2014-2015上公司金融期末考试

公司理财试卷详解

单选

1. A conflict of interest between the stockholders and management of a firm is called:

A. stockholders' liability.

B. corporate breakdown.

C. the agency problem.代理问题

D. corporate activism.

E. legal liability.

2. Agency costs refer to:

A. the total dividends paid to stockholders over the lifetime of a firm.

B. the costs that result from default and bankruptcy of a firm.

C. corporate income subject to double taxation.

D. the costs of any conflicts of interest between stockholders and management.股东和管理层利益冲突的成本

E. the total interest paid to creditors over the lifetime of the firm.

3. Working capital management includes decisions concerning which of the following? I. accounts payable

II. long-term debt

III. accounts receivable

IV. inventory

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and IV only

D. I, II, and III only E. I, III, and IV only

4. The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term investments is called:

A. working capital management.

B. financial depreciation.

C. agency cost analysis.

D. capital budgeting.资本预算

E. capital structure.

4. The mixture of debt and equity used by a firm to finance its operations is called:

A. working capital management.

B. financial depreciation.

C. cost analysis.

D. capital budgeting.

E. capital structure.资本结构

5. The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities is called:

A. working capital management.运营资本管理

B. debt management.

C. equity management.

D. capital budgeting.

E. capital structure.

6. Which of the following are advantages of the corporate form of business ownership? I. limited liability for firm debt对公司负债承担有限责任

II. double taxation双重课税(缺点)

III. ability to raise capital筹集资金能力强

IV. unlimited firm life 无限存期性

A. I and II only

B. III and IV only

C. I, II, and III only

D. II, III, and IV only

E. I, III, and IV only

7. Earnings per share is equal to: 每股收益

A. net income divided by the total number of shares outstanding.净利润/流通在外的股数

B. net income divided by the par value of the common stock.

C. gross income multiplied by the par value of the common stock.

D. operating income divided by the par value of the common stock.

E. net income divided by total shareholders' equity

8. Dividends per share is equal to dividends paid: 每股股利

A. divided by the par value of common stock.

B. divided by the total number of shares outstanding.股利/流通在外的股数

C. divided by total shareholders' equity.

D. multiplied by the par value of the common stock.

E. multiplied by the total number of shares outstanding.

9. The current ratio is measured as:

A. current assets minus current liabilities.

B. current assets divided by current liabilities.

C. current liabilities minus inventory, divided by current assets.

D. cash on hand divided by current liabilities.

E. current liabilities divided by current assets.

10. An investment is acceptable if its IRR:

A. is exactly equal to its net present value (NPV).

B. is exactly equal to zero.

C. is less than the required return.

D. exceeds the required return.

E. is exactly equal to 100%.

11.An analysis of what happens to the estimate of net present value when only one variable is changed is called _____ analysis.

A. forecasting

B. scenario

C. sensitivity敏感性

D. simulation

E. break-even

12. A bond with a 7% coupon that pays interest semi-annually and is priced at par

will have a market price of _____ and interest payments in the amount of _____ each.

A. $1,007; $70

B. $1,070; $35

C. $1,070; $70 D. $1,000; $35

E. $1,000; $70

13.A bond with semi-annual interest payments, all else equal, would be priced _________ than one with annual interest payments.

A. higher B. lower

C. the same

D. it is impossible to tell

E. either higher or the same

14.The constant dividend growth model:

I. assumes that dividends increase at a constant rate forever.

II. can be used to compute a stock price at any point of time.

III. states that the market price of a stock is only affected by the amount of the dividend.

IV. considers capital gains but ignores the dividend yield.

A. I only

B. II only

C. III and IV only D. I and II only

E. I, II, and III only

15.Which one of the following types of securities has tended to produce the lowest real rate of return for the period 1926 through 2008 A. U.S. Treasury bills

B. long-term government bonds

C. small company stocks

D. large company stocks

E. long-term corporate bonds

16. The risk premium for an individual security is computed by:

A. multiplying the security's beta by the market risk premium.

B. multiplying the security's beta by the risk-free rate of return.

C. adding the risk-free rate to the security's expected return.

D. dividing the market risk premium by the quantity (1 - beta). E. dividing the market risk premium by the beta of the security.

17. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A well-diversified portfolio has negligible systematic risk.

B. A well-diversified portfolio has negligible unsystematic risk.

C. An individual security has negligible systematic risk.

D. An individual security has negligible unsystematic risk.

E. Both A and D.

18. The beta of a firm is more likely to be high under what two conditions?

A. High cyclical business activity and low operating leverage

B. High cyclical business activity and high operating leverage

C. Low cyclical business activity and low financial leverage

D. Low cyclical business activity and low operating leverage

E. None of the above.

19. Preferred stock may exist because:

A. losses before income taxes prevent a company from enjoying the tax advantages of debt interest while there is no tax advantage for preferred dividends.

B. an advantage exists for the firm; preferred shareholders can not force the company into bankruptcy because of unpaid dividends.

C. corporations get a 70% tax exemption on preferred dividends received.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above.

20. Which of the following would be indicative of inefficient market

A. Overreaction and reversion

B. Delayed response

C. Immediate and accurate response

D. Both A and B. E. Both A and C.

21. MM Proposition I with no tax supports the argument that:

A. business risk determines the return on assets.

B. the cost of equity rises as leverage rises.

C. it is completely irrelevant how a firm arranges its finances.

D. a firm should borrow money to the point where the tax benefit from debt is equal to the cost of the increased probability of financial distress.

E. financial risk is determined by the debt-equity ratio.

22. The MM theory with taxes implies that firms should issue maximum debt. In practice, this is not true because:

A. debt is more risky than equity.

B. bankruptcy is a disadvantage to debt.

C. firms will incur large agency costs of short term debt by issuing long term debt.

D. Both A and B.

E. Both B and C

25. A financial lease has the following as its primary characteristics:

A. is fully amortized, lessee maintains equipment and there is no renewal clause and no cancellation clause.

B. is not fully amortized, lessor maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause but no cancellation clause.

C. is fully amortized, lessor maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause and a no cancellation clause.

D. is not fully amortized, lessor maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause. E. is fully amortized, lessee maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause and a no cancellation clause.

26. The maximum value of a call option is equal to:

A. the strike price minus the initial cost of the option.

B. the exercise price plus the price of the underlying stock.

C. the strike price.

D. the price of the underlying stock.

E. the purchase price.

27. Which of the following statements are correct concerning option values?

I. The value of a call increases as the price of the underlying stock increases. II. The value of a call decreases as the exercise price increases.

III. The value of a put increases as the price of the underlying stock increases. IV. The value of a put decreases as the exercise price increases.

A. I and III only

B. II and IV only

C. I and II only

D. II and III only

E. I, II, and IV only

28. The value of a call increases when:

I. the time to expiration increases.

II. the stock price increases.

III. the risk-free rate of return increases.

IV. the volatility of the price of the underlying stock increases.

A. I and III only

B. II, III, and IV only

C. I, III, and IV only

D. I, II, and III only

E. I, II, III, and IV

29. An in-the-money put option is one that:

A. has an exercise price greater than the underlying stock price.

B. has an exercise price less than the underlying stock price.

C. has an exercise price equal to the underlying stock price.

D. should not be exercised at expiration.

E. should not be exercised at any time.

30. Options are granted to top corporate executives because:

A. executives will make better business decisions in line with benefiting the shareholders.

B. executive pay is at risk and linked to firm performance.

C. options are tax-efficient and taxed only when they are exercised.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above

多选

1. Preferred stock may be desirable to issue for which of following reason(s)? (第15章)

A. If there is no taxable income, preferred stock does not impose a tax penalty(罚款).

B. The failure to pay preferred dividends, cumulative(累积的) or noncumulative, will not cause bankruptcy.

C. Preferred dividends are not tax deductible and therefore will not provide a tax shield hill will reduce net income.

D. Both B and C

2. Which of the following are factors that favor a high dividend policy? (第19章) A. stockholders desire for current income B. tendency for higher stock prices for high dividend paying firms. C. investor dislike of uncertainly D. high percentage of tax-expense institutional stockholders

3. Underpricing can possibly be explained by: (第20章)

A. oversubscription(超额认购) of an issue B. strong demand by investors

C. under subscription of an issue

D. both B and C

4. Which of the following are uses of cash? (第8章)

A. marketable securities are sold B. the amount of inventory an hand in increased

C. the firm takes out a long-term bank loan D. payment are paid on accounts payable

5. To collect on the accounts receivable due to the firm, a firm can: A. send a delinquency letter of past due status to the customer B. make personal contest by telephone C. employ a collection agency D. take legal action against the customer as necessary

6. Financial distress can involve which of the following: (第30章)

A. asset restructuring(资产重组)

B. financial restructuring(财务重组)

C. liquidation(清算)

D. raise cash(集资)

7. Which of the following activities are commonly associated with takeovers(收购)? (第25章) A. the acquisition of assets

B. proxy(代理人) contests

C. managements buyouts(管理层收购)

D. leveraged buyouts(杠杆收购)

8. Which of the following are reasons why a firm may want to divest itself of some its assets? A. to raise cash B. to get rid of unprofitable operation C. to get rid of some assets received in an acquisition D. to cash in on some profitable operation

填空题

0.The forecast of cash receipts and disbursements for the next planning period is called a Cash budget.

1.The process of planning and maneging a firm's inverstments in fixed assets is called Capital budgeting.

2.The mixfure of debt and quity used by a firm to finance its: operations is called: Capital structure. 1.The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities call Working capital management.

4. A business created as a distinct legal entity composed of one or more individuals or entities is called a corporation.

5.The financial statement showing a firm's accounting value on a particular date is the Balance sheet. 6.Net working capital refers to the difference between a firm's current assets and is current liability. 7.An annuity stream where the payments occur forever is called a perpetuity. 8.The difference between the present value of an investment and its cost is the net present value.

9.The discount rate that makes the net present values of an inverstment exactlly equal to zero is called the internal rate of return.

10. The interest rate charged per period multiplied by the number of period per year is called the annual percentage rate.

11. the first public equity issue that is made by a company is referred to as initial public offering.

简答题

一、在以下情况下公司提供商业信用可能是有优势的:

1. 如果销售企业相对于其他潜在的贷款人具有成本优势;

2. 如果销售企业具有垄断力量;

3. 如果销售企业可通过提供信用而减少税收;

4. 如果销售企业的产品质量难以确定5. 如果销售企业打算建立长期的战略关系;

6. 如果在信用管理中存在规模经济,企业的规模也可能是重要因素。

二、影响贝塔系数稳定性的因素:

1、主营业务发生变化

2、产品系列的变化

3、技术的变迁

4、市场的变化

5、财务杠杆的提高

四、偏好高股利政策的现实因素

1.一鸟在手理论:股东偏好当期收入

2.行为金融理论:可视为一种强制储蓄(高派现股票---发展到成熟期的公司)

3.代理成本理论:现金股利是减少自由现金流代理成本的一种手段

4.税收套利理论

5.股利信号理论:现金税后利润红利支付力度的强弱是公司向外界传递公司经营绩效好坏的信息

6.股利投资者法律保护理论:股利是其保护的结果,投资法律保护越强,红利支付力度越大,投资法律保护越弱,红利支付力度越小。

7.股利的产品市场竞争理论:现金股利是强有力的外部市场机制下产品竞争的结果,竞争力高,支付力度越大,竞争力越弱,股利支付力度越弱。

五、经验证据对市场有效性的挑战:

1、套利的局限

2、盈利意外(股价因为披露的盈利高于预期会上升,反之会下落)

3、规模(Size)(小盘股的平均回报比大盘股的平均回报高)

4、价值股与成长股

5、崩溃和泡沫

七、IPO抑价理论:(IPO抑价:公司发行价总是低于上市首日的收盘价。投资者法律保护好,抑价程度低;保护不好,抑价程度高)

1、信息不对称假说。上市公司与承销商之间的信息不对称,压低价格。

2、“胜者之咒”假说。(表面上中小投资者购买了股票,但买到的是垃圾股,是机构投资者不要的股票,为了吸引中小投资者,发行公司会压低股价)

3、信号假说:凡是上市的公司都是优质的公司(优质的公司在上市之前,信息不充分,将股价压低,让投资者充分了解自己,上市之后,披露更详细,投资者意识到其价值,股价上升,可通过SEO来弥补IPO的损失)

4、信息瀑布流假说:信息不对称,跟风。在发行第一批股票时,压低价格吸引第一批投资者,然后后期投资者跟进,股价会随之上涨。

5、投机泡沫假说:认为一级市场发行价格是真实的(一级市场估值无问题),而上市首日收盘价高于IPO发行价是因为二级市场的投资者的投机行为。

九、并购理论

1、效率理论

(1)效率差异理论(管理协同假说):

该理论表明效率高的企业将收购效率低的企业,并通过提高效率实现潜在利润。这意味着收购企业具有额外的管理能力。

(按照这一理论,当效率高的企业额外的管理资源与效率低的企业的组织资源相结合时,将形成更有效率的经济组织,企业能更好的应用资本和管理能力,产生管理的协同效应,因此,又称为管理协同假说)

(2)经营协同效应理论:侧重于规模经济,范围经济或削减成本方面的协同效应

(3)经营多样化理论:通过并购实现企业经营业务的多元化,以减少企业经营的不确定性和避免破产风险,从而为企业管理者和雇员分散风险,也能保护企业的组织资本和声誉资本。

(4)财务协同效应理论:通过并购建立企业内部资本市场可能获得的效率提高,企业在融资过程中发生的固定费用与交易成本方面所能获得的规模经济,以及企业现金流更加稳定而导致负债能力的提高及税收的节省。

2.价值低估理论:目标公司价值被低估会实现价值回归驱动并购交易

3.代理问题理论与管理主义

(1)代理问题理论:公司的并购由公司代理问题引发(管理者的壕沟效应)

(2)管理主义:通过并购实现自身的利益或效用最大化

4.市场力量理论:目的在于寻求市场的垄断地位,提高市场占有力,扩大市场份额

5.税收节约理论:通过并购,减少税收负担,即,为了避税效应或税收最小化的考虑。

十、影响ROE的因素及提高方法:

因素1、经营效率(以销售利润率度量)2、资产运用效率(以总资产度量)3、财物杠杠(以权益乘数度量) 方法1、提高销售利润率:压缩成本,提高产品价格。2、提高总资产周转率:减少固定资产,外包生产。3、提高权益乘数:改变资产结构

十一、为什么做IPO(做IPO的好处)

1、IPO上市有助于公司接受外部投资者监督。

2、有助于提高提高公司股票的流动性

3、上市后有助于减少公司估值的不确定性。(公司信息披露更充分)

4、有助于降低SEO(股权再融资)的发行成本。

5、允许消费者根据公司股价来推测公司产品质量。(股价越高,质量越好)

6、上市有助于促进公司发动购并。

7、上市有助于公司成为被收购兼并的对象。

8、上市有助于公司股权结构的分散。

9、上市后有助于缓解公司的融资约束。

10、上市可以使厌恶风险的创业者套现。

十二、资本结构理论:

1.信号理论。公司资本结构向外界传递着未来经营绩效好坏的信号。使用股权融资:分担风险。使用负债融资:赚钱项目看好。(当负债水平较低时,税盾的边际收益大于财务困境成本的边际成本,对于高水平的负债则相反。当边际收益等于边际成本时,企业的资本结构是最优的)

2.代理成本理论。通过提高公司的长期负债权益来增加未来偿债压力,以此减少自由现金流的代理成本。

3.优序融资理论。理论基础:信息不对称(金融摩擦)公司不得不首先使用成本最低的自有资金(内部内部融资),其次负债融资,最后是股权融资

资本结构理论的新进展:

1、动态权衡理论:围绕最佳长期权益比进行动态调整

2、产业组织理论:认为公司的资本结构受所在行业的产业竞争激烈程度的影响。 当竞争越激烈,公司的

长期负债权益之比越高,行业集中程度越高,长期负债权益之比越低。

3、行为金融理论:(1)公司资本结构受发行股票时期的影响,牛市时负债权益比低,熊市时高。(2)管理者性格。过度自信,长期负债权益之比提高.

十四、处理财务困境方法

1、出售主要资产

2、与其他公司合并(资产重组)

3、减少资本支出及研究与开发费用

4、发售新股

5、与银行和其他债权人谈判

6、以债权置换股权(债转股)

7、申请破产

十五、股票回购的作用

(1)使股东具有更多的选择权

(2)使股价保持在较高价位(内部人士操作股票回购,拉高股价,然后行权) ;(3)作为公司的一项投资。公司股价较低(股价被低估),通过股票回购,拉高股价,使市场认识到股价被低估

十六、投资评价、决策方法(比较投资标准)

(一)净现值法

1、定义:通过计算和比较不同投资项目的净现值来选择最佳方案。

2、决策规则:接受净现值为正的项目,拒绝净现值为负的项目。两个或多个净现值为正的项目,选择净现值较小的。

3、评价

(1)优点:使用了现金流量,包含了项目的全部现金流量,并对现金流量进行了合理的折现。

(2)缺点:NPV计算要依赖于现金流和折现率,这两个都要通过估计得到,不是确定的量.

(二)回收期法

1、定义:指将能收回的初始投资的期限与目标回收期比较,作出决策的方法。常常被用来筛选大量的小型投资项目

2、法则:选择回收期短的项目。

3、评价:

(1)优点:——容易理解(决策过程简便)

——偏向流动性(有利于加快资金回笼)

(2)缺点:a、忽略了货币的时间价值

b、忽视了回收期之后的现金流

c、用于长期项目存在大偏差

d、决策标准确定具有主观臆断性

e、根据回收期标准接受的项目可能没有正的净现值

(三)内部收益法

1、定义:令项目净现值为0的折现率

2、法则:内部收益率>折现率,接受项目;内部收益率

3、评价:

(1)优点:不受资本市场利息率影响,而是完全取决于项目的现金流量,是项目的内生变量,体现了项目的内在价值。

(2)缺点:a、对于投资项目和融资项目,决策标准完全相反。

b、可能出现多重收益率

c、在 项目中使用,存在投资规模问题和时间序列问题

(四)盈利指数法

1、定义:初始投资所产生的未来现金流量的现值总额与初始投资的比值。

2、法则:对于独立项目:赢了指数大于1,接受;小于,拒绝。

3、评价:

(1)优点:当评估独立项目时决策准确;当决策资金有限时有用;便于理解和沟通。

(2)缺点:忽略了互斥项目之间投资规模上的差异;无法处理多个区间的资本配置问题。

(五)平均会计收益法

1、定义:平均净收益与平均账面投资额的比值。

2、法则:平均会计收益法>目标收益率,接受;

3、评价:

(1)优点:数据容易从会计账面上获得;计算简便。

(2)缺点: a、使用会计中的净收益和账面价值,而不是使用现金流量和市场价值;

b、没有考虑货币的时间价值

c、需要武断的选择一个目标收益率

十七、行为理论对市场有效性的挑战

(1)理性。很多投资者都是非理性的。尽管许多个人投资者希望负税最小化,但他们的做法往往相反,他

们会卖掉表现好的股票,持有表现不好的股票。

(2)独立的理性偏差。三个适用的法则:一、代表性。从小部分数据得出结论,以偏概全,可能会导致证

券价格的泡沫。二、保守性。人们根据新信息调整他们信念的速度太慢。三、本地效应。投资者偏向于投

资本地的股票。

(3)套利。套利策略可能涉及过多的风险而不能保证市场效率,使得专业投资者削减套利头寸。

十八、MM命题I

推理:在无税条件下,VL = VU 公司的价值不受融资方式影响(只受资产影响)

在有税条件下,VL = VU + TC B 有杠杆公司的价值随着负债增加而增加。

十九、保护性条款

(1) 消极条款:限制公司的股利支付额

公司不能将其任一部分资产抵押给其他债权人

公司不能让兼并其他企业

未经债权人同意,公司不能出租或出售主要资产

公司不可发行其他长期负债

(2) 积极条款:公司同意将其营运资本维持在某一最低水平

公司必须定期提供财务报表给债权人

二十、代理问题 代理冲突的类型和解决方法

(一)代理问题 :在公司所有制的情况下,股东是公司的所有者。股东选出公司的董事会,由董事会任命

该公司管理层。这种企业组织形式的所有权和管理权分离是导致代理问题存在的原因。公司管理层可能按

自身或其他人的利益最大化原则行动,而不是按股东的利益最大化的原则。如果这种事情发生,他们可能

违背公司股价最大化的目标。管理层的目标应该是使现有股东的股票价格最大化。如果管理层认为它可以

改善公司的盈利能力,使股价超过回购价,那么就应该展开对外部收购的斗争。但是,如果目前的管理层

不能是公司的股价超过收购价格,而且也没有其他更高的价格,那么管理层的斗争行为就不符合股东利益。由于公司被收购时,管理层往往将失去工作,所以,缺乏监督管理的管理层有反对公司被收购的激励。

(二)代理冲突的类型:

(1)代理问题存在于委托人与代理人之间。也可以说是股东与高管之间代理问题。(2)理问题主要是由

于股权集中导致高管即代理人依附于大股东。这是表面上的委托人与代理人之间的代理问题,实质上就变

成了大股东与小股东之间的代理问题,就是说大股东可能会侵害小股东的利益。

(三)解决方法:

1.充分信息:建立一个完全竞争和完备的市场体系,在信息充分的情况下,不管目标函数是否不一致,股

东仍可以很好的控制经理人的行为,这种公司治理效率是最高的,其结果会达到帕累托最优状态。

2.MBO收购 :通过MBO收购改变该公司的所有者结构、控制权结构和资本结构,使管理者以所有者和经营

者合一的身份主导重组公司,从而获得预期收益。

3.内部控制:建立有效的公司治理结构,实现所有者、管理者和其他利益相关者之间的制衡,提高公司的

经营效率,保证公司预定目标的实现。

4.报酬激励机制:建立一个有效的经营者业绩的考核体系,将反映企业过去业绩的会计或财务类指标与反

映企业未来的发展潜力的市场价值指标二者结合起来,保证股东和管理者的双重利益。

二十一、为什么发行认股权在和可转债,一般哪些公司发行

(1)原因

a.与现金流量相配比。如果融资成本较高,那么公司在发行证券时就要考虑现金流与公司未来经营

所产生的现金流二者能匹配起来,不至于产生支付危机

b.风险协同效应。当很难准确评估发行公司的风险时,可转换债券和附有认股权的债券对风险评估所

产生的误差有一定程度的免疫作用。

c.代理问题。与筹集资金有关的代理问题,可以由可转换债券来解决。

d.后门权益证券。可将可转换债券视为一种后门权益证券。

(2)发行可转换债券的公司类型

a.其债券信用评级要低于其他公司

b.对于高成长和高财务杠杆的小公司来说,他们更倾向于发行可转换债券

c.可转换债券一般都是次级债券,而且是无担保的

二十二、有效市场假说

(1)定义:指在一个有效的资本市场中,有关投资品的全部信息都能够迅速、完整和准确的被投资者所获

得,投资者可以据此准确判断该投资品的价值并作出正确的决策。

(2)主要内容:投资品价格迅速反映未预期的信息;投资品价格随机变动;投资者无法获得超额利润。

(3)类型:它分为弱型有效市场、半强型有效市场、强型有效市场。

a、弱型有效市场:如果某一资本市场上证券的价格充分的包含了与其有关的历史信息,那么该资本

市场就达到了弱型有效。

b、半强型有效市场:如果某一资本市场上证券的价格充分地反映了公开可用的信息,包括如公司公

布的财务报表和历史上的价格信息,那么该资本市场就达到了版强型有效。

c、强型有效市场: 如果某一资本市场上证券的价格充分地反映了所有的信息,包括公开的和内幕的

信息,那么该资本市场就达到了强型有效。

二十三、市场信息效应

公司资本结构向外界传递着未来经营绩效好坏的信号。

(1)当债务的边际津贴等于边际成本的时候,公司的资本结构将得到优化

(2)投资者将债务作为一种反映公司价值的信号。有着较低预期收益的公司将承担一个较低的债务水平,

有着较高预期收益的公司将承担一个较高的债务水平

(3)管理者为了迷惑投资者而使公司承担比最优水平更高的债务,而这样在长期经营中将会付出成本。

公司理财试卷详解

单选

1. A conflict of interest between the stockholders and management of a firm is called:

A. stockholders' liability.

B. corporate breakdown.

C. the agency problem.代理问题

D. corporate activism.

E. legal liability.

2. Agency costs refer to:

A. the total dividends paid to stockholders over the lifetime of a firm.

B. the costs that result from default and bankruptcy of a firm.

C. corporate income subject to double taxation.

D. the costs of any conflicts of interest between stockholders and management.股东和管理层利益冲突的成本

E. the total interest paid to creditors over the lifetime of the firm.

3. Working capital management includes decisions concerning which of the following? I. accounts payable

II. long-term debt

III. accounts receivable

IV. inventory

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and IV only

D. I, II, and III only E. I, III, and IV only

4. The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term investments is called:

A. working capital management.

B. financial depreciation.

C. agency cost analysis.

D. capital budgeting.资本预算

E. capital structure.

4. The mixture of debt and equity used by a firm to finance its operations is called:

A. working capital management.

B. financial depreciation.

C. cost analysis.

D. capital budgeting.

E. capital structure.资本结构

5. The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities is called:

A. working capital management.运营资本管理

B. debt management.

C. equity management.

D. capital budgeting.

E. capital structure.

6. Which of the following are advantages of the corporate form of business ownership? I. limited liability for firm debt对公司负债承担有限责任

II. double taxation双重课税(缺点)

III. ability to raise capital筹集资金能力强

IV. unlimited firm life 无限存期性

A. I and II only

B. III and IV only

C. I, II, and III only

D. II, III, and IV only

E. I, III, and IV only

7. Earnings per share is equal to: 每股收益

A. net income divided by the total number of shares outstanding.净利润/流通在外的股数

B. net income divided by the par value of the common stock.

C. gross income multiplied by the par value of the common stock.

D. operating income divided by the par value of the common stock.

E. net income divided by total shareholders' equity

8. Dividends per share is equal to dividends paid: 每股股利

A. divided by the par value of common stock.

B. divided by the total number of shares outstanding.股利/流通在外的股数

C. divided by total shareholders' equity.

D. multiplied by the par value of the common stock.

E. multiplied by the total number of shares outstanding.

9. The current ratio is measured as:

A. current assets minus current liabilities.

B. current assets divided by current liabilities.

C. current liabilities minus inventory, divided by current assets.

D. cash on hand divided by current liabilities.

E. current liabilities divided by current assets.

10. An investment is acceptable if its IRR:

A. is exactly equal to its net present value (NPV).

B. is exactly equal to zero.

C. is less than the required return.

D. exceeds the required return.

E. is exactly equal to 100%.

11.An analysis of what happens to the estimate of net present value when only one variable is changed is called _____ analysis.

A. forecasting

B. scenario

C. sensitivity敏感性

D. simulation

E. break-even

12. A bond with a 7% coupon that pays interest semi-annually and is priced at par

will have a market price of _____ and interest payments in the amount of _____ each.

A. $1,007; $70

B. $1,070; $35

C. $1,070; $70 D. $1,000; $35

E. $1,000; $70

13.A bond with semi-annual interest payments, all else equal, would be priced _________ than one with annual interest payments.

A. higher B. lower

C. the same

D. it is impossible to tell

E. either higher or the same

14.The constant dividend growth model:

I. assumes that dividends increase at a constant rate forever.

II. can be used to compute a stock price at any point of time.

III. states that the market price of a stock is only affected by the amount of the dividend.

IV. considers capital gains but ignores the dividend yield.

A. I only

B. II only

C. III and IV only D. I and II only

E. I, II, and III only

15.Which one of the following types of securities has tended to produce the lowest real rate of return for the period 1926 through 2008 A. U.S. Treasury bills

B. long-term government bonds

C. small company stocks

D. large company stocks

E. long-term corporate bonds

16. The risk premium for an individual security is computed by:

A. multiplying the security's beta by the market risk premium.

B. multiplying the security's beta by the risk-free rate of return.

C. adding the risk-free rate to the security's expected return.

D. dividing the market risk premium by the quantity (1 - beta). E. dividing the market risk premium by the beta of the security.

17. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A well-diversified portfolio has negligible systematic risk.

B. A well-diversified portfolio has negligible unsystematic risk.

C. An individual security has negligible systematic risk.

D. An individual security has negligible unsystematic risk.

E. Both A and D.

18. The beta of a firm is more likely to be high under what two conditions?

A. High cyclical business activity and low operating leverage

B. High cyclical business activity and high operating leverage

C. Low cyclical business activity and low financial leverage

D. Low cyclical business activity and low operating leverage

E. None of the above.

19. Preferred stock may exist because:

A. losses before income taxes prevent a company from enjoying the tax advantages of debt interest while there is no tax advantage for preferred dividends.

B. an advantage exists for the firm; preferred shareholders can not force the company into bankruptcy because of unpaid dividends.

C. corporations get a 70% tax exemption on preferred dividends received.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above.

20. Which of the following would be indicative of inefficient market

A. Overreaction and reversion

B. Delayed response

C. Immediate and accurate response

D. Both A and B. E. Both A and C.

21. MM Proposition I with no tax supports the argument that:

A. business risk determines the return on assets.

B. the cost of equity rises as leverage rises.

C. it is completely irrelevant how a firm arranges its finances.

D. a firm should borrow money to the point where the tax benefit from debt is equal to the cost of the increased probability of financial distress.

E. financial risk is determined by the debt-equity ratio.

22. The MM theory with taxes implies that firms should issue maximum debt. In practice, this is not true because:

A. debt is more risky than equity.

B. bankruptcy is a disadvantage to debt.

C. firms will incur large agency costs of short term debt by issuing long term debt.

D. Both A and B.

E. Both B and C

25. A financial lease has the following as its primary characteristics:

A. is fully amortized, lessee maintains equipment and there is no renewal clause and no cancellation clause.

B. is not fully amortized, lessor maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause but no cancellation clause.

C. is fully amortized, lessor maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause and a no cancellation clause.

D. is not fully amortized, lessor maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause. E. is fully amortized, lessee maintains equipment and there is a renewal clause and a no cancellation clause.

26. The maximum value of a call option is equal to:

A. the strike price minus the initial cost of the option.

B. the exercise price plus the price of the underlying stock.

C. the strike price.

D. the price of the underlying stock.

E. the purchase price.

27. Which of the following statements are correct concerning option values?

I. The value of a call increases as the price of the underlying stock increases. II. The value of a call decreases as the exercise price increases.

III. The value of a put increases as the price of the underlying stock increases. IV. The value of a put decreases as the exercise price increases.

A. I and III only

B. II and IV only

C. I and II only

D. II and III only

E. I, II, and IV only

28. The value of a call increases when:

I. the time to expiration increases.

II. the stock price increases.

III. the risk-free rate of return increases.

IV. the volatility of the price of the underlying stock increases.

A. I and III only

B. II, III, and IV only

C. I, III, and IV only

D. I, II, and III only

E. I, II, III, and IV

29. An in-the-money put option is one that:

A. has an exercise price greater than the underlying stock price.

B. has an exercise price less than the underlying stock price.

C. has an exercise price equal to the underlying stock price.

D. should not be exercised at expiration.

E. should not be exercised at any time.

30. Options are granted to top corporate executives because:

A. executives will make better business decisions in line with benefiting the shareholders.

B. executive pay is at risk and linked to firm performance.

C. options are tax-efficient and taxed only when they are exercised.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above

多选

1. Preferred stock may be desirable to issue for which of following reason(s)? (第15章)

A. If there is no taxable income, preferred stock does not impose a tax penalty(罚款).

B. The failure to pay preferred dividends, cumulative(累积的) or noncumulative, will not cause bankruptcy.

C. Preferred dividends are not tax deductible and therefore will not provide a tax shield hill will reduce net income.

D. Both B and C

2. Which of the following are factors that favor a high dividend policy? (第19章) A. stockholders desire for current income B. tendency for higher stock prices for high dividend paying firms. C. investor dislike of uncertainly D. high percentage of tax-expense institutional stockholders

3. Underpricing can possibly be explained by: (第20章)

A. oversubscription(超额认购) of an issue B. strong demand by investors

C. under subscription of an issue

D. both B and C

4. Which of the following are uses of cash? (第8章)

A. marketable securities are sold B. the amount of inventory an hand in increased

C. the firm takes out a long-term bank loan D. payment are paid on accounts payable

5. To collect on the accounts receivable due to the firm, a firm can: A. send a delinquency letter of past due status to the customer B. make personal contest by telephone C. employ a collection agency D. take legal action against the customer as necessary

6. Financial distress can involve which of the following: (第30章)

A. asset restructuring(资产重组)

B. financial restructuring(财务重组)

C. liquidation(清算)

D. raise cash(集资)

7. Which of the following activities are commonly associated with takeovers(收购)? (第25章) A. the acquisition of assets

B. proxy(代理人) contests

C. managements buyouts(管理层收购)

D. leveraged buyouts(杠杆收购)

8. Which of the following are reasons why a firm may want to divest itself of some its assets? A. to raise cash B. to get rid of unprofitable operation C. to get rid of some assets received in an acquisition D. to cash in on some profitable operation

填空题

0.The forecast of cash receipts and disbursements for the next planning period is called a Cash budget.

1.The process of planning and maneging a firm's inverstments in fixed assets is called Capital budgeting.

2.The mixfure of debt and quity used by a firm to finance its: operations is called: Capital structure. 1.The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities call Working capital management.

4. A business created as a distinct legal entity composed of one or more individuals or entities is called a corporation.

5.The financial statement showing a firm's accounting value on a particular date is the Balance sheet. 6.Net working capital refers to the difference between a firm's current assets and is current liability. 7.An annuity stream where the payments occur forever is called a perpetuity. 8.The difference between the present value of an investment and its cost is the net present value.

9.The discount rate that makes the net present values of an inverstment exactlly equal to zero is called the internal rate of return.

10. The interest rate charged per period multiplied by the number of period per year is called the annual percentage rate.

11. the first public equity issue that is made by a company is referred to as initial public offering.

简答题

一、在以下情况下公司提供商业信用可能是有优势的:

1. 如果销售企业相对于其他潜在的贷款人具有成本优势;

2. 如果销售企业具有垄断力量;

3. 如果销售企业可通过提供信用而减少税收;

4. 如果销售企业的产品质量难以确定5. 如果销售企业打算建立长期的战略关系;

6. 如果在信用管理中存在规模经济,企业的规模也可能是重要因素。

二、影响贝塔系数稳定性的因素:

1、主营业务发生变化

2、产品系列的变化

3、技术的变迁

4、市场的变化

5、财务杠杆的提高

四、偏好高股利政策的现实因素

1.一鸟在手理论:股东偏好当期收入

2.行为金融理论:可视为一种强制储蓄(高派现股票---发展到成熟期的公司)

3.代理成本理论:现金股利是减少自由现金流代理成本的一种手段

4.税收套利理论

5.股利信号理论:现金税后利润红利支付力度的强弱是公司向外界传递公司经营绩效好坏的信息

6.股利投资者法律保护理论:股利是其保护的结果,投资法律保护越强,红利支付力度越大,投资法律保护越弱,红利支付力度越小。

7.股利的产品市场竞争理论:现金股利是强有力的外部市场机制下产品竞争的结果,竞争力高,支付力度越大,竞争力越弱,股利支付力度越弱。

五、经验证据对市场有效性的挑战:

1、套利的局限

2、盈利意外(股价因为披露的盈利高于预期会上升,反之会下落)

3、规模(Size)(小盘股的平均回报比大盘股的平均回报高)

4、价值股与成长股

5、崩溃和泡沫

七、IPO抑价理论:(IPO抑价:公司发行价总是低于上市首日的收盘价。投资者法律保护好,抑价程度低;保护不好,抑价程度高)

1、信息不对称假说。上市公司与承销商之间的信息不对称,压低价格。

2、“胜者之咒”假说。(表面上中小投资者购买了股票,但买到的是垃圾股,是机构投资者不要的股票,为了吸引中小投资者,发行公司会压低股价)

3、信号假说:凡是上市的公司都是优质的公司(优质的公司在上市之前,信息不充分,将股价压低,让投资者充分了解自己,上市之后,披露更详细,投资者意识到其价值,股价上升,可通过SEO来弥补IPO的损失)

4、信息瀑布流假说:信息不对称,跟风。在发行第一批股票时,压低价格吸引第一批投资者,然后后期投资者跟进,股价会随之上涨。

5、投机泡沫假说:认为一级市场发行价格是真实的(一级市场估值无问题),而上市首日收盘价高于IPO发行价是因为二级市场的投资者的投机行为。

九、并购理论

1、效率理论

(1)效率差异理论(管理协同假说):

该理论表明效率高的企业将收购效率低的企业,并通过提高效率实现潜在利润。这意味着收购企业具有额外的管理能力。

(按照这一理论,当效率高的企业额外的管理资源与效率低的企业的组织资源相结合时,将形成更有效率的经济组织,企业能更好的应用资本和管理能力,产生管理的协同效应,因此,又称为管理协同假说)

(2)经营协同效应理论:侧重于规模经济,范围经济或削减成本方面的协同效应

(3)经营多样化理论:通过并购实现企业经营业务的多元化,以减少企业经营的不确定性和避免破产风险,从而为企业管理者和雇员分散风险,也能保护企业的组织资本和声誉资本。

(4)财务协同效应理论:通过并购建立企业内部资本市场可能获得的效率提高,企业在融资过程中发生的固定费用与交易成本方面所能获得的规模经济,以及企业现金流更加稳定而导致负债能力的提高及税收的节省。

2.价值低估理论:目标公司价值被低估会实现价值回归驱动并购交易

3.代理问题理论与管理主义

(1)代理问题理论:公司的并购由公司代理问题引发(管理者的壕沟效应)

(2)管理主义:通过并购实现自身的利益或效用最大化

4.市场力量理论:目的在于寻求市场的垄断地位,提高市场占有力,扩大市场份额

5.税收节约理论:通过并购,减少税收负担,即,为了避税效应或税收最小化的考虑。

十、影响ROE的因素及提高方法:

因素1、经营效率(以销售利润率度量)2、资产运用效率(以总资产度量)3、财物杠杠(以权益乘数度量) 方法1、提高销售利润率:压缩成本,提高产品价格。2、提高总资产周转率:减少固定资产,外包生产。3、提高权益乘数:改变资产结构

十一、为什么做IPO(做IPO的好处)

1、IPO上市有助于公司接受外部投资者监督。

2、有助于提高提高公司股票的流动性

3、上市后有助于减少公司估值的不确定性。(公司信息披露更充分)

4、有助于降低SEO(股权再融资)的发行成本。

5、允许消费者根据公司股价来推测公司产品质量。(股价越高,质量越好)

6、上市有助于促进公司发动购并。

7、上市有助于公司成为被收购兼并的对象。

8、上市有助于公司股权结构的分散。

9、上市后有助于缓解公司的融资约束。

10、上市可以使厌恶风险的创业者套现。

十二、资本结构理论:

1.信号理论。公司资本结构向外界传递着未来经营绩效好坏的信号。使用股权融资:分担风险。使用负债融资:赚钱项目看好。(当负债水平较低时,税盾的边际收益大于财务困境成本的边际成本,对于高水平的负债则相反。当边际收益等于边际成本时,企业的资本结构是最优的)

2.代理成本理论。通过提高公司的长期负债权益来增加未来偿债压力,以此减少自由现金流的代理成本。

3.优序融资理论。理论基础:信息不对称(金融摩擦)公司不得不首先使用成本最低的自有资金(内部内部融资),其次负债融资,最后是股权融资

资本结构理论的新进展:

1、动态权衡理论:围绕最佳长期权益比进行动态调整

2、产业组织理论:认为公司的资本结构受所在行业的产业竞争激烈程度的影响。 当竞争越激烈,公司的

长期负债权益之比越高,行业集中程度越高,长期负债权益之比越低。

3、行为金融理论:(1)公司资本结构受发行股票时期的影响,牛市时负债权益比低,熊市时高。(2)管理者性格。过度自信,长期负债权益之比提高.

十四、处理财务困境方法

1、出售主要资产

2、与其他公司合并(资产重组)

3、减少资本支出及研究与开发费用

4、发售新股

5、与银行和其他债权人谈判

6、以债权置换股权(债转股)

7、申请破产

十五、股票回购的作用

(1)使股东具有更多的选择权

(2)使股价保持在较高价位(内部人士操作股票回购,拉高股价,然后行权) ;(3)作为公司的一项投资。公司股价较低(股价被低估),通过股票回购,拉高股价,使市场认识到股价被低估

十六、投资评价、决策方法(比较投资标准)

(一)净现值法

1、定义:通过计算和比较不同投资项目的净现值来选择最佳方案。

2、决策规则:接受净现值为正的项目,拒绝净现值为负的项目。两个或多个净现值为正的项目,选择净现值较小的。

3、评价

(1)优点:使用了现金流量,包含了项目的全部现金流量,并对现金流量进行了合理的折现。

(2)缺点:NPV计算要依赖于现金流和折现率,这两个都要通过估计得到,不是确定的量.

(二)回收期法

1、定义:指将能收回的初始投资的期限与目标回收期比较,作出决策的方法。常常被用来筛选大量的小型投资项目

2、法则:选择回收期短的项目。

3、评价:

(1)优点:——容易理解(决策过程简便)

——偏向流动性(有利于加快资金回笼)

(2)缺点:a、忽略了货币的时间价值

b、忽视了回收期之后的现金流

c、用于长期项目存在大偏差

d、决策标准确定具有主观臆断性

e、根据回收期标准接受的项目可能没有正的净现值

(三)内部收益法

1、定义:令项目净现值为0的折现率

2、法则:内部收益率>折现率,接受项目;内部收益率

3、评价:

(1)优点:不受资本市场利息率影响,而是完全取决于项目的现金流量,是项目的内生变量,体现了项目的内在价值。

(2)缺点:a、对于投资项目和融资项目,决策标准完全相反。

b、可能出现多重收益率

c、在 项目中使用,存在投资规模问题和时间序列问题

(四)盈利指数法

1、定义:初始投资所产生的未来现金流量的现值总额与初始投资的比值。

2、法则:对于独立项目:赢了指数大于1,接受;小于,拒绝。

3、评价:

(1)优点:当评估独立项目时决策准确;当决策资金有限时有用;便于理解和沟通。

(2)缺点:忽略了互斥项目之间投资规模上的差异;无法处理多个区间的资本配置问题。

(五)平均会计收益法

1、定义:平均净收益与平均账面投资额的比值。

2、法则:平均会计收益法>目标收益率,接受;

3、评价:

(1)优点:数据容易从会计账面上获得;计算简便。

(2)缺点: a、使用会计中的净收益和账面价值,而不是使用现金流量和市场价值;

b、没有考虑货币的时间价值

c、需要武断的选择一个目标收益率

十七、行为理论对市场有效性的挑战

(1)理性。很多投资者都是非理性的。尽管许多个人投资者希望负税最小化,但他们的做法往往相反,他

们会卖掉表现好的股票,持有表现不好的股票。

(2)独立的理性偏差。三个适用的法则:一、代表性。从小部分数据得出结论,以偏概全,可能会导致证

券价格的泡沫。二、保守性。人们根据新信息调整他们信念的速度太慢。三、本地效应。投资者偏向于投

资本地的股票。

(3)套利。套利策略可能涉及过多的风险而不能保证市场效率,使得专业投资者削减套利头寸。

十八、MM命题I

推理:在无税条件下,VL = VU 公司的价值不受融资方式影响(只受资产影响)

在有税条件下,VL = VU + TC B 有杠杆公司的价值随着负债增加而增加。

十九、保护性条款

(1) 消极条款:限制公司的股利支付额

公司不能将其任一部分资产抵押给其他债权人

公司不能让兼并其他企业

未经债权人同意,公司不能出租或出售主要资产

公司不可发行其他长期负债

(2) 积极条款:公司同意将其营运资本维持在某一最低水平

公司必须定期提供财务报表给债权人

二十、代理问题 代理冲突的类型和解决方法

(一)代理问题 :在公司所有制的情况下,股东是公司的所有者。股东选出公司的董事会,由董事会任命

该公司管理层。这种企业组织形式的所有权和管理权分离是导致代理问题存在的原因。公司管理层可能按

自身或其他人的利益最大化原则行动,而不是按股东的利益最大化的原则。如果这种事情发生,他们可能

违背公司股价最大化的目标。管理层的目标应该是使现有股东的股票价格最大化。如果管理层认为它可以

改善公司的盈利能力,使股价超过回购价,那么就应该展开对外部收购的斗争。但是,如果目前的管理层

不能是公司的股价超过收购价格,而且也没有其他更高的价格,那么管理层的斗争行为就不符合股东利益。由于公司被收购时,管理层往往将失去工作,所以,缺乏监督管理的管理层有反对公司被收购的激励。

(二)代理冲突的类型:

(1)代理问题存在于委托人与代理人之间。也可以说是股东与高管之间代理问题。(2)理问题主要是由

于股权集中导致高管即代理人依附于大股东。这是表面上的委托人与代理人之间的代理问题,实质上就变

成了大股东与小股东之间的代理问题,就是说大股东可能会侵害小股东的利益。

(三)解决方法:

1.充分信息:建立一个完全竞争和完备的市场体系,在信息充分的情况下,不管目标函数是否不一致,股

东仍可以很好的控制经理人的行为,这种公司治理效率是最高的,其结果会达到帕累托最优状态。

2.MBO收购 :通过MBO收购改变该公司的所有者结构、控制权结构和资本结构,使管理者以所有者和经营

者合一的身份主导重组公司,从而获得预期收益。

3.内部控制:建立有效的公司治理结构,实现所有者、管理者和其他利益相关者之间的制衡,提高公司的

经营效率,保证公司预定目标的实现。

4.报酬激励机制:建立一个有效的经营者业绩的考核体系,将反映企业过去业绩的会计或财务类指标与反

映企业未来的发展潜力的市场价值指标二者结合起来,保证股东和管理者的双重利益。

二十一、为什么发行认股权在和可转债,一般哪些公司发行

(1)原因

a.与现金流量相配比。如果融资成本较高,那么公司在发行证券时就要考虑现金流与公司未来经营

所产生的现金流二者能匹配起来,不至于产生支付危机

b.风险协同效应。当很难准确评估发行公司的风险时,可转换债券和附有认股权的债券对风险评估所

产生的误差有一定程度的免疫作用。

c.代理问题。与筹集资金有关的代理问题,可以由可转换债券来解决。

d.后门权益证券。可将可转换债券视为一种后门权益证券。

(2)发行可转换债券的公司类型

a.其债券信用评级要低于其他公司

b.对于高成长和高财务杠杆的小公司来说,他们更倾向于发行可转换债券

c.可转换债券一般都是次级债券,而且是无担保的

二十二、有效市场假说

(1)定义:指在一个有效的资本市场中,有关投资品的全部信息都能够迅速、完整和准确的被投资者所获

得,投资者可以据此准确判断该投资品的价值并作出正确的决策。

(2)主要内容:投资品价格迅速反映未预期的信息;投资品价格随机变动;投资者无法获得超额利润。

(3)类型:它分为弱型有效市场、半强型有效市场、强型有效市场。

a、弱型有效市场:如果某一资本市场上证券的价格充分的包含了与其有关的历史信息,那么该资本

市场就达到了弱型有效。

b、半强型有效市场:如果某一资本市场上证券的价格充分地反映了公开可用的信息,包括如公司公

布的财务报表和历史上的价格信息,那么该资本市场就达到了版强型有效。

c、强型有效市场: 如果某一资本市场上证券的价格充分地反映了所有的信息,包括公开的和内幕的

信息,那么该资本市场就达到了强型有效。

二十三、市场信息效应

公司资本结构向外界传递着未来经营绩效好坏的信号。

(1)当债务的边际津贴等于边际成本的时候,公司的资本结构将得到优化

(2)投资者将债务作为一种反映公司价值的信号。有着较低预期收益的公司将承担一个较低的债务水平,

有着较高预期收益的公司将承担一个较高的债务水平

(3)管理者为了迷惑投资者而使公司承担比最优水平更高的债务,而这样在长期经营中将会付出成本。


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