词不可省略。
Mary laughed at his plan. His plan was laughed at by Mary.
I looked down upon them . They are looked down upon by me.
3. 及物动词有两个宾语时，可改为两种被动语态。
They offered her a post in the Cabinet.
She was offered a post in the Cabinet.
A post in the Cabinet was offered her.
4. 有些动词以被动语态表主动意义，其后不用by，而用at, in, with, about ,to 等介词。 I am worried about this . This worries me.
John is interested in history. History interests John.
Her plan was known to everyone. Everyone knew her plan.
5. 祈使句的被动语态：
肯定祈使句
主动语态：V+O
被动语态：Let + O + be + 过去分词
Bring the man here . let the man be brought here.
否定祈使句
主动语态：Don’t + V + O
被动语态：Don’t let + O +be +过去分词
Don’t forget to bring the cases. Don’t let it be forgotten to bring the cases.
6. 疑问句改为被动语态。
Who broke the window ? By whom was the window broken?
Did anyone hear Mike leave the classroom?
Was Mike heard to leave the classroom?
7. 感官动词或使役动词+宾语+原形动词，改为被动语态时，其后的原形动词改为不定式。 We saw Tom enter the room. Tom was seen to enter the room by us.
8. 有宾语补语的句子改为被动语态时，补语放在动词之后。
Everyone expected Emily to marry Mark.
Emily was expected by everyone to marry Mark.
第十一讲 比较用法
I. 考点分析
英语中大多数形容词和副词都能用于比较，当它们表示“比较……”或 “最……”的意义时要采用特殊的形式，前者称为比较级,后者称为最高级，原来的形式称为原级。
一、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的规则形式
1． 形容词比较级的规则形式有两种：一是有原级加词尾er；一是在原级前加more。形容词最高级的规则形式也有两种：一是有原级加词尾est；一是在原级前加most。例如：
more和most形式；双音节词既可采用er和est形式，也可采用more和most形式，这里虽无绝对规定，但下列词多用er和est形式，如：
happy (happier, happiest) pretty (prettier, prettiest)
narrow (narrower, narrowest) shallow (shallower, shallowest)
注意：在有些词后加了er和est以后，读音有所改变，:如：
young // younger youngest
strong, long,
pure purer purest
clever, tender, dear,
simple
simpler
simplest
humble, lovable,
2．副词比较级和最高级的规则形式
副词比较级和最高级的规则形式和形容词比较级和最高级的规则形式相似。一般地说，单音节词常用er和est形式，而以ly结尾的以及一些表示频度的时间副词多半用加more和most的形式。例如：
二、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则形式
有少数形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的，如：
1. as＋形容词或副词＋as 否定用not as … as ( not so … as )
2. 形容词或副词的比较级＋than
否定用less … than也可以，但不及用not as(so) … as的场合多。
3. (the)＋形容词或副词的最高级＋比较范围
It’’ve ever read.
否定可以用the least …：
但是这种用法几乎常被反义词的最高级形式所替代，试比较：
’’ve ever read.
4. more and more结构
这是一种形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级构成的结构，或者是more and more+形容词或副词的原级，含义是“越来越”。
5. the more … the more … 结构
这个结构的构成是the+形容词或副词的比较级… the+形容词或副词的比较级，通常前者相当于一个程度状语分句，后者为主句，含义是“越……就越…….”。这种结构的特点是前后都可以有所省略，也能采用倒装语序。
’ll be able to leave.
on the inside of the tyre.
第十二讲 强调结构和省略
I. 考点分析
一、强调结构
It was + 被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）+who, whom，that
1.一般说来，被强调部分指人时用who，whom指物时用that（但that亦可指人）
2..当要强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格形式，也可用宾格形式。
It was I who… It was me that…
但宾格形式多用于非正式英语
3.that 或之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。（即人称和数要与原句中的一致）
4.强调句中的时态通常只有两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时，过去完成时和过去进行 时时，用It was…,其余时态用It is…但也有一些较复杂的形式，主要是情态动词may/might/must +动词原形，或者情态动词may/might/must +have +动词过去分词。偶尔也有用将来时的情况
强调结构强调句中的主语、宾语和状语：
eg: ----John wore his best suit to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚穿者他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会。
It was John who (that) wore his best suit to the dance last night. 是约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会的。（强调主语）
. It was his best suit (that) John wore to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚是穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会 的。（强调宾语）
It was last night (that)John wore his best suit to the dance.(强调状语last night) 约翰是昨晚穿着他最好的衣参加晚会的。
It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night(to the dance)约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服是去参加舞会的 （强调状语to the dance）
强调结构亦可强调短语从句如例（5）即强调短语to the dance又如：
I suspected it was on her orders you were bringing him here.我怀疑你是遵照她得吩咐要把她带到这儿来的。(强调短语on her orders)
强调结构亦可强调某些状语从句，如：
---It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday我昨天是由于想买一本字典而进城的 (强调because从句)
---It is only when you nearly lose someone that you become fully conscious of how much you value them.只有当你差一点失掉某人时，你才会充分意识到你是多么重视他(强调only when引导的从句)
在强调结构中的who从句中，who也常用做宾语 ,如：
It must be your mother who you are thinking of.你在想的一定是你的母亲。（who常代之以在正式文体中亦可用whom）
下一句则用whom:
. It was your brother to whom I offered a dollar for his knife yesterday我昨天给了你兄弟1元钱买他的小刀。（这里用宾格whom显然其前有介词之故）
强调结构有时亦可用whose与which引导从句,如：
---It’s Uncle Bill whose address I lost.比尔叔叔的地址我丢了。（强调结构用whose）
It deserves attention that it is especially the verb to do which is often found in the active voice.应该注意，特别是行为动词常用在主动语态中（强调结构用which）
表语与宾语补语偶尔亦可为被强调部分，如：
---It was a doctor that he eventually became。他最后成了一个医生。（表语一般不可用做被强调部分）
---It’s dark green that we’ve painted the kitchen.我们把厨房漆成了深绿色。
强调结构中的时态应一致，即主句与从句的时态皆用现在时，或皆用过去时或皆用将来时。如：
--- It is not I who am angry.发怒的不是我。（皆用现在时）
--- It was my two sisters who knew her best.是我的两个姐妹最了解她（皆用过去时）
--- It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.对此须受责难的将不是你。（皆用将来时）
时态也有不一致的情况，如：
---. It is Miss Williams that enjoyed reading novels as a pastime.是威廉姆斯小姐以读小说来消遣。
It is these very novels that Miss Williams enjoyed reading as a pastime.威廉姆斯小姐作为消遣所读的就是这些小说。
not…until…句型的强调句
It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其它成分
----He didn’t go to bed until (till) ten o’clock.
It was not until ten O’clock that he went to bed.（强调句）
----Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin till (until)1920.
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句）
本句型只用until，不用till，但如果不是强调句型，till,untill可通用
本句型也可用倒装句表示
----Li ming didn’t watch TV till (until) he finished his homework.
Not until hefinished his home work did Li ming watch TV.
=Only when he finished his ho0mework did Li Ming watch TV.
另外一种常用的强调结构是: What…is /was…结构
这种结构比较简练用于强调主语和宾语：
----I like travelling.
Travelling is what I like.
----My back hurts.
What hurts is my back.
--- I want this hat.
This hat is what I want.
What I want is this hat.
---You need a good rest.
A good rest is what you need.
What you need is a good rest.
二、省略
省略有多种手法，在四级常见的是 从句中主语和谓语的部分省略（特别是动词be的省略）省略可使句子简洁避免重复，被机械删去的赘述部分可以填回原处。
a. Look out for cars when（you are） crossing the street.过街时注意车辆。
When (it is) compared, the power station will have nine 72000 kw. Generators.建成之后这个
发电站将有九台七万二千千瓦的发电机。
While (he is) there he joined in voluntary labor on a project.他在那里时参加了一项工程的
义务劳动。
Remain one of the common people while (you are) serving as officials.既当官，又当老百
姓。
If ( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.如果管理不当灌溉还可能有害 Though (they are) reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.虽然他们人数减少
了，战斗力却加强了
With our tactics, no enemy, however (he is ) powerful, can cope with us.以我们的战术，不管
多强大的敌人都对付不了我们。
She hurriedly left the room as though (he is) angry.她急匆匆地走出房去，好象很生气的样子。
She worked extremely hard though (she is) still rather poor in health.尽管身体还很不好，他
仍极其努力地工作。
She told the children not to talk while ( they are)eating.她让孩子们吃饭时别说话。
She advised me not to say anything until (I am asked) asked. 她劝我别说什么，除非有人要
我说。
b. If (it is) necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.如有必要，我请人把信复写一下
Filling the blanks with articles where( it is) necessary.在空格中必要的地方填入冠词
If (it is) possible, I should like to have two copies of it.可能的话我希望有两本。
As ( it is) scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.他们按原定计划于一月二十日在中国大使馆见了面。
They will try to put the plan into practice as quickly as (it is) possible。他们将尽快把这计划付诸实施。
语法部分
第一讲 虚拟语气
I. 考点分析：
虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：
1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如： 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。 例如：
（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）
4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I under the ladder to catch
you when you fell, you now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）
又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we 从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； 从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)
5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);
A true friend differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)
6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。
But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。
7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。
例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.
Had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never have been able to beat the drought.
But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it.
8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。
9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：（联合国敦促他撤军。）
10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等；
例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)
邀请他的建议被否决了。 用于表语从句)
他们的要求是工资增加20%。
11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。 常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）,
suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。
第二讲 非谓语动词
I．考点分析
非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：
He seemed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)
He seemed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)
He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)
He seemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)
一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。
1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：
The film is exciting. (表语)
The exciting film attracted the children very much. (定语)
Having finished the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语) The problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)
2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：
Children are excited at the film. (表语)
The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (逻辑定语)
Excited at the news, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)
This was the problem discussed at the meeting yesterday. (定语后置)
3. 不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式, 不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。
It is of importance to have good friends. (逻辑主语)
To see is to believe. (主语)
I expect him to come back soon. (宾语补语)
I don’t know how to get there. (宾语)
We need someone to help us. (定语)
To get there earlier, we started at 6 o’clock. (状语)
The room seemed to have been cleaned. (表语)
4. 动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。
I don’t liking talking with her. (宾语)
Smoking is dangerous for health. (主语)
Her hobby is collecting coins. (表语)
二、 四级考试中的非谓语动词考点
1. 非谓语动词的时态和语态
The two buildings being repaired now are the students’ dormitories. (正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动)
The two buildings repaired during the summer vacation are the students’ dormitories. (过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)
The two buildings to be repaired are the students’ dormitories. (不定式表示动作未发生，将要发
生)
2. 非谓语动词的否定形式和物主代词的用法
Not knowing what to do next, he asked me for help. (分词作状语的否定形式)
I regret not telling her the news earlier. (动名词作宾语的否定形式)
I don’t mind your being late. (动名词作宾语的物主形式)
I persuade him not to stay there too long. (不定式作补语的否定形式)
3. 现在分词和过去分词区别：现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如； in Africa.
句中主语the banana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词Originally cultivated。 The lost child was found hiding in the cave.
句中hiding in the cave与其主语the child是主动关系，用现在分词。
4. 不定式和动名词的区别：不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。
要求接不定式作宾语的动词有：expect, urge, intend, persuade, prefer, cause, encourage, tell, ask, make, let
要求接动名词作宾语的动词有：mind, quit, resent, mention, appreciate, postpone, consider, enjoy, deserve, delay, avoid, escape, deny, resist, admit, fancy, give up, cannot but, need, want，feel like 下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember, forget, regret, mean, like, hate, love, stop
remember, forget, regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like, hate, love 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。 stop 后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。 mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。
5. 几种特殊的句型
1）It is no good (use)+ doing sth.
It is no use arguing with her about the matter.
2）There Is no _ doing sth.
There is no telling when to start.
3）But + (to)do: 介词前动词若是实义动词do， 省略to; 介词前动词若不是实义动词do， 则不能省略to。
Our parents required us of nothing but to study hard.
He said nothing but to cry.
He did nothing but cry.
4）分词的固定搭配词组：judging from, generally speaking, considering, taking…into consideration, compared to (with)
例句：Judging from the handwriting, I know the letter was written by her boyfriend.
6. 独立主格结构
独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：
1）主语＋分词
The problem being solved, he went back home.
Time permitting, we will go outing this weekend.
The report having been read a lively discussion began.
2）With + 逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）
The old man came In with a book under his arm.
They went home with the lights on.
三、 非谓语动词考点例题
● 时态
1． As a public relations officer, he is said ______some very influential people. （01/6/34）【A】
A) to know B) to be knowing C) to have been knowing D) to have known
2. The ancient Egyptians are supposed ______rockets to the moon. （96/6/37）【C】
A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending ● 语态
1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______to the nation. （96/6/24）【D】
A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left
2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self--restraint as if I were the one ______.（96/6/28）【D】
A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected
3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba. （00/1/45）【B】
A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivating
● 作状语（不定式,分词）
1. ______a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.（95/1/48）【A】
A) To become B) Become C) One become D) On becoming
2. This programme will examine the writer's books in detail ______an introduction to her life. （94/1/70）【A】
A) following B) having followed C) being followed D) to be followed
3. The house was very quiet______ as it was on the side of a mountain. （99/6/48）【A】
A) isolated B) being isolated C) isolating D) having been isolated ● 作宾补（分词）
1. In Australia the Asians make their influence ______in businesses large and small.（94/4/67）【C】
A) feeling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt
2. Don't get your schedule ______; stay with us in this class. （96/1/42）【C】
A) to change B) changing C) changed D) change
3. Could you find someone ______.（94/1/63）【A】
A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis with
● 作后置定语(分词)
1. Homework ______ on time will lead to better grades. （95/1/44）【A】
A) done B) be done C) having done D) to have been done
2. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported school must be established In every town ______50 household or more. （98/1/36）【A】
A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had
● 作宾语(动名词)
1. Ann never dreams of ______for her to be sent abroad very soon. （98/6/43）【A】
A) there being a chance B) there to be a chance C) there be a chance D) being a chance
2. He gives people the impression ______all his life broad. （98/6/46）【A】
A) of having spent B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spend
● 特殊动词后接不定式或动名词作宾语
1. I would appreciate ______ it a secret. （95/6/41）【A】
A) your keeping B) you to keep C) that you keep D) that you will keep
2. Mark often attempts to escape ______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. （95/6/42）【D】
A) having been fined B) to be fined C) to have been fined D) being fined
3. If I had remembered __ the window, the thief would not have got in. （96/1/40）【A】
A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed
4. The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. （97/6/58）【D】
A) have told B) be told C) being told D) having told
第三讲 倒 装
I.考点分析
英语句子的一般语序为 “主语部分+谓语部分”。 如果在一定条件下，为了达到某些语法或修辞上的效果，改变句子的一般语序，把谓语放在主语的面前，我们称之为倒装（Inverted Order）。倒装又分为完全倒装(Complete Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。 把谓语部分完全放到主语前称为完全倒装， 如Here are some letters for you.
把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，称之为部分倒装， 如Never have I heard such nonsense.
纵观历届CET 4考题，“倒装”是常考的项目。倒装的考察要点有：
1. 以某些副词开头的句子，如：here, now, then, up, down, out, in, 或由副词there, then, now 等引起，谓语动词为come或go，并且主语不是人称代词的句子，应该完全倒装。 例：1) Here comes the bus. 2. 有时出于修辞上的考虑可以把表语提前放在主语前面，同时主谓完全倒装。 例：1) Very grateful we are for you help. ’ life is the weather report.
3. 代词neither, nor, no more用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，而且时态（包括助动词）必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。
例：1) She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
2) We don’t need air 4. 虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were, had 和should 要移至主语之前。 例：1) Had I known it, I should have told him. 5. 句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。 例：1) Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party.
常用于这一结构的词语有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means, hardly/scarcely … when, in vain, much/even/still less, no longer, no sooner… than, not a single word, not a soul, not infrequently, not often, not only… but (also), not until 等。
6. only位于句子开头， 如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。
例：1) Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.
7. so / such …that结构中的 so放在句首时， 需要倒装。
例：1) So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. ’ opinion. 8. 在比较和方式副词从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添加助动词do/did以代替前面已出现过的动词。
例：1) I spend more than do my friends. 9. 在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。 例：1) Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. 10. 句首为many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such extremes, to such lengths, to such a point, with every justification, with good reason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。 例： To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night.
11. 当句子没有宾语且主语较长，常可将状语提到句子前头，主谓完全倒装。
例：1) After them came in the host and the hostess.
同样地，也可以把表语和系动词提到主语前面，表语可以是介词短语， 形容词，副词或分词。
例：1) Around the lake are 21 state farms.
12. 在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。
例：1) May you live a long and happy life! ’s Republic of China!
第四讲 状语从句
I. 考点分析
状语从句可用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步等。
1．时间状语从句
1) 常见关联词有 when, whenever, while, as, before, after 等。
2）注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。 He didn’t go to sleep until he had finished his homework. （正常结构）
Not until he had finished his homework did he go to sleep. （倒装结构）
It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.（强调结构） Until he had finished his homework he didn’t go to sleep. （until置于句首）
3）表示“一„„就„„”的连词：once, as soon as, hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly
4）其他表示时间的短语还有：every time, next time, the day 等。
2．地点状语从句通常由where, wherever引导, 如：
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3．原因状语从句
1) 通常由because, as ,since引导, 三者区别：
because 语气最强，重在交待原因，以why引导的疑问句只能用because来回答；其前可用only, just等词强调；可用在 It is…that…强调句型中。如：You shouldn't get angry just as 一词口气最弱，表示明显的原因。since 表示人们已知的事实，所以常译成“既然„„”。started.
另外，for属并列连词，不能位于句首，是对前一分句加以解释或说明。如：It must have rained last night, for the yard is wet.
2）与since相近，seeing that, now that, considering that, given that 都有“鉴于某个事实、考虑到”的意思，此外，in that， not that…but that…，on the grounds that 均可表示原因。
4．目的状语从句引导词有 从句中常有情态助动词may/might, shall/should, will/would, can/could) 从句中常有should, might等助动词) for the purpose that等。
5．结果状语从句引导词有so that, such that, so…that, such…that, to the degree/extent that等。
6．条件状语从句分为真实和非真实两种。（非真实条件状语从句详见虚拟语气部分）引导词有if, unless, as/so long as, once, in case, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing that, on condition that
7．方式状语从句引导词有as, as if, as though, the way. 如：Do it the way you were taught.
8．比较状语从句详见比较部分
9．让步状语从句引导词有though, although, even though, even if, wh-ever(no matter how/what/who…) ，while (while位于句首，一般意为“尽管„„”) 如：While we don't agree we continue to be friends. 关于让步状语从句的倒装，详见倒装部分
第五讲 名词性从句
I. 考点分析
名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，多由连词that，wh- 疑问词或由what，whatever等关系代词引导，其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。关于名词性从句中虚拟语气的情况，详见虚拟语气相关内容。
1. 主语从句
1) 主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：
Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.
Whoever comes is welcome.
2) 主语从句前的that不能省略，仅起连接作用，有时为了保持句子平衡，that从句后置，而由it作形式主语。如：
That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s influence.
It is not true that he has moved to New York.
2. 宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，如：
I don’t know where the sound came from.
Don’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.
3．当从句放在系动词 be, look, remain, seem等后即构成表语从句。
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
It seemed that the night would never end.
4. 1) 同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，能接名词性从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。
The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.
2) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内容；that在定语从句中充当成分，为关系代词，而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连词作用。如：
The fact that we talked about is very important. (定语从句)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.( 同位语从句)
5. whether与if 在名词性从句中的用法区别
if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而 whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。
1) 连词whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能用if来替换。
Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.
The question is whether he will come.
2) 宾语从句中，whether常与or not搭配，可以说whether or not，而不说if or not。 I don’t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.
3) whether可用在介词后，或带to不定式前，if则不可。
She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
4）某些动词后面(如discuss)只能用whether ，不用if。
We discussed whether we should go on climbing.
第六讲 定 语 从 句
I. 考点分析
一、概述
用作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中，
1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。请看例句：
1）2. When 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如： 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号隔开。 二、 定语从句中的四级考点:
1. 在下列情形下只能用that，而不能用which。
1) 序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时： Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
2) All, everything, nothing, anything, something等不定代词修饰先行词时： 2. 非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that，而只能用which或 as。而后两者的区别是which引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。
of the production here.
3. which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。 a. Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. /
Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from.
b. The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant. /
The house which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant.
c. This is the magazine (that) you are looking for.
4. 介词＋which的结构可代替定语从句中的引导词when和where。
a. He was born in Germany where(in which) he stayed for 12 years.
b. She arrived at 12 o’clock when(at which) it was raining hard.
5. but, than也可作关系代词。
a. You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
b. There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。but = who don't）
从历年四级词汇语法考点中分析可知，定语从句出现的频率很高，主要集中在以上所讲的定语从句的特殊用法中，因此需重点掌握。此外，在做题和复习过程中要活学活用。
第七讲 主 谓 一 致
I. 考点分析
一、概述
主谓一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、性、数等方面的一致关系。 处理主谓一致一般应遵循以下三条原则：
1. 语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语为单数形式，谓语动词也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。 2. 意义一致，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。 单形名词主语要求复数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个整体中的成员) 复数名词单数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个数目)
3. 邻近原则，即指谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。 （动词are不与主语a man一致，而与其邻近的复形名词abilities形式上一致。
二、主谓一致注意要点：
1. 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、时间等复数名词时，往往可根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。 如果明显地指一个个个体，则要根据语法一致地原则，谓语动词用复数形式。 2. 如果名词词组中心词是all, most, half, the last, the rest, the remainder等词组时，其主谓关系一般遵循意义一致的原则：如所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；如所指为单数意义，则谓语动词用单数形式。
3. 如果主语是由“lots of , loads of , scads of等＋名词”构成时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于其后的名词的单、复数形式。
4. 如果主语是由“a portion of, a series of, a kind of等＋名词”构成时谓语动词一般要根据语法一致的原则用单数形式。 但在“these / those kind / type of＋复数名词”之后，谓语动词用复数形式。 所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。
5. 以数词为名词词组中心词构成主语时，用法不一。有时谓语动词用单数形式： 有时谓语动词用复数形式：
如果名词的中心词组是“分数或百分数＋of词组”，谓语动词的单、复数取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式。 如果名词词组中心是数词，其后跟有或等介词词组构成主语时，一般根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。 但在非正式文体中，也可根据就近原则或意义一致的原则， 谓语动词用复数用复数形式。 6. 如果主语是由“many a, more than one +单数名词”构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍采取单数形式。 7. 如果主语由“the＋形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式：如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。 8. 如果主语由“either(neither) + of +复数名词（或代词）”结构担任时，一般根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。 在非正式文体中，也可根据意义一致的就近原则，谓语动词用复数形式。
第八讲 几种重要的时态
I. 考点分析
时态虽然不再是四级考试的重点，但考察历届真题，我们仍然发现完成时态常出现在考题中。
1． 完成时态中的考查点通常有现在完成时（have +done）、现在完成进行时(have+been doing)、过去完成时(had + done)、过去完成进行时（had +been doing）和将来完成时(will/shall +have done)等，其中将来完成时和过去完成时出现的频率相当高，几乎达到每次一题。
A 关于现在完成
1.现在完成时表示对现在仍有影响的某一已发生的动作，常与already, yet, recently, lately或频度副词often, never, ever, seldom, twice等连用，例如： He 2. 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在的动作，常与for +一段时间, since, in recent years, so far等词或词组连用；例如：He has lived in Beijing for 20 years. 3.It is (has been)…since这一结构也常用于现在完成时。例如： 也可用is) a long time since they last met each other.
4. “This is the first (second) time that…”句型中，从句常用现在完成时态。例如： 5.可用于if, unless, when, as, until等引导的条件和时间状语从句中，表示将来完成的动作。例如：Come here when you have finished your work.
B关于现在完成进行时
由have (has) + been +现在分词构成，表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for hours, since this morning….例如： 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的第二种（即表示动作延续）的用法相似，并常常可以互换。它们的区别在于：现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性，前者可以说是后者的强调形式。
C 关于过去完成时
1.由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by, before，until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。例如： 2.这一时态也常用于宾语或定语从句中。例如：
3.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中，例如：
D 关于过去完成进行时
由had been +现在分词构成，主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作，例如：
E 关于将来完成时
由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。例如： When we get there they
By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.
第九讲 被动语态
I. 考点分析
一、被动语态的形式
被动语态是非常重要的考点。并且我们发现与被动语态有关的考题每次都有2到3题。 首先我们要了解被动语态的基本形式。
一般现在时 be done
现在进行时 be being done
一般过去时 was/were done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had done
一般将来时 will be done
将来过去时 would/should be done
将来完成时 will have been done
过去将来完成时 would/should have been done
going to结构 going to be done
be to be to be done
情态动词 情态动词+be done
不定式 to be done to have been done
二、被动语态在下列情况下可以使用：
1. 只有及物动词或不及物动词+前置词才能用被动态结构；单独的不及物动词不能使用。
A great battle was fought.
The babies were looked after by the nurse.
2. 当不知到动作的发出者，或不容易指出动作的发出者时，可用被动语态。 The window is broken.
The chemical works is equipped with sophisticated machines.
The audience is requested to keep silence.
3. 当我们对动作的接受者比动作的发出者更感兴趣时，可用被动语态。
The five-year plan has been drawn up.
Comrade Li was elected chairman.
4. 由于某种特殊的原因(如说话技巧、说话者的感情等)，故意回避行为的发出者时，可用被动语态。
Any suggestions will be heartily appreciated.
It is believed that there are about four million workers unemployed the U.S.A each year.
5. 当谈及疾病时，可用被动结构。
His left lung is affected.
She is confined to the room by illness.
Tom was seized with sudden chest pain.
6. 当由于工作或其它原因过度疲劳时，可用被动结构。
He was completely exhausted after a long walk.
I was almost fagged out.
She was knocked up after the long steep climb.
7. 由于兴奋或激动时，可用被动结构表示。
Jane was delighted to hear the news of your success.
I am very pleased to see you here.
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her.
8. 当由于受阻或某种原因延迟或耽搁时，可用被动语态结构。
We have been held up by fog.
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock.
The train was delayed 2 hours. The harbour was blocked by ice.
9. 当涉及个人习惯时，可用被动态结构。
He is quite used to hard work.
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to.
He is addicted to smoking.
10．当涉及烦恼时，可用被动结构
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.
She is easily upset emotionally.
He was vexed at his failure.
He was disturbed to hear of your illness.
11．表示惊讶时，可用被动态结构。
I was astonished to see him there.
I am surprised he didn’t come.
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing.
He was startled to see her looking so ill.
12．当涉及被围困、被（栅栏）隔开、拦开时，可用被动态结构。
His land is fenced with barbed wire.
The troops were surrounded.
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for 10 years.
Japan is compassed about by the ocean.
13．当涉及污染、弄脏等意思时，可用被动态结构。
His reputation is tarnished.
My car was mired.
Your fingers are stained with ink.
14．当涉及与混淆有关的意思时，可用被动结构。
I was confused t o hear that.
He was puzzled what to do next.
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.
They asked so many questions that I got confused.
三、被动语态注意要点：
1. 主动语态的主语是people, they, we, you, one, someone, no one等，如泛指一般人，则改为被动语态时，常常被省略。
They speak Portuguese in Brazil. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil.
You should observe this law. This law should be observed.
2. 不及物动词+介词的动词短语， 改为被动语态时，介词不可省略。
Mary laughed at his plan. His plan was laughed at by Mary.
I looked down upon them . They are looked down upon by me.
3. 及物动词有两个宾语时，可改为两种被动语态。
They offered her a post in the Cabinet.
She was offered a post in the Cabinet.
A post in the Cabinet was offered her.
4. 有些动词以被动语态表主动意义，其后不用by，而用at, in, with, about ,to 等介词。 I am worried about this . This worries me.
John is interested in history. History interests John.
Her plan was known to everyone. Everyone knew her plan.
5. 祈使句的被动语态：
肯定祈使句
主动语态：V+O
被动语态：Let + O + be + 过去分词
Bring the man here . let the man be brought here.
否定祈使句
主动语态：Don’t + V + O
被动语态：Don’t let + O +be +过去分词
Don’t forget to bring the cases. Don’t let it be forgotten to bring the cases.
6. 疑问句改为被动语态。
Who broke the window ? By whom was the window broken?
Did anyone hear Mike leave the classroom?
Was Mike heard to leave the classroom?
7. 感官动词或使役动词+宾语+原形动词，改为被动语态时，其后的原形动词改为不定式。 We saw Tom enter the room. Tom was seen to enter the room by us.
8. 有宾语补语的句子改为被动语态时，补语放在动词之后。
Everyone expected Emily to marry Mark.
Emily was expected by everyone to marry Mark.
第十一讲 比较用法
I. 考点分析
英语中大多数形容词和副词都能用于比较，当它们表示“比较……”或 “最……”的意义时要采用特殊的形式，前者称为比较级,后者称为最高级，原来的形式称为原级。
一、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的规则形式
1． 形容词比较级的规则形式有两种：一是有原级加词尾er；一是在原级前加more。形容词最高级的规则形式也有两种：一是有原级加词尾est；一是在原级前加most。例如：
more和most形式；双音节词既可采用er和est形式，也可采用more和most形式，这里虽无绝对规定，但下列词多用er和est形式，如：
happy (happier, happiest) pretty (prettier, prettiest)
narrow (narrower, narrowest) shallow (shallower, shallowest)
注意：在有些词后加了er和est以后，读音有所改变，:如：
young // younger youngest
strong, long,
pure purer purest
clever, tender, dear,
simple
simpler
simplest
humble, lovable,
2．副词比较级和最高级的规则形式
副词比较级和最高级的规则形式和形容词比较级和最高级的规则形式相似。一般地说，单音节词常用er和est形式，而以ly结尾的以及一些表示频度的时间副词多半用加more和most的形式。例如：
二、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则形式
有少数形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的，如：
1. as＋形容词或副词＋as 否定用not as … as ( not so … as )
2. 形容词或副词的比较级＋than
否定用less … than也可以，但不及用not as(so) … as的场合多。
3. (the)＋形容词或副词的最高级＋比较范围
It’’ve ever read.
否定可以用the least …：
但是这种用法几乎常被反义词的最高级形式所替代，试比较：
’’ve ever read.
4. more and more结构
这是一种形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级构成的结构，或者是more and more+形容词或副词的原级，含义是“越来越”。
5. the more … the more … 结构
这个结构的构成是the+形容词或副词的比较级… the+形容词或副词的比较级，通常前者相当于一个程度状语分句，后者为主句，含义是“越……就越…….”。这种结构的特点是前后都可以有所省略，也能采用倒装语序。
’ll be able to leave.
on the inside of the tyre.
第十二讲 强调结构和省略
I. 考点分析
一、强调结构
It was + 被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）+who, whom，that
1.一般说来，被强调部分指人时用who，whom指物时用that（但that亦可指人）
2..当要强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格形式，也可用宾格形式。
It was I who… It was me that…
但宾格形式多用于非正式英语
3.that 或之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。（即人称和数要与原句中的一致）
4.强调句中的时态通常只有两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时，过去完成时和过去进行 时时，用It was…,其余时态用It is…但也有一些较复杂的形式，主要是情态动词may/might/must +动词原形，或者情态动词may/might/must +have +动词过去分词。偶尔也有用将来时的情况
强调结构强调句中的主语、宾语和状语：
eg: ----John wore his best suit to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚穿者他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会。
It was John who (that) wore his best suit to the dance last night. 是约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会的。（强调主语）
. It was his best suit (that) John wore to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚是穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会 的。（强调宾语）
It was last night (that)John wore his best suit to the dance.(强调状语last night) 约翰是昨晚穿着他最好的衣参加晚会的。
It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night(to the dance)约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服是去参加舞会的 （强调状语to the dance）
强调结构亦可强调短语从句如例（5）即强调短语to the dance又如：
I suspected it was on her orders you were bringing him here.我怀疑你是遵照她得吩咐要把她带到这儿来的。(强调短语on her orders)
强调结构亦可强调某些状语从句，如：
---It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday我昨天是由于想买一本字典而进城的 (强调because从句)
---It is only when you nearly lose someone that you become fully conscious of how much you value them.只有当你差一点失掉某人时，你才会充分意识到你是多么重视他(强调only when引导的从句)
在强调结构中的who从句中，who也常用做宾语 ,如：
It must be your mother who you are thinking of.你在想的一定是你的母亲。（who常代之以在正式文体中亦可用whom）
下一句则用whom:
. It was your brother to whom I offered a dollar for his knife yesterday我昨天给了你兄弟1元钱买他的小刀。（这里用宾格whom显然其前有介词之故）
强调结构有时亦可用whose与which引导从句,如：
---It’s Uncle Bill whose address I lost.比尔叔叔的地址我丢了。（强调结构用whose）
It deserves attention that it is especially the verb to do which is often found in the active voice.应该注意，特别是行为动词常用在主动语态中（强调结构用which）
表语与宾语补语偶尔亦可为被强调部分，如：
---It was a doctor that he eventually became。他最后成了一个医生。（表语一般不可用做被强调部分）
---It’s dark green that we’ve painted the kitchen.我们把厨房漆成了深绿色。
强调结构中的时态应一致，即主句与从句的时态皆用现在时，或皆用过去时或皆用将来时。如：
--- It is not I who am angry.发怒的不是我。（皆用现在时）
--- It was my two sisters who knew her best.是我的两个姐妹最了解她（皆用过去时）
--- It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.对此须受责难的将不是你。（皆用将来时）
时态也有不一致的情况，如：
---. It is Miss Williams that enjoyed reading novels as a pastime.是威廉姆斯小姐以读小说来消遣。
It is these very novels that Miss Williams enjoyed reading as a pastime.威廉姆斯小姐作为消遣所读的就是这些小说。
not…until…句型的强调句
It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其它成分
----He didn’t go to bed until (till) ten o’clock.
It was not until ten O’clock that he went to bed.（强调句）
----Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin till (until)1920.
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句）
本句型只用until，不用till，但如果不是强调句型，till,untill可通用
本句型也可用倒装句表示
----Li ming didn’t watch TV till (until) he finished his homework.
Not until hefinished his home work did Li ming watch TV.
=Only when he finished his ho0mework did Li Ming watch TV.
另外一种常用的强调结构是: What…is /was…结构
这种结构比较简练用于强调主语和宾语：
----I like travelling.
Travelling is what I like.
----My back hurts.
What hurts is my back.
--- I want this hat.
This hat is what I want.
What I want is this hat.
---You need a good rest.
A good rest is what you need.
What you need is a good rest.
二、省略
省略有多种手法，在四级常见的是 从句中主语和谓语的部分省略（特别是动词be的省略）省略可使句子简洁避免重复，被机械删去的赘述部分可以填回原处。
a. Look out for cars when（you are） crossing the street.过街时注意车辆。
When (it is) compared, the power station will have nine 72000 kw. Generators.建成之后这个
发电站将有九台七万二千千瓦的发电机。
While (he is) there he joined in voluntary labor on a project.他在那里时参加了一项工程的
义务劳动。
Remain one of the common people while (you are) serving as officials.既当官，又当老百
姓。
If ( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.如果管理不当灌溉还可能有害 Though (they are) reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.虽然他们人数减少
了，战斗力却加强了
With our tactics, no enemy, however (he is ) powerful, can cope with us.以我们的战术，不管
多强大的敌人都对付不了我们。
She hurriedly left the room as though (he is) angry.她急匆匆地走出房去，好象很生气的样子。
She worked extremely hard though (she is) still rather poor in health.尽管身体还很不好，他
仍极其努力地工作。
She told the children not to talk while ( they are)eating.她让孩子们吃饭时别说话。
She advised me not to say anything until (I am asked) asked. 她劝我别说什么，除非有人要
我说。
b. If (it is) necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.如有必要，我请人把信复写一下
Filling the blanks with articles where( it is) necessary.在空格中必要的地方填入冠词
If (it is) possible, I should like to have two copies of it.可能的话我希望有两本。
As ( it is) scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.他们按原定计划于一月二十日在中国大使馆见了面。
They will try to put the plan into practice as quickly as (it is) possible。他们将尽快把这计划付诸实施。