Unit 11 Land, People and History (Ireland)
(爱尔兰的人文、地理和历史)
一、本单元重点内容
1. The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
(北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别)
2. Unique geographic features of Ireland (爱尔兰独特的地理特征)
3. The natural environment (自然环境)
4. Temperate climate （温带气候）
5. The expansion of tourist industry (旅游业的扩张)
6. Intensive farming (精耕细作)
7. Emigration (移民出境)
8. The Great Famine of 1845—1848 (1845-1848年的“大饥荒”)
9. The Celtic Tiger (凯尔特老虎)
10. The English Colonisation of Ireland (英国人对爱尔兰的殖民统治)
11. A warrior culture and history (尚武文化和历史)
12. Campaigns for Home Rule （自治运动）
13. Irish Independence in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的独立)
二、本单元重、难点辅导
1. The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
(北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别)
1) Northern Ireland is a province of the UK, while the Republic of Ireland is an independent nation in its own right. 北爱尔兰是英国的一个省，共和国是一个独立的国家。
2) The area covering the Republic of Ireland is 5 times of that of Northern Ireland.
•爱尔兰共和国的面积是北爱的5倍
3) Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Protestants while the majority of the people in the Republic are Catholics. 大多数爱尔兰共和国的人是天主教徒。
2. Unique geographic features of Ireland (爱尔兰独特的地理特征)
1) Ireland is situated off the northwest coast of Great Britain, and Scotland is across the narrow strait of water（与苏格兰一水之隔）.
2) In terms of geographical elevations, the island of Ireland resembles a tea saucer, with a large central lowland comprised of limestone (从地表上来看，爱尔兰像一个茶盘，中间是大片的石灰石低地).
3. The natural environment (自然环境)
1) Ireland is an intense green, or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter; the grasslands flourish in all seasons. 爱尔兰有着大片大片的绿色草场，而且四季不变。
2) Ireland has a smaller range of native flora and fauna than elsewhere in Europe.
与欧洲其它地方相比，爱尔兰当地的动植物种类较少。
4. Temperate climate（温带气候）
1) Ireland is not very hot during summer, nor is it very cold in winter.
2) Snow and ice are rare.
3) Ireland is almost always damp.
5. Economy
1) The expansion of tourist industry (旅游业的扩张)
① Over-development of many resorts has led to a despoliation of many landscapes. 许多风景区的过度开发使环境受到破坏。
② The expansion of the tourist industry is particularly dangerous for the environment. 旅游业的发展对环境的破坏尤为危险
2) Intensive farming (精耕细作)
New methods of intensive farming have led to pollution of springs and lakes.
3) The Celtic Tiger (凯尔特虎，“虎虎有生气的爱尔兰”经济)
The economy of Ireland has been booming in recent years and thus it has become the “Celtic Tiger.”由于爱尔兰的经济在加入欧盟之后持续高速增长，又由于爱尔兰人的祖先为凯尔特人，故被称为“凯尔特虎”，正如新加坡、香港、台湾与韩国等国家和地区在经济持续高速增长时期被称为“小龙”
6. Emigration (移民出境)
Emigration took place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland. The emigrants went to the New World (Canada and America) to seek better economic position.
7. The Great Famine of 1845—1848 (1845-1848年的“大饥荒”)
The Great Famine took place from 1845—1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.1845年至1848年，爱尔兰重要农作物马铃薯连年受灾减产，许多人被饿死，或死于营养不良造成的疾病。许多人离开这里前往新大陆。“大饥荒”是爱尔兰历史上的分水岭事件，不仅是因为有大量的人饿死和大规模的移民， 还因为 英国政府似乎对离它最近的殖民地的穷苦百姓的命运毫不关心。很自然地，这一段时期，爱尔兰人纷纷掀起了民族独立运动和土地改革的运动。
Result: the immediate result of the Great Famine was a decimation of the population(人口锐减), so the Republic of Ireland is a young country with more than half of the people under the age of 25. 大饥荒的直接后果是人口大量减少，因此爱尔兰共和国是一个年轻的国家，半数以上的人在25
8. The Celtic and English Colonisation of Ireland (英国人对爱尔兰的殖民统治)
1) Ireland has been invaded by Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans and English. Celtic invaders may have come to Ireland as early as the 6th century BC. Celts were a warrior culture (尚武文化), making swift attacks in horse-drawn chariots (马拉战车). Much like the Homeric warriors in the Iliad, they had their own saga. Celts’ language survived through history and Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland.
•凯尔特人尚武、爱好冒险, 有着许多充满幻想的古老传奇 , 坐着马拉的战车快速对敌人发起进攻. 就象古希腊荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中的勇士一样，他们也有自己的英雄传奇。
•凯尔特人的语言和文化幸存下来了，爱尔兰的第一官方语言是爱尔兰语.
2) English invasion of Ireland: in 1541, Henry VIII declared himself king of Ireland---the first English monarch to do so. 英格兰人入侵爱尔兰： •1541年，亨利8世宣称自己是爱尔兰的国王，这是英格兰国王中第一个这么做的。
3) Queen Elizabeth I’s army defeated the Irish at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601. For the first time, the entire island was controlled by a strong English central government.
•1601年女王伊丽莎白一世的军队打败了爱尔兰人。整个爱尔兰岛第一次由强大的英格兰中央政府统一管理。
4) In 1782, the Irish parliament was granted independence.
•由于爱尔兰人的不断争取，
1782年，爱尔兰议会获得立法自主权。（然而,该议会仅仅代表少数盎格鲁-爱尔兰特权阶层,
5) After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence. 1798年反抗被镇压后，伦敦政府采取了强硬措施压制爱尔兰的独立运动
6) The Irish parliament was voted out of existence in 1800. 1800年，爱尔兰国会被取缔。（1801年,爱尔兰与大不列颠联合为一体。）
9. Campaigns for Home Rule （自治运动）
A constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up (提出) by Isaac Butt in 1870. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.1870年,艾萨克 · 巴特提出地方自治的口号，于是掀起了一场宪政运动，号召建立在帝国制度内的爱尔兰国会 。自治法案最终于1914年得以通过。
10. Sinn Fein （新芬党）
Arthur Griffith developed a political party in the period of 1905-08 known as Sinn Fein---meaning “we ourselves” in the Irish language. The Sinn Fein policy was that Irish MPs should withdraw from Westminster and establish an independent parliament. Traditionally, Sinn Fein had close links with the Irish Republican brotherhood, a secret society struggling for national independence.亚瑟·格里菲斯于1905一-1908年期间创建的新芬党也想要建立一个独立的议会。
11. The Easter Rising of 1916 (1916年的复活节起义)
It was a rebellion by Irish nationalists against British rule on 24 April 1916 (Easter Monday). The Irish Volunteers, led by Patrick Pearse and the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, staged the uprising. The British crushed the rising within a week and executed its leaders. A wave of nationalist sentiment produced an electoral victory for Sinn Fein in 1918.1916年的复活节起义也是爱尔兰的一次独立运动, 起义也是以失败而告终。
12. Irish Independence in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的独立)
In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State. Six counties in Ulster are known as Northern Ireland.
1921年12月，签订了“盎格鲁-爱尔兰”条约，南方的26个郡获得独立，形成新的爱尔兰自由邦，北方的6个郡被称为北爱，
Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts
爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术
一、本单元重点内容
1. Erse and the colonial policy (爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策)
2. Hiberno-English (爱尔兰英语)
3. Oral culture tradition (口头文化传统)
4. Folk heritage (民间传统)
5. Irish literature （爱尔兰的文学）
6. Nobel Prize winners for Literature （诺贝尔文学奖的获得者）
7. Irish music and dance (爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈) and Riverdance (“河之舞”)
8. Popular sports in Ireland （爱尔兰流行的体育运动）and Hurling (爱尔兰式曲棍球)
9. Science and technology in Ireland (爱尔兰的科学技术)
10. The Irish identity in the world (爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征)
二、本单元重、难点辅导
1. Erse and the colonial policy (爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策)
The Irish people spoke their own language, called Irish or Erse.
However, the English colonial policy brought much pressure to stop the Irish people speaking their own language and to learn standard English instead. Until the mid-19th century Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes. The death blow (致命打击) to the Irish language was the Great Famine of 1845-1849. In the late 19th century, an attempt was made to revive (复兴，恢复) the use of the Irish language among the middle and
professional classes. 爱尔兰人讲他们自己的语言，称爱尔兰语或厄尔斯语。然而，英国的殖民政策不断地施压，以阻止爱尔兰人讲他们自己的语言，而要求他们学标准英语。直到19世纪中期，爱尔兰语还被农民阶级广泛使用。1845-1848年的大饥荒对爱尔兰语带来了致命的打击. 19世纪末期，有人试图恢复爱尔兰语在中产阶级和职业阶层中的应用。After the first Irish national state was set up in 1922, a concerted, official attempt was made to make Irish once again the national language. And Irish was made compulsory subject in schools.
2. Hiberno-English (爱尔兰英语)
Despite such official pressures, the language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard English known as Hiberno-English. 尽管有官方的这些压力，如今在爱尔兰广泛使用的语言是标准英语的另一版本，被称为“爱尔兰英语” 。
3. Oral culture tradition (口头文化传统)
Ireland is a culture which operates most obviously on an oral level. Almost inevitably, an Irish person will take an opportunity to talk even if pressed for time (时间紧迫). The basis for this is in the original peasant culture, which makes the transfer from an oral to a written culture only slowly in the late 19th century. But even among the most literate classes, great value is extended to the ability to talk spontaneously and with grace and force. Oral culture is one key to Ireland’s very effective business and diplomatic efforts. 爱尔兰是一个注重口头文化的国家，爱尔兰人会抓住每一个机会与人交谈，即使是时间紧迫也是如此. 口头文化传统起源于最早的农民文化，直到19世纪末期，这种口头文化才逐渐缓慢地向书面文化过渡。但是，即使是在受过最好教育的阶层，人们还是非常重视自然，优雅和有力的谈话能力. 爱尔兰的商业和外交努力都很有效，其中口头文化是一大关键原因。
4. Folk heritage (民间传统)
Ireland is a traditional culture which has derived from its rich folk heritage.
5. Irish literature （爱尔兰的文学）
In Ireland, writers and poets are honored most. Writers may publish in either the Irish or the English language. The first poem identified as “Irish” is the saga of the Tain, which was transmitted orally for centuries before it was written down(在爱尔兰，作家和诗人最受尊敬。作家可以用爱尔兰语，也可以用英语来出版。被认为是第一首爱尔兰语诗歌“泰恩”传奇，已经在口头上流传了几个世纪后才用文字记载下来).
Famous writers include Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特 (1667-1745)(famous satire Gulliver’s Travels著名的讽刺作品《格列佛游记》1726), Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯·斯特恩(1713-1768) (English novel Tristram Shandy《项狄传》), playwright Richard Sheridan理查德·谢力丹(1751-1816) (The School for Scandal《丑闻学校》), playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德(1856-1900) [play: The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》(1895), poetry, The Ballad of Reading Gaol《雷丁狱之歌》(1898) and novel The Picture of
Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》] and novelist James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) (novels: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》and Ulysses《尤利西斯》)
6. Nobel Prize winners for Literature （诺贝尔文学奖的获得者）
The Republic of Ireland has been the home of 4 winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: 爱尔兰共和国有4位诺贝尔文学奖得主。
1) the poets, W.B. Yeats (1865-1929) and 2) Seamus Heaney (1939-); 3) the playwrights, George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) and 4) Samuel Beckett(1906-1989) 这4位是诗人和剧作家叶芝，诗人西默斯·希尼；剧作家乔治·肖伯纳和塞缪尔·贝克特。
Bernard Shaw’s famous play Pygmalion《卖花女》has been adapted into a film My Fair Lady. 肖伯纳著名的戏剧卖花女曾经被改编成电影 《窈窕淑女》 Samuel is famous for his great absurdist play Waiting for Godot塞缪尔因他的荒诞派戏剧《等待戈多》而出名.
The works of James Joyce and Samuel Becket are self-consciously avant-garde, playing with different dialects and styles of English as if they were part of a game(乔伊斯以及贝克特的作品有自我意识的先锋派风格，运用不同的方言和文体，就像在玩游戏).
7. Irish music and dance (爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈)
1) Riverdance (“河之舞”)
Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland's intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the action is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides. 舞蹈是爱尔兰文化传统 的一部分。河之舞是一种非常流行于舞台的舞蹈，是由爱尔兰的极其复杂的民间舞蹈，经过重新编排和革新形成的。通常用爱尔兰风向和小提琴来伴奏。音乐通常听起来又快又疯狂。舞蹈的大多数动作都是腰部以下来完成，而胳膊僵硬地放在两侧。
2).The Irish pipe（爱尔兰风笛）
The Irish pipe is distinctive. Unlike the Scottish bagpipe(风笛), which is blown, the Irish pipe is played by holding the airbag (安全气袋) under the arm and pumping(抽吸) it with the elbow. In tone(音调), the Irish pipes are quieter and more musical than those of the Scots, which are employed as war-pipes(战笛). The Irish pipes are for private entertainment, and dancing.
爱尔兰风笛很独特，与苏格兰风笛不同，苏格兰风笛是用吹的，而爱尔兰风笛是表演者在胳膊肘下夹一个气囊,靠胳膊挤压气囊来给风笛供气. 从音调上来讲，爱尔兰风笛比苏格兰风笛更平和，更悦耳。苏格兰风笛常被用做战笛，爱尔兰风笛用于私人娱乐和跳舞。
* Ireland is not very noted for visual culture (视觉文化)compared with its literature and music.
8. Popular sports in Ireland （爱尔兰流行的体育运动）
Soccer or football, rugby, cricket and tennis owe their origins to Britain. The newest and most fashionable ball game in Ireland is golf.Other widely popular sports are sailing and running. But that nearest the Irish heart must be the sport of horse-racing because they can place a bet for the occasion.英式足球、橄榄球、板球和网球都是起源于英国的。爱尔兰 最新的和最流行的球类运动是高尔夫球。其它广泛流行的体育运动还有帆船运动和赛跑 。但是爱尔兰人最喜欢的运动是赛马，因为他们可以在赛马会上赌马。
Hurling (爱尔兰式曲棍球)
This sport is the most natively Irish game is hurling. It is played by two teams of fifteen players(每队15人), with a ball like a hockey ball which is struck by wooden sticks with a curved, rounded end or boss. 爱尔兰式曲棍球是爱尔兰的本土运动。它由两队参与，每队15人, 球形与曲棍球hockey的一样,球棍的头是弧形或圆形的.
9. Science and technology in Ireland (爱尔兰的科学技术)
Distinguished names:
1) Robert Boyle罗伯特·波伊耳 (1627-1691)：the “father of chemisty” 出生于爱尔兰的英国化学家,被称为“化学之父”.
2) John Tyndall 约翰·廷道尔(1820-1893): inventor of the fireman’s respirator and etc.发明了消防面具等。
3) Lord Kelvin 凯尔文勋爵 (1824-1907): renowned for his work on transatlantic cables以跨大西洋电缆工程著称。
4) Charles Parsons 查尔斯·帕逊(1854-1931): invented the steam turbine engine蒸汽涡轮发动机
5) Ernest T. Walton E.T.S.沃尔顿( (1903-1995) of Trinity College, Dublin won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1951.
10. The Irish identity in the world (爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征)
Ireland is a very people-oriented (以人为本的) society, which regards the family as central to its values. Even today, the Irish still have a residual(残留的) resentment (怨恨，愤恨) against the British, and against any large nation which they feel might try to bully (欺负，凌辱) them.
The Irish diaspora (爱尔兰裔)
The Irish diaspora, as it has been called, is a scattering of Irish people across the world, usually as the result of dire conditions at home-famine, foreign domination, and poverty. As a result, Irish people can today be found in
significant concentrations in many countries. In fact, it is hard to go anywhere and not find Irish people. 爱尔兰裔人是指散居世界各地爱尔兰人，通常是由于其家乡的恶劣环境导致他们移民---饥荒、受外来人口的统治、贫穷等原因。 结果，现在在许多国家都会发现有大量的爱尔兰人聚居的地方。事实上，很难找到没有爱尔兰人的地方.
Unit 11 Land, People and History (Ireland)
(爱尔兰的人文、地理和历史)
一、本单元重点内容
1. The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
(北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别)
2. Unique geographic features of Ireland (爱尔兰独特的地理特征)
3. The natural environment (自然环境)
4. Temperate climate （温带气候）
5. The expansion of tourist industry (旅游业的扩张)
6. Intensive farming (精耕细作)
7. Emigration (移民出境)
8. The Great Famine of 1845—1848 (1845-1848年的“大饥荒”)
9. The Celtic Tiger (凯尔特老虎)
10. The English Colonisation of Ireland (英国人对爱尔兰的殖民统治)
11. A warrior culture and history (尚武文化和历史)
12. Campaigns for Home Rule （自治运动）
13. Irish Independence in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的独立)
二、本单元重、难点辅导
1. The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
(北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别)
1) Northern Ireland is a province of the UK, while the Republic of Ireland is an independent nation in its own right. 北爱尔兰是英国的一个省，共和国是一个独立的国家。
2) The area covering the Republic of Ireland is 5 times of that of Northern Ireland.
•爱尔兰共和国的面积是北爱的5倍
3) Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Protestants while the majority of the people in the Republic are Catholics. 大多数爱尔兰共和国的人是天主教徒。
2. Unique geographic features of Ireland (爱尔兰独特的地理特征)
1) Ireland is situated off the northwest coast of Great Britain, and Scotland is across the narrow strait of water（与苏格兰一水之隔）.
2) In terms of geographical elevations, the island of Ireland resembles a tea saucer, with a large central lowland comprised of limestone (从地表上来看，爱尔兰像一个茶盘，中间是大片的石灰石低地).
3. The natural environment (自然环境)
1) Ireland is an intense green, or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter; the grasslands flourish in all seasons. 爱尔兰有着大片大片的绿色草场，而且四季不变。
2) Ireland has a smaller range of native flora and fauna than elsewhere in Europe.
与欧洲其它地方相比，爱尔兰当地的动植物种类较少。
4. Temperate climate（温带气候）
1) Ireland is not very hot during summer, nor is it very cold in winter.
2) Snow and ice are rare.
3) Ireland is almost always damp.
5. Economy
1) The expansion of tourist industry (旅游业的扩张)
① Over-development of many resorts has led to a despoliation of many landscapes. 许多风景区的过度开发使环境受到破坏。
② The expansion of the tourist industry is particularly dangerous for the environment. 旅游业的发展对环境的破坏尤为危险
2) Intensive farming (精耕细作)
New methods of intensive farming have led to pollution of springs and lakes.
3) The Celtic Tiger (凯尔特虎，“虎虎有生气的爱尔兰”经济)
The economy of Ireland has been booming in recent years and thus it has become the “Celtic Tiger.”由于爱尔兰的经济在加入欧盟之后持续高速增长，又由于爱尔兰人的祖先为凯尔特人，故被称为“凯尔特虎”，正如新加坡、香港、台湾与韩国等国家和地区在经济持续高速增长时期被称为“小龙”
6. Emigration (移民出境)
Emigration took place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland. The emigrants went to the New World (Canada and America) to seek better economic position.
7. The Great Famine of 1845—1848 (1845-1848年的“大饥荒”)
The Great Famine took place from 1845—1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.1845年至1848年，爱尔兰重要农作物马铃薯连年受灾减产，许多人被饿死，或死于营养不良造成的疾病。许多人离开这里前往新大陆。“大饥荒”是爱尔兰历史上的分水岭事件，不仅是因为有大量的人饿死和大规模的移民， 还因为 英国政府似乎对离它最近的殖民地的穷苦百姓的命运毫不关心。很自然地，这一段时期，爱尔兰人纷纷掀起了民族独立运动和土地改革的运动。
Result: the immediate result of the Great Famine was a decimation of the population(人口锐减), so the Republic of Ireland is a young country with more than half of the people under the age of 25. 大饥荒的直接后果是人口大量减少，因此爱尔兰共和国是一个年轻的国家，半数以上的人在25
8. The Celtic and English Colonisation of Ireland (英国人对爱尔兰的殖民统治)
1) Ireland has been invaded by Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans and English. Celtic invaders may have come to Ireland as early as the 6th century BC. Celts were a warrior culture (尚武文化), making swift attacks in horse-drawn chariots (马拉战车). Much like the Homeric warriors in the Iliad, they had their own saga. Celts’ language survived through history and Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland.
•凯尔特人尚武、爱好冒险, 有着许多充满幻想的古老传奇 , 坐着马拉的战车快速对敌人发起进攻. 就象古希腊荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中的勇士一样，他们也有自己的英雄传奇。
•凯尔特人的语言和文化幸存下来了，爱尔兰的第一官方语言是爱尔兰语.
2) English invasion of Ireland: in 1541, Henry VIII declared himself king of Ireland---the first English monarch to do so. 英格兰人入侵爱尔兰： •1541年，亨利8世宣称自己是爱尔兰的国王，这是英格兰国王中第一个这么做的。
3) Queen Elizabeth I’s army defeated the Irish at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601. For the first time, the entire island was controlled by a strong English central government.
•1601年女王伊丽莎白一世的军队打败了爱尔兰人。整个爱尔兰岛第一次由强大的英格兰中央政府统一管理。
4) In 1782, the Irish parliament was granted independence.
•由于爱尔兰人的不断争取，
1782年，爱尔兰议会获得立法自主权。（然而,该议会仅仅代表少数盎格鲁-爱尔兰特权阶层,
5) After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence. 1798年反抗被镇压后，伦敦政府采取了强硬措施压制爱尔兰的独立运动
6) The Irish parliament was voted out of existence in 1800. 1800年，爱尔兰国会被取缔。（1801年,爱尔兰与大不列颠联合为一体。）
9. Campaigns for Home Rule （自治运动）
A constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up (提出) by Isaac Butt in 1870. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.1870年,艾萨克 · 巴特提出地方自治的口号，于是掀起了一场宪政运动，号召建立在帝国制度内的爱尔兰国会 。自治法案最终于1914年得以通过。
10. Sinn Fein （新芬党）
Arthur Griffith developed a political party in the period of 1905-08 known as Sinn Fein---meaning “we ourselves” in the Irish language. The Sinn Fein policy was that Irish MPs should withdraw from Westminster and establish an independent parliament. Traditionally, Sinn Fein had close links with the Irish Republican brotherhood, a secret society struggling for national independence.亚瑟·格里菲斯于1905一-1908年期间创建的新芬党也想要建立一个独立的议会。
11. The Easter Rising of 1916 (1916年的复活节起义)
It was a rebellion by Irish nationalists against British rule on 24 April 1916 (Easter Monday). The Irish Volunteers, led by Patrick Pearse and the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, staged the uprising. The British crushed the rising within a week and executed its leaders. A wave of nationalist sentiment produced an electoral victory for Sinn Fein in 1918.1916年的复活节起义也是爱尔兰的一次独立运动, 起义也是以失败而告终。
12. Irish Independence in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的独立)
In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State. Six counties in Ulster are known as Northern Ireland.
1921年12月，签订了“盎格鲁-爱尔兰”条约，南方的26个郡获得独立，形成新的爱尔兰自由邦，北方的6个郡被称为北爱，
Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts
爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术
一、本单元重点内容
1. Erse and the colonial policy (爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策)
2. Hiberno-English (爱尔兰英语)
3. Oral culture tradition (口头文化传统)
4. Folk heritage (民间传统)
5. Irish literature （爱尔兰的文学）
6. Nobel Prize winners for Literature （诺贝尔文学奖的获得者）
7. Irish music and dance (爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈) and Riverdance (“河之舞”)
8. Popular sports in Ireland （爱尔兰流行的体育运动）and Hurling (爱尔兰式曲棍球)
9. Science and technology in Ireland (爱尔兰的科学技术)
10. The Irish identity in the world (爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征)
二、本单元重、难点辅导
1. Erse and the colonial policy (爱尔兰盖耳语和殖民政策)
The Irish people spoke their own language, called Irish or Erse.
However, the English colonial policy brought much pressure to stop the Irish people speaking their own language and to learn standard English instead. Until the mid-19th century Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes. The death blow (致命打击) to the Irish language was the Great Famine of 1845-1849. In the late 19th century, an attempt was made to revive (复兴，恢复) the use of the Irish language among the middle and
professional classes. 爱尔兰人讲他们自己的语言，称爱尔兰语或厄尔斯语。然而，英国的殖民政策不断地施压，以阻止爱尔兰人讲他们自己的语言，而要求他们学标准英语。直到19世纪中期，爱尔兰语还被农民阶级广泛使用。1845-1848年的大饥荒对爱尔兰语带来了致命的打击. 19世纪末期，有人试图恢复爱尔兰语在中产阶级和职业阶层中的应用。After the first Irish national state was set up in 1922, a concerted, official attempt was made to make Irish once again the national language. And Irish was made compulsory subject in schools.
2. Hiberno-English (爱尔兰英语)
Despite such official pressures, the language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard English known as Hiberno-English. 尽管有官方的这些压力，如今在爱尔兰广泛使用的语言是标准英语的另一版本，被称为“爱尔兰英语” 。
3. Oral culture tradition (口头文化传统)
Ireland is a culture which operates most obviously on an oral level. Almost inevitably, an Irish person will take an opportunity to talk even if pressed for time (时间紧迫). The basis for this is in the original peasant culture, which makes the transfer from an oral to a written culture only slowly in the late 19th century. But even among the most literate classes, great value is extended to the ability to talk spontaneously and with grace and force. Oral culture is one key to Ireland’s very effective business and diplomatic efforts. 爱尔兰是一个注重口头文化的国家，爱尔兰人会抓住每一个机会与人交谈，即使是时间紧迫也是如此. 口头文化传统起源于最早的农民文化，直到19世纪末期，这种口头文化才逐渐缓慢地向书面文化过渡。但是，即使是在受过最好教育的阶层，人们还是非常重视自然，优雅和有力的谈话能力. 爱尔兰的商业和外交努力都很有效，其中口头文化是一大关键原因。
4. Folk heritage (民间传统)
Ireland is a traditional culture which has derived from its rich folk heritage.
5. Irish literature （爱尔兰的文学）
In Ireland, writers and poets are honored most. Writers may publish in either the Irish or the English language. The first poem identified as “Irish” is the saga of the Tain, which was transmitted orally for centuries before it was written down(在爱尔兰，作家和诗人最受尊敬。作家可以用爱尔兰语，也可以用英语来出版。被认为是第一首爱尔兰语诗歌“泰恩”传奇，已经在口头上流传了几个世纪后才用文字记载下来).
Famous writers include Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特 (1667-1745)(famous satire Gulliver’s Travels著名的讽刺作品《格列佛游记》1726), Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯·斯特恩(1713-1768) (English novel Tristram Shandy《项狄传》), playwright Richard Sheridan理查德·谢力丹(1751-1816) (The School for Scandal《丑闻学校》), playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德(1856-1900) [play: The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》(1895), poetry, The Ballad of Reading Gaol《雷丁狱之歌》(1898) and novel The Picture of
Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》] and novelist James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) (novels: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》and Ulysses《尤利西斯》)
6. Nobel Prize winners for Literature （诺贝尔文学奖的获得者）
The Republic of Ireland has been the home of 4 winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: 爱尔兰共和国有4位诺贝尔文学奖得主。
1) the poets, W.B. Yeats (1865-1929) and 2) Seamus Heaney (1939-); 3) the playwrights, George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) and 4) Samuel Beckett(1906-1989) 这4位是诗人和剧作家叶芝，诗人西默斯·希尼；剧作家乔治·肖伯纳和塞缪尔·贝克特。
Bernard Shaw’s famous play Pygmalion《卖花女》has been adapted into a film My Fair Lady. 肖伯纳著名的戏剧卖花女曾经被改编成电影 《窈窕淑女》 Samuel is famous for his great absurdist play Waiting for Godot塞缪尔因他的荒诞派戏剧《等待戈多》而出名.
The works of James Joyce and Samuel Becket are self-consciously avant-garde, playing with different dialects and styles of English as if they were part of a game(乔伊斯以及贝克特的作品有自我意识的先锋派风格，运用不同的方言和文体，就像在玩游戏).
7. Irish music and dance (爱尔兰的音乐、舞蹈)
1) Riverdance (“河之舞”)
Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland's intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the action is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides. 舞蹈是爱尔兰文化传统 的一部分。河之舞是一种非常流行于舞台的舞蹈，是由爱尔兰的极其复杂的民间舞蹈，经过重新编排和革新形成的。通常用爱尔兰风向和小提琴来伴奏。音乐通常听起来又快又疯狂。舞蹈的大多数动作都是腰部以下来完成，而胳膊僵硬地放在两侧。
2).The Irish pipe（爱尔兰风笛）
The Irish pipe is distinctive. Unlike the Scottish bagpipe(风笛), which is blown, the Irish pipe is played by holding the airbag (安全气袋) under the arm and pumping(抽吸) it with the elbow. In tone(音调), the Irish pipes are quieter and more musical than those of the Scots, which are employed as war-pipes(战笛). The Irish pipes are for private entertainment, and dancing.
爱尔兰风笛很独特，与苏格兰风笛不同，苏格兰风笛是用吹的，而爱尔兰风笛是表演者在胳膊肘下夹一个气囊,靠胳膊挤压气囊来给风笛供气. 从音调上来讲，爱尔兰风笛比苏格兰风笛更平和，更悦耳。苏格兰风笛常被用做战笛，爱尔兰风笛用于私人娱乐和跳舞。
* Ireland is not very noted for visual culture (视觉文化)compared with its literature and music.
8. Popular sports in Ireland （爱尔兰流行的体育运动）
Soccer or football, rugby, cricket and tennis owe their origins to Britain. The newest and most fashionable ball game in Ireland is golf.Other widely popular sports are sailing and running. But that nearest the Irish heart must be the sport of horse-racing because they can place a bet for the occasion.英式足球、橄榄球、板球和网球都是起源于英国的。爱尔兰 最新的和最流行的球类运动是高尔夫球。其它广泛流行的体育运动还有帆船运动和赛跑 。但是爱尔兰人最喜欢的运动是赛马，因为他们可以在赛马会上赌马。
Hurling (爱尔兰式曲棍球)
This sport is the most natively Irish game is hurling. It is played by two teams of fifteen players(每队15人), with a ball like a hockey ball which is struck by wooden sticks with a curved, rounded end or boss. 爱尔兰式曲棍球是爱尔兰的本土运动。它由两队参与，每队15人, 球形与曲棍球hockey的一样,球棍的头是弧形或圆形的.
9. Science and technology in Ireland (爱尔兰的科学技术)
Distinguished names:
1) Robert Boyle罗伯特·波伊耳 (1627-1691)：the “father of chemisty” 出生于爱尔兰的英国化学家,被称为“化学之父”.
2) John Tyndall 约翰·廷道尔(1820-1893): inventor of the fireman’s respirator and etc.发明了消防面具等。
3) Lord Kelvin 凯尔文勋爵 (1824-1907): renowned for his work on transatlantic cables以跨大西洋电缆工程著称。
4) Charles Parsons 查尔斯·帕逊(1854-1931): invented the steam turbine engine蒸汽涡轮发动机
5) Ernest T. Walton E.T.S.沃尔顿( (1903-1995) of Trinity College, Dublin won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1951.
10. The Irish identity in the world (爱尔兰人在世界上的身份特征)
Ireland is a very people-oriented (以人为本的) society, which regards the family as central to its values. Even today, the Irish still have a residual(残留的) resentment (怨恨，愤恨) against the British, and against any large nation which they feel might try to bully (欺负，凌辱) them.
The Irish diaspora (爱尔兰裔)
The Irish diaspora, as it has been called, is a scattering of Irish people across the world, usually as the result of dire conditions at home-famine, foreign domination, and poverty. As a result, Irish people can today be found in
significant concentrations in many countries. In fact, it is hard to go anywhere and not find Irish people. 爱尔兰裔人是指散居世界各地爱尔兰人，通常是由于其家乡的恶劣环境导致他们移民---饥荒、受外来人口的统治、贫穷等原因。 结果，现在在许多国家都会发现有大量的爱尔兰人聚居的地方。事实上，很难找到没有爱尔兰人的地方.