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美联英语提供：高中英语语法手册20
60.Great changes_______in our country since 1978, and a lot of skyscrapers in our
city.
A.have been taken place；have been set up B.have taken place；have been set up
C.have taken place…have set up D.were taken place…were set up
61.---Do you like the fish?
---Yes, very much as it______very delicious.
A.is tasting B.tasted C.is tasted D.tastes
62.What______now? Why are there so many people?
A.is doing B.is to be done C.is being done D.is to do
63.By the time the boy was five, he______three languages.
A.learned B.had learned C.was learning D.would learn
64.When the chairman entered the hall; all the listeners______.
A.had seated B.were seated C.seated D.were seating
65.The manager is supposed to announce the result as soon as he______.
A.arrives B.will arrive C.is going to arrive D.is arriving
66.The moment you______him, please ask him to come.
A.will see B.saw C.see D.sees
67.______you______the 6:30 news on the radio?
A.Have ；listen to B.Were；listening to C.Did；listen toD.Had；listened to
68.He______to work there though he didn't like to.
A.wanted B.was wanted C.was wanting D.had wanted
69.He______anyone the minute he______they needed help.
A. would help;saw B.helped;saw C.will help;sees D.helps;sees
70. If one ______ by vanity, he will be very particular about other’s clothing and appearance.
A. overcomes B. is overcome C. overcame D. has been overcame 答案：1.A 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.C
16.A 17.D 18.C 19.D 20.B 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.D 25.B 26.A 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.B
31.A 32.A 33.C 34.B 35.C 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.B 40.C 41.C 42.B 43.B 44.C 45.C
46.D 47.A 48.D 49.A 50.C 51.B 52.B 53.A 54.D 55.A 56.A 57.D 58.D 59.B 60.B
61.D 62.C 63.B 64.B 65.A 66.C 67.C 68.B 69.A 70.B
第十二章 动词的语态
一、概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语
是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 She typed a letter. (主动，主语She 是type 动作的执行者) A letter was typed by her.（被动，主语A letter是typed 动作的承受者） Granny takes care of the girl. (主动，主语Granny 是take care of动作的执行者) The girl is taken care of by Granny. （被动，主语The girl是take care of动作的承受者）
二、被动语态
1、被动语态的概述
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。
Farming tools are being sent to the countryside. 农具正运往农村。
He had been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教。
2、构成
其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词see 为例列表如下：
注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to 等）+be +动词的-ed 形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed 形式”构成。
I need one more stamp before my collection is completed . 我的邮集还需要一张邮票就完成了。（一般现在时被动语态）
- I've been told the sports meet might be put off.有人告诉我说运动会可能延期举行。(现在完成时的被动态)
-Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是，这完全看天气而定。
The water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken. 如果不采取措施该地区的水污染会更加严重。（一般将来时的被动语态）
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 给了我五分钟时间来决定是否接受这些馈赠。（一般过去时态的被动语态）
If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at dinner table 20 years from now如果不阻止城市噪音污染扩大，从现在算起20年后，即使人们在餐桌边吃饭时也必须大喊才能听得见。（一般现在时被动语态的否定） He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。（含有情态动词的被动语态） The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。(现在进行时的被动语态)
He said that the books would be given to the students.他说这些书将发给学生。(过去将来时的被动态)
3、被动语态的使用范围
（1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by 短语。
This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。
English is spoken in Canada. 加拿大讲英语。
（2）为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。
The store is run by the trade union. 这家店是工会办的。
The song was composed by a student. 这首歌是一个学生谱写的。
（3）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者
You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。
The plan was generally considered not practical. 普遍认为这个计划不实用。 It ’s said that he would come back soon. 据说他很快就会来。
常用于如下短语：
It ’s not known that… ……不得而知 It ’s said that… 据说……
It ’s reported that… 据报道…… It ’s not decided that…尚未决定
It ’s believed that… 据认为…… It ’s announced that…据宣布……
4、主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格）；把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为by 介词短语（如果是人称代，主格变为宾格），有时介词短语可省去。
（1）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句
在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by 的宾语，但是短语可以不要。
Everyone likes the book. (active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。
→The book is liked by everyone. (passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。
He wrote a letter. (active voice)他写了一封信。
→A letter was written by him. (passive voice)他写了一封信。
（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句
有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing 和V-ed 等。
①行为动词
They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。
→She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。 They named the boy John. (active voice)他们给这男孩取名约翰。
→The boy was named John. (passive voice)这男孩被取名为约翰。
We found him working in the factory. (active voice)我们发现他正在工厂干活。 →He was found working in the factory. (passive voice)他被发现正在工厂干活。 ②感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时
在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to 。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to 再加上。 They made him go there alone. 他们让他自己去那里。
→He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。
I saw him cross the road and enter the bank. 我看到他穿过马路到银行去了。
→He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank. 有人看见他穿过马路到银行去了。
注意：动词是let 时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to 。
They let John go.他们让约翰走。
→John was let go. 约翰不得不走。
（3）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句
①直接宾语是名词、代词时
有些动词（give, tell, buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to （有时可以省去）或for 。
She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。
→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书
→The book was given to me. (passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。
My mother gave me a pencil.妈妈送给了我一支铅笔。
→I was given a pencil by my mother.我妈妈给了我一支铅笔。
→A pencil was given(to)me by my mother. （介词to 可以省略）这支铅笔是妈妈给的。
Father bought me a new coat.爸爸给我买了一件新上衣。
→I was bought a new coat. 有人给我买了一件新上衣。
→A new coat was bought for me. （介词for 不可省略）这件新上衣是别人给我买的。 注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to 不可省略。
This apple is given to me, not to you. 这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。
②直接宾语是从句时 如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。
Someone told me where the accident had happened. （passive voice）有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。
→I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。
He asked me whether the meeting was to be put off. 他问我会议是否推迟。 →I was asked whether the meeting was to be put off. 有人问我是否要推迟会议。
（4）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句
①带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用it 作为被动结构的形式主语。
Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.(active voice)无人知道矿中是否还有黄金。
→It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. ( passive voice)矿中是否还有黄金无人知道。
We believed that he was ill. 我们相信他病了。
→It was believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。
②带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构
He said the play was very interesting. 他说这台戏剧很有趣。
→The play was said to be very interesting. 据说这台戏剧很有趣。
He reported that they had finished the project. 他报道说，他们已经完成了工程。 They were reported to have finished the project. 据报道，他们已经完成了工程。
（5）带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句
如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。 He is going to give me a book. 他打算给我一本书。
→I am going to be given a book. 有人打算给我一本书。
We must take measures to stop pollution. 我们必须采取措施制止污染。
→Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 必须采取措施制止污染。
5、被动结构的时态
被动语态的时态是由be 的不同时态+及物动词的-ed 形式来构成的
（1）一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构是由“be 的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词的-ed 形式”构成。
In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上有的地方，茶和奶一起喝。
Football is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球。
Jack, you are wanted on the phone. 杰克，电话里有人找你。
I am asked to do the work. 有人让我干这件工作。
（2）一般过去式
一般过去式的被动结构是由“be 的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
Shortly after we were seated, a waiter came over to our table with a smile. 我们刚坐下，就一个服务员微笑着来到我们桌旁服务。
The building was built in 1559. 这座建筑是1559年建成的。
His leg was broken in an accident. 他的腿在一次车祸中骨折了。
（3）一般将来时
一般将来时的被动结构是由“be 的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡会建更多的工厂。
He will be taken to the park on Sunday. 星期天有人要带他到公园。
（4）现在进行时
现在进行时的被动结构是由“be 的现在进行时（am/is/are being ）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
-Have you moved into the new house?你搬入新居了吗？
-Not yet.The rooms are being painted. 还没呢，房间正在上油。
The life of the milu is being studied at present. 目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。
A teaching building is being built now. 现在正建造一座教学大楼。
（5）过去进行时
过去进行时的被动语态是由“be 的过去进行时（was/were being ）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。
Last time I went back to my hometown, a big factory was being built there. 上次我回家乡时，一座大工厂正在建造。
（6）现在完成时
现在完成时的被动语态是由“be 的现在进行时（has/have been ）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。 –I ’ve been told the sports meet might be put off. 有人告诉我说运动会可能推迟。 -Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是的，这要看天气情况。
No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building. 不允许任何人进入该大楼。
All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start. 任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。
（7）过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态是由“be 的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. 他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。
By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters had been translated into English. 到去年末，大约二百万个汉字翻译成了英语。
（8）将来完成时
将来完成时的被动语态是由“be 的将来完成时（will/shall have been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。 The new book will have been finished by the end of the month.月底新书将会完成。 The buiding will have been completed before he comes.他来之前，大楼将会竣工。
（9）过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be 的过去将来完成时（would/should have been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
He said the articles should have been translated by six o’clock. 他说文章将在六点钟之前翻译完毕。
He told me that the dam would have been completed by December.他告诉我大坝将在12月前竣工。
注意：将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。
6、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
This bike can be mended in two hours. 两个小时内可修好该自行车。
The trees may be planted in spring. 春天可以种树。
The room must be kept clean. 房间必须保持整洁。
The flowers should be watered often. 应该经常给花浇水。
They have to be given a lot of money. 必须给他们很多钱。
7、短语动词的被动语态 通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗?
→Has the doctor been sent for? 派人去请医生了吗?
They often made fun of her. 人们常拿她开玩笑。
→She was often made fun of. 她常被人取笑。
I promise that the matter will be taken care of. 我答应把这事放在心上。
The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现该房已被非法闯入，很多东西失窃。 Great changes have taken place in the city, and a lot of factories have been set up . 这个城市发生了很大变化，建了很多工厂。
-Why does Lingling look so unhappy?玲玲为什么默默不乐？
-She has been laughed at by her classmates. 她被同学嘲笑。
注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通
常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。 →More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 注意你的发音。
8、Get 型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
（1）get+及物动词的过去分词
①get 常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed 形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.大城市的女钟点工按小时付酬。
Be careful when you cross this very busy street．If not，you may get run over by a car．过马路是要小心。否则，你会被汽车撞到。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
Bill got thrown out of college for failing his exams. 比尔因历次考试不及格被勒令退学。
②get-型被动语态一般不可接by 短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及物动词的过去分词”的形式。
误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school.
正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school.
③get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money. （正）有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。
The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)
Some farmers were seen working in the fields.（正）只见一些农民正在田地里干活。
Some farmers got seen working in the fields.( 误)
④get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。（有“活该”之意）
How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了？（有“不该关上”之意）
⑤get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed 形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired. 她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义）
She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)
（2）seem, appear+动词的-ed 形式以及stand, rest, grow, become等+动词的-ed 形式也可表示被动语态。
He seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话激怒了。
Their curiosity grew aroused. 他们的好奇心被激起。
9、被动结构与系表结构的区别
“be+动词的-ed 形式”这个结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。二者形式相同，但意义不一样。被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的承受者；系表结构表示主语的特点、状态或性质。我们可以根据以下几点来区别这个结构到底是被动语态，还是系表结构。
（1）根据谓语动词
①动词的-ed 形式是反身动词（seat, dress, puzzle, excite等）或表示心理、感情、从事活动的动词时，为系表结构。
They was lost in the forest. 他们在森林里迷路了。
She is dressed in white. 她穿着一身白衣服。
She is seated in an armchair. 她坐在椅子上。
②be+不及物动词的-ed 形式为系表结构 His money is all gone. 他的钱全花光了。
The sun is set. 太阳落山了。
He ’s prepared for the worst. 他已做好应付最坏情况的准备。
③be + 表示占据、充满意义的动词的-ed 形式+ with为系表结构
这种结构中主语往往是表示地点的名词，这类动词有packed, covered, loaded, piled, filled, marked, crowded, dotted, stuffed, lined等。 The house was crowded with furniture. 屋子里挤满了家俱。 The floor was piled with books. 地板上堆满了书。
（2）根据句子的时态
被动语态有多种时态，可用于一般时、将来时、进行时和完成时。而系表结构只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
The desks are made in Beijing.(系表结构) 这些桌子是北京生产的。
New products are being made.(被动语态) 新产品正在制造。
The book has already been translated into many languages.(被动语态) 这书已译成多种语言。
The meeting will be put off.(被动语态) 会议将延期。
The children were dressed and taken out for a walk. （被动）给孩子们穿好衣服并把他们带出去散步。
The children were well dressed. （系表）孩子们穿戴很好。
I tapped the window and the door was opened. （被动）我拍了拍窗，门开了。 When I came, the door was opened. （系表）我来时门开着。
（3）根据句子状语
若“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般现在时或一般过去时，我们可以根据句子的状语来区别是被动语态还是系表结构。
①“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般现在时，若句子中有always, usually, often等频度副词说明动作反复发生，则为被动语态。
The shop is usually opened at eight. 商店通常八点钟开门。（被动语态）
The shop is closed now. 商店现在关门了。（系表结构）
②当“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般过去时，如句中有表示时间、地点、方式的状语，多为被动语态。 The factory was built in the 1980’s . 这座工厂是八十年代建的。
The meeting was held in a secret place. 会议在一个秘密的地方举行。 注意：有时候，系表结构也可带一描绘性的状语；遇到这种情况要根据上下文来判断。 The department stores are crowed with people, especially on Sundays. 百货商场挤满了人，特别是在星期天。
③如果动词的-ed 形式前有too, very, so，rather, quite等程度副词修饰，该结构常为系表结构；如果动词的-ed 形式后有much, too much, so much, very much等副词修饰，该结构为被动语态。
The man was too frightened to stand up.(系表结构) 这个人吓得站不起来了。 I was very surprised at his words.(系表结构) 我读他的话倍感吃惊。
He was so much shocked that he couldn’t utter a word.(被动语态) 她受惊吓太严重了，一句话也说不出来。
（4）根据句中有无by 引导的短语
被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，动作的执行者常用by 引导的短语来表示。因此，
如果句中有by 引导的短语，这个“be+动词的-ed 形式”结构通常就是被动语态。 The window was closed now by my mother. (被动语态) 窗户被她妈妈关上了。 The window now was closed. (系表结构) 窗户现在关着。
The hero was surrounded by the Young Pioneers. 英雄被少先队员们围住了。
10、by 短语在被动语态中的用法
从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都须涉及“by +行为者”(即by 短语) 的问题，by 短语有时可省略或不用，有时却不可省略。by 短语究竟在哪些情况下使用，却很难用一两条规则加以概括。兹分述如下：
（1）省略by 短语的情况
①主动句是“主+谓+宾+状”结构时。
They built the school in 1962.他们于1962年建了这所学校。
→The school was built in 1962. 这所学校建于1962。
②主动句中含有双宾语时。
Tom gave me a book.汤姆给了我一本书。
→A book was given(to)me. 别人给了我一本书。
③主动句中含有复合宾语。
They heard him come.他们听见他来了。
→He was heard to come. 有人听见他来了。
④主动句中含有宾语从句时。
We expect that Mary will win.我们盼着玛丽赢。
→Mary is expected to win.
或:It is expected that Mary will win. 都盼着玛丽赢。
⑥当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。
A greater number of new books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的新书出版。
⑦在特定的语境或上下文中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来时。
He was made monitor of the class. 他被选为班长。
⑧说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（如为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说出自己是动作的行为者时。
You have been told many times not to touch the pictures. 已经多次告诉你不要触摸这些照片。
⑨主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。
Even a child can answer this question.甚至小孩都能回答出这个问题。
→This question can be answered even by a child.这个问题甚至小孩都能回答出。
（2）不省略by 的情况
①如果省去by 短语，句子意思就不完整或含混不清时。
Mr.Brown wrote the letter.
→The letter was written by Mr. Brown. 布朗先生写了那封信。
②汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为……所……”等意思时。
美洲为哥伦布于1492所发现。 America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
电话是由贝尔发明的。 The telephone was invented by Bell.
③主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时。
谁发现了美洲？
Who discovered America?
→Who was America discovered by?
11、by 短语在被动句中的位置
主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的主语变成了介词by 的宾语，与by 构成介词短语，即by 短语，在被动句里作方式状语。在动作执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by 短语常常省去。但有时根据句意的需要，by 短语不可省去。其在句中的位置主要有以下几种情况：
（1）紧接在被动句谓语中过去分词之后
The book was written by this soldier. 这本书是一位战士写的。
The glass was broken by my sister yesterday. 玻璃使我妹妹昨天打碎的。
（2）放在主语补足语之后
含有复合宾语的主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的宾语成了被动句的主语，原宾语补足语也随之成了主语补足语。此时，by 短语放在主语补足语之后。
I was asked to help her brother by her. 我应她之请帮她弟弟。
（3）置于保留宾语之后
含有双宾语的主动句变被动句后，其中一个宾语变成了被动句的主语，而另一个宾语不动，即成为保留宾语，by 短语置于保留宾语之后。
The pupils will be given some advice by the pianist. 钢琴家给那个学生一些建议。
I was asked a lot of questions by Li Ping. 我被李平问了很多问题。
三、主动形式表示被动意义的词
1、既是及物又是不及物的动词
一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等；此类动词常接副词作状语（有些可以不加）。
Books of this kind sell well. 这本书很畅销。
The door won't shut. 门关不上。
The shoes wear well. 这鞋子经穿。
The meat cuts easily. 这肉好切。 The work doesn ’t pay. 这项工作没有报酬。
2、系动词
系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。
-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块面料吗？
-Yes, it feels very soft. 喜欢，手感不错。
The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。
3、need 等词后面常接主动的-ing 分词形式
need, want, require，stand, take, won’t bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing 分词形式，表示被动意义。在这种情况下，句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing 分词的宾语。
Your hair needs cutting . 你的头发需要理。
The room wants cleaning everyday. 这个房间需要每天打扫。 The point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得提。 The rules take some learning. 这规则需要下点功夫学。 That won’t bear thinking of. 那不堪想象。
4、某些表语的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作表语形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很那回答。
The room is comfortable to live in. 这屋子住起来很舒服。
5、某些作宾补的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作宾补形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to get along with. 我们发现这个人很难相处。
I think English easy to learn. 我发现英语很好学。
6、不定式作定语 不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。
Have you got anything to say at the meeting?会上你有时说吗？
7、be worth doing结构
在be worth doing结构中，-ing 分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing 分词的宾语。
-What do you think of the book?你认为这本书怎么样？
-Oh, excellent.It's worth reading a second time. 很好，值得再读一遍。
The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得看。
四、不宜用被动语态的动词
英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明如下：
1、当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人。
The war lasted four years.这场战争持续了4年。
2、当某些及物动词（如leave, enter, join,等）的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时 The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。
My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
3、当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语，但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时
Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons. 每块石头重达两吨半。
He ran ten miles without rest. 他一气跑了10英里路。
4、当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时
We do our best to speak more English.我们尽量多讲英语。
He spoke that way his father had spoken just now. 他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话。
5、当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时
We Chinese always keep words. 我们中国人说话是算数的。
We had a rest for a while. 我们休息了一会。
6、当句子的宾语是反身代词时
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。
Help yourself to the dishes. 随便吃菜。
7、当句子的宾语为相互代词时
We learned from and helped each other. 我们互相学习互相帮助。
For years the three sisters looked after one another. 多年来仨姐妹互相照顾。
8、当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
He died a glorious death in the battle. 他在战斗中光荣牺牲。
9、当句子的宾语为行为者（主语）身体上某一部分时。 I couldn’t believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
10、某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句
The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。
The group consists of seven members. 这个小组由7名成员组成。
11、当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。
He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语
I looked forward to seeing him. 我盼着去看望他。
12、当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时
I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟。
He promised to come and help us. 他答应来帮我们。
注意：少数以不定式（短语）做宾语的动词（如agree, feel, decide, think 等）可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式（短语）直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it 为先行主语，将不定式（短语）置于谓语动词之后。 He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 They think it important to study a foreign language.
→It is thought important (for them)to study a foreign language. 他们认为学习外语很重要。
五、被动形式主动含义的用法
一般说来，被动语态是由 “be+过去分词”构成的，但并非所有的“be+过去分词”都表示被动。有些动词的过去分词与 be 连用，从形式上看是被动形式，但表达的却是主动意义。现将这些动词归类如下：
1、表示“相信”、“确信”、“劝说”等方面的动词
I am almost persuaded of his honesty. (=…that he is honest. ) 我几乎相信他是诚实的。
We were not convinced that he was innocent. (=…of his innocence. )我们仍不相信他是清白无辜的。
If they adopt the constructive suggestions, they will be assured of success. 如果他们接受了这些建设性的建议，他们准保能成功。
2、表示“感情满足与否及情绪变化”等方面的动词
这类动词有:satisfy，discourage ，amaze ，amuse ，content ，delight ，excite ，astonish ，interest ，shock 等等。 He cried out loudly, “Beautiful! I am very pleased with it.”他大声嚷道:“真漂亮! 我真高兴呀! ”
She was not surprised that he did not come for the party. 对于他未参加聚会，她并不感到吃惊。
He was disappointed in his marriage.他对自己的婚姻很失望。
3、表示“决心”、“关切”、“区别”、“说明”等意思的动词
The boy is not disposed for a game of chess. 那男孩现在无意于下棋。
The doctors are determined to find a new cure for the cancer of the lung.那些医生们决心找到医治肺癌的新疗法。
The mother was devoted to adopting those homeless children. 那位母亲致力于收
养那些无家可归的孤儿。
We are fully justiced in doing so. 我们这样做是完全有道理的。
She was distinguished from the other girls by her height.
她和别的女孩的区别是她的身高。
4、表示“站立”、“起居”、“处所”、“方位”等意思的动词
They were late for the meeting, so they were seated at the back of the meeting-room. 他们开会迟到，所以只好坐在会议室的后排。
The new couple will be settled in the countryside tomorrow. 这对新婚夫妇明天就要到农村安家落户。
The church is situated in the very centre of the city. 那座教堂正好位于市中心。 Our school is located near the river. 我们的学校坐落在小河附近。
The army will be stationed in the above four countries in a few years. 在以后的几年里这支军队将驻扎在上述四国。
这类动词还有: root, plant, stand, scatter等。
5、表示“从事某项活动、工作、职业”或“有契约、婚约关系”等意思的动词 He is engaged in writing his term paper. 他正忙于写学期论文。
Mr.Wang was a writer, he was occupied in writing.王先生是作家，他致力于写作。 The old man was employed in a bank. 那老人曾在一家银行供职。
Peter was engaged to Mary. 彼特和玛丽订婚了。
The actress was married to a solider in her twenties. 那个女演员在二十几岁时嫁给
了一个当兵的。
6、表示“穿”、“戴”、“装扮”、“打扮”等意思的动词
The king was disguised as a peasant. 那位国王装扮成一个农夫。
Most of the people there were clothed in rags and wore no shoes.那儿的大多数人都衣衫褴褛，赤裸双脚。
注意：clothe 的过去分词和be 连用时，其引伸意义具有主动意义。
The trees are clothed in green leaves. 树木枝叶茂盛。
The family was clothed with shame. 那个家庭遭受了耻辱。
7、表示“相识”、“听说”、“了解”等意思的动词 Are you fully acquainted with the facts of the case?你对这个案子的详情完全了解吗?
How did you get acquainted with the girl?你是如何认识那个姑娘的?
I am informed of the decision.我已经知道了这个决定。
8、表示“到达”、“聚集”、“上下来去”等意思的动词
All the guests are arrived.所有的客人都到了。
The summer is gone. 夏天过去了。
9、表示“反对”、“担心”等意思的动词
We are opposed to their plans.我们反对他们的计划。
All the members of the family were worried about her. 这个家庭的每个成员都为她担心。
10、表示“习惯”方面的动词
We will soon get accustomed to it.我们很快就会习惯的。
The old man was used to loneliness. 那位老者已习惯了孤独。
六、点击考点
1. ----Where is your money?
----My money was_______.
A. robbed B. lost C. not here no more D. stolen
2. The washing machine _______by the engineer right now.
A. repaired B. is being repaired
C. is repaired D. is going to be repaired
3. Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work _______.
A. was been improved B. was being improved
C. had being improved D. would be improved
4. They believed that by using computers the production of their factory_____.
A. will greatly increase B. would greatly increase
C. has greatly increased D. would be greatly increased
5. The Anti-Japanese War _______in 1937.
A. was broken out B. broke out C. was broken D. was happened
6. "Don't be worried.The doctor_______".
A. has sent for B. was sent for C. will send for D. has been sent for
7. Motors _______by electricity.
A. make to run B. are made run C. were made running D. are made to run
8. Because of the patient's health,_______.
A. he was advised by the doctor to lose weight
B. losing weight was advised him by doctor
C. the doctor's advice was to him losing weight
D. lose weight was what the doctor advised
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里 http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0
美联英语提供：高中英语语法手册20
60.Great changes_______in our country since 1978, and a lot of skyscrapers in our
city.
A.have been taken place；have been set up B.have taken place；have been set up
C.have taken place…have set up D.were taken place…were set up
61.---Do you like the fish?
---Yes, very much as it______very delicious.
A.is tasting B.tasted C.is tasted D.tastes
62.What______now? Why are there so many people?
A.is doing B.is to be done C.is being done D.is to do
63.By the time the boy was five, he______three languages.
A.learned B.had learned C.was learning D.would learn
64.When the chairman entered the hall; all the listeners______.
A.had seated B.were seated C.seated D.were seating
65.The manager is supposed to announce the result as soon as he______.
A.arrives B.will arrive C.is going to arrive D.is arriving
66.The moment you______him, please ask him to come.
A.will see B.saw C.see D.sees
67.______you______the 6:30 news on the radio?
A.Have ；listen to B.Were；listening to C.Did；listen toD.Had；listened to
68.He______to work there though he didn't like to.
A.wanted B.was wanted C.was wanting D.had wanted
69.He______anyone the minute he______they needed help.
A. would help;saw B.helped;saw C.will help;sees D.helps;sees
70. If one ______ by vanity, he will be very particular about other’s clothing and appearance.
A. overcomes B. is overcome C. overcame D. has been overcame 答案：1.A 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.C
16.A 17.D 18.C 19.D 20.B 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.D 25.B 26.A 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.B
31.A 32.A 33.C 34.B 35.C 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.B 40.C 41.C 42.B 43.B 44.C 45.C
46.D 47.A 48.D 49.A 50.C 51.B 52.B 53.A 54.D 55.A 56.A 57.D 58.D 59.B 60.B
61.D 62.C 63.B 64.B 65.A 66.C 67.C 68.B 69.A 70.B
第十二章 动词的语态
一、概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语
是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 She typed a letter. (主动，主语She 是type 动作的执行者) A letter was typed by her.（被动，主语A letter是typed 动作的承受者） Granny takes care of the girl. (主动，主语Granny 是take care of动作的执行者) The girl is taken care of by Granny. （被动，主语The girl是take care of动作的承受者）
二、被动语态
1、被动语态的概述
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。
Farming tools are being sent to the countryside. 农具正运往农村。
He had been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教。
2、构成
其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词see 为例列表如下：
注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to 等）+be +动词的-ed 形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed 形式”构成。
I need one more stamp before my collection is completed . 我的邮集还需要一张邮票就完成了。（一般现在时被动语态）
- I've been told the sports meet might be put off.有人告诉我说运动会可能延期举行。(现在完成时的被动态)
-Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是，这完全看天气而定。
The water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken. 如果不采取措施该地区的水污染会更加严重。（一般将来时的被动语态）
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 给了我五分钟时间来决定是否接受这些馈赠。（一般过去时态的被动语态）
If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at dinner table 20 years from now如果不阻止城市噪音污染扩大，从现在算起20年后，即使人们在餐桌边吃饭时也必须大喊才能听得见。（一般现在时被动语态的否定） He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。（含有情态动词的被动语态） The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。(现在进行时的被动语态)
He said that the books would be given to the students.他说这些书将发给学生。(过去将来时的被动态)
3、被动语态的使用范围
（1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by 短语。
This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。
English is spoken in Canada. 加拿大讲英语。
（2）为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。
The store is run by the trade union. 这家店是工会办的。
The song was composed by a student. 这首歌是一个学生谱写的。
（3）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者
You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。
The plan was generally considered not practical. 普遍认为这个计划不实用。 It ’s said that he would come back soon. 据说他很快就会来。
常用于如下短语：
It ’s not known that… ……不得而知 It ’s said that… 据说……
It ’s reported that… 据报道…… It ’s not decided that…尚未决定
It ’s believed that… 据认为…… It ’s announced that…据宣布……
4、主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格）；把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为by 介词短语（如果是人称代，主格变为宾格），有时介词短语可省去。
（1）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句
在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by 的宾语，但是短语可以不要。
Everyone likes the book. (active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。
→The book is liked by everyone. (passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。
He wrote a letter. (active voice)他写了一封信。
→A letter was written by him. (passive voice)他写了一封信。
（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句
有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing 和V-ed 等。
①行为动词
They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。
→She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。 They named the boy John. (active voice)他们给这男孩取名约翰。
→The boy was named John. (passive voice)这男孩被取名为约翰。
We found him working in the factory. (active voice)我们发现他正在工厂干活。 →He was found working in the factory. (passive voice)他被发现正在工厂干活。 ②感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时
在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to 。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to 再加上。 They made him go there alone. 他们让他自己去那里。
→He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。
I saw him cross the road and enter the bank. 我看到他穿过马路到银行去了。
→He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank. 有人看见他穿过马路到银行去了。
注意：动词是let 时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to 。
They let John go.他们让约翰走。
→John was let go. 约翰不得不走。
（3）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句
①直接宾语是名词、代词时
有些动词（give, tell, buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to （有时可以省去）或for 。
She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。
→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书
→The book was given to me. (passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。
My mother gave me a pencil.妈妈送给了我一支铅笔。
→I was given a pencil by my mother.我妈妈给了我一支铅笔。
→A pencil was given(to)me by my mother. （介词to 可以省略）这支铅笔是妈妈给的。
Father bought me a new coat.爸爸给我买了一件新上衣。
→I was bought a new coat. 有人给我买了一件新上衣。
→A new coat was bought for me. （介词for 不可省略）这件新上衣是别人给我买的。 注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to 不可省略。
This apple is given to me, not to you. 这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。
②直接宾语是从句时 如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。
Someone told me where the accident had happened. （passive voice）有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。
→I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。
He asked me whether the meeting was to be put off. 他问我会议是否推迟。 →I was asked whether the meeting was to be put off. 有人问我是否要推迟会议。
（4）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句
①带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用it 作为被动结构的形式主语。
Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.(active voice)无人知道矿中是否还有黄金。
→It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. ( passive voice)矿中是否还有黄金无人知道。
We believed that he was ill. 我们相信他病了。
→It was believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。
②带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构
He said the play was very interesting. 他说这台戏剧很有趣。
→The play was said to be very interesting. 据说这台戏剧很有趣。
He reported that they had finished the project. 他报道说，他们已经完成了工程。 They were reported to have finished the project. 据报道，他们已经完成了工程。
（5）带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句
如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。 He is going to give me a book. 他打算给我一本书。
→I am going to be given a book. 有人打算给我一本书。
We must take measures to stop pollution. 我们必须采取措施制止污染。
→Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 必须采取措施制止污染。
5、被动结构的时态
被动语态的时态是由be 的不同时态+及物动词的-ed 形式来构成的
（1）一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构是由“be 的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词的-ed 形式”构成。
In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上有的地方，茶和奶一起喝。
Football is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球。
Jack, you are wanted on the phone. 杰克，电话里有人找你。
I am asked to do the work. 有人让我干这件工作。
（2）一般过去式
一般过去式的被动结构是由“be 的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
Shortly after we were seated, a waiter came over to our table with a smile. 我们刚坐下，就一个服务员微笑着来到我们桌旁服务。
The building was built in 1559. 这座建筑是1559年建成的。
His leg was broken in an accident. 他的腿在一次车祸中骨折了。
（3）一般将来时
一般将来时的被动结构是由“be 的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡会建更多的工厂。
He will be taken to the park on Sunday. 星期天有人要带他到公园。
（4）现在进行时
现在进行时的被动结构是由“be 的现在进行时（am/is/are being ）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
-Have you moved into the new house?你搬入新居了吗？
-Not yet.The rooms are being painted. 还没呢，房间正在上油。
The life of the milu is being studied at present. 目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。
A teaching building is being built now. 现在正建造一座教学大楼。
（5）过去进行时
过去进行时的被动语态是由“be 的过去进行时（was/were being ）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。
Last time I went back to my hometown, a big factory was being built there. 上次我回家乡时，一座大工厂正在建造。
（6）现在完成时
现在完成时的被动语态是由“be 的现在进行时（has/have been ）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。 –I ’ve been told the sports meet might be put off. 有人告诉我说运动会可能推迟。 -Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是的，这要看天气情况。
No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building. 不允许任何人进入该大楼。
All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start. 任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。
（7）过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态是由“be 的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. 他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。
By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters had been translated into English. 到去年末，大约二百万个汉字翻译成了英语。
（8）将来完成时
将来完成时的被动语态是由“be 的将来完成时（will/shall have been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。 The new book will have been finished by the end of the month.月底新书将会完成。 The buiding will have been completed before he comes.他来之前，大楼将会竣工。
（9）过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be 的过去将来完成时（would/should have been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
He said the articles should have been translated by six o’clock. 他说文章将在六点钟之前翻译完毕。
He told me that the dam would have been completed by December.他告诉我大坝将在12月前竣工。
注意：将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。
6、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。
This bike can be mended in two hours. 两个小时内可修好该自行车。
The trees may be planted in spring. 春天可以种树。
The room must be kept clean. 房间必须保持整洁。
The flowers should be watered often. 应该经常给花浇水。
They have to be given a lot of money. 必须给他们很多钱。
7、短语动词的被动语态 通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗?
→Has the doctor been sent for? 派人去请医生了吗?
They often made fun of her. 人们常拿她开玩笑。
→She was often made fun of. 她常被人取笑。
I promise that the matter will be taken care of. 我答应把这事放在心上。
The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现该房已被非法闯入，很多东西失窃。 Great changes have taken place in the city, and a lot of factories have been set up . 这个城市发生了很大变化，建了很多工厂。
-Why does Lingling look so unhappy?玲玲为什么默默不乐？
-She has been laughed at by her classmates. 她被同学嘲笑。
注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通
常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。 →More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 注意你的发音。
8、Get 型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
（1）get+及物动词的过去分词
①get 常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed 形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.大城市的女钟点工按小时付酬。
Be careful when you cross this very busy street．If not，you may get run over by a car．过马路是要小心。否则，你会被汽车撞到。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
Bill got thrown out of college for failing his exams. 比尔因历次考试不及格被勒令退学。
②get-型被动语态一般不可接by 短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及物动词的过去分词”的形式。
误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school.
正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school.
③get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money. （正）有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。
The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)
Some farmers were seen working in the fields.（正）只见一些农民正在田地里干活。
Some farmers got seen working in the fields.( 误)
④get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。（有“活该”之意）
How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了？（有“不该关上”之意）
⑤get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed 形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired. 她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义）
She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)
（2）seem, appear+动词的-ed 形式以及stand, rest, grow, become等+动词的-ed 形式也可表示被动语态。
He seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话激怒了。
Their curiosity grew aroused. 他们的好奇心被激起。
9、被动结构与系表结构的区别
“be+动词的-ed 形式”这个结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。二者形式相同，但意义不一样。被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的承受者；系表结构表示主语的特点、状态或性质。我们可以根据以下几点来区别这个结构到底是被动语态，还是系表结构。
（1）根据谓语动词
①动词的-ed 形式是反身动词（seat, dress, puzzle, excite等）或表示心理、感情、从事活动的动词时，为系表结构。
They was lost in the forest. 他们在森林里迷路了。
She is dressed in white. 她穿着一身白衣服。
She is seated in an armchair. 她坐在椅子上。
②be+不及物动词的-ed 形式为系表结构 His money is all gone. 他的钱全花光了。
The sun is set. 太阳落山了。
He ’s prepared for the worst. 他已做好应付最坏情况的准备。
③be + 表示占据、充满意义的动词的-ed 形式+ with为系表结构
这种结构中主语往往是表示地点的名词，这类动词有packed, covered, loaded, piled, filled, marked, crowded, dotted, stuffed, lined等。 The house was crowded with furniture. 屋子里挤满了家俱。 The floor was piled with books. 地板上堆满了书。
（2）根据句子的时态
被动语态有多种时态，可用于一般时、将来时、进行时和完成时。而系表结构只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
The desks are made in Beijing.(系表结构) 这些桌子是北京生产的。
New products are being made.(被动语态) 新产品正在制造。
The book has already been translated into many languages.(被动语态) 这书已译成多种语言。
The meeting will be put off.(被动语态) 会议将延期。
The children were dressed and taken out for a walk. （被动）给孩子们穿好衣服并把他们带出去散步。
The children were well dressed. （系表）孩子们穿戴很好。
I tapped the window and the door was opened. （被动）我拍了拍窗，门开了。 When I came, the door was opened. （系表）我来时门开着。
（3）根据句子状语
若“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般现在时或一般过去时，我们可以根据句子的状语来区别是被动语态还是系表结构。
①“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般现在时，若句子中有always, usually, often等频度副词说明动作反复发生，则为被动语态。
The shop is usually opened at eight. 商店通常八点钟开门。（被动语态）
The shop is closed now. 商店现在关门了。（系表结构）
②当“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般过去时，如句中有表示时间、地点、方式的状语，多为被动语态。 The factory was built in the 1980’s . 这座工厂是八十年代建的。
The meeting was held in a secret place. 会议在一个秘密的地方举行。 注意：有时候，系表结构也可带一描绘性的状语；遇到这种情况要根据上下文来判断。 The department stores are crowed with people, especially on Sundays. 百货商场挤满了人，特别是在星期天。
③如果动词的-ed 形式前有too, very, so，rather, quite等程度副词修饰，该结构常为系表结构；如果动词的-ed 形式后有much, too much, so much, very much等副词修饰，该结构为被动语态。
The man was too frightened to stand up.(系表结构) 这个人吓得站不起来了。 I was very surprised at his words.(系表结构) 我读他的话倍感吃惊。
He was so much shocked that he couldn’t utter a word.(被动语态) 她受惊吓太严重了，一句话也说不出来。
（4）根据句中有无by 引导的短语
被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，动作的执行者常用by 引导的短语来表示。因此，
如果句中有by 引导的短语，这个“be+动词的-ed 形式”结构通常就是被动语态。 The window was closed now by my mother. (被动语态) 窗户被她妈妈关上了。 The window now was closed. (系表结构) 窗户现在关着。
The hero was surrounded by the Young Pioneers. 英雄被少先队员们围住了。
10、by 短语在被动语态中的用法
从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都须涉及“by +行为者”(即by 短语) 的问题，by 短语有时可省略或不用，有时却不可省略。by 短语究竟在哪些情况下使用，却很难用一两条规则加以概括。兹分述如下：
（1）省略by 短语的情况
①主动句是“主+谓+宾+状”结构时。
They built the school in 1962.他们于1962年建了这所学校。
→The school was built in 1962. 这所学校建于1962。
②主动句中含有双宾语时。
Tom gave me a book.汤姆给了我一本书。
→A book was given(to)me. 别人给了我一本书。
③主动句中含有复合宾语。
They heard him come.他们听见他来了。
→He was heard to come. 有人听见他来了。
④主动句中含有宾语从句时。
We expect that Mary will win.我们盼着玛丽赢。
→Mary is expected to win.
或:It is expected that Mary will win. 都盼着玛丽赢。
⑥当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。
A greater number of new books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的新书出版。
⑦在特定的语境或上下文中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来时。
He was made monitor of the class. 他被选为班长。
⑧说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（如为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说出自己是动作的行为者时。
You have been told many times not to touch the pictures. 已经多次告诉你不要触摸这些照片。
⑨主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。
Even a child can answer this question.甚至小孩都能回答出这个问题。
→This question can be answered even by a child.这个问题甚至小孩都能回答出。
（2）不省略by 的情况
①如果省去by 短语，句子意思就不完整或含混不清时。
Mr.Brown wrote the letter.
→The letter was written by Mr. Brown. 布朗先生写了那封信。
②汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为……所……”等意思时。
美洲为哥伦布于1492所发现。 America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
电话是由贝尔发明的。 The telephone was invented by Bell.
③主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时。
谁发现了美洲？
Who discovered America?
→Who was America discovered by?
11、by 短语在被动句中的位置
主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的主语变成了介词by 的宾语，与by 构成介词短语，即by 短语，在被动句里作方式状语。在动作执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by 短语常常省去。但有时根据句意的需要，by 短语不可省去。其在句中的位置主要有以下几种情况：
（1）紧接在被动句谓语中过去分词之后
The book was written by this soldier. 这本书是一位战士写的。
The glass was broken by my sister yesterday. 玻璃使我妹妹昨天打碎的。
（2）放在主语补足语之后
含有复合宾语的主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的宾语成了被动句的主语，原宾语补足语也随之成了主语补足语。此时，by 短语放在主语补足语之后。
I was asked to help her brother by her. 我应她之请帮她弟弟。
（3）置于保留宾语之后
含有双宾语的主动句变被动句后，其中一个宾语变成了被动句的主语，而另一个宾语不动，即成为保留宾语，by 短语置于保留宾语之后。
The pupils will be given some advice by the pianist. 钢琴家给那个学生一些建议。
I was asked a lot of questions by Li Ping. 我被李平问了很多问题。
三、主动形式表示被动意义的词
1、既是及物又是不及物的动词
一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等；此类动词常接副词作状语（有些可以不加）。
Books of this kind sell well. 这本书很畅销。
The door won't shut. 门关不上。
The shoes wear well. 这鞋子经穿。
The meat cuts easily. 这肉好切。 The work doesn ’t pay. 这项工作没有报酬。
2、系动词
系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。
-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块面料吗？
-Yes, it feels very soft. 喜欢，手感不错。
The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。
3、need 等词后面常接主动的-ing 分词形式
need, want, require，stand, take, won’t bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing 分词形式，表示被动意义。在这种情况下，句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing 分词的宾语。
Your hair needs cutting . 你的头发需要理。
The room wants cleaning everyday. 这个房间需要每天打扫。 The point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得提。 The rules take some learning. 这规则需要下点功夫学。 That won’t bear thinking of. 那不堪想象。
4、某些表语的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作表语形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很那回答。
The room is comfortable to live in. 这屋子住起来很舒服。
5、某些作宾补的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作宾补形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to get along with. 我们发现这个人很难相处。
I think English easy to learn. 我发现英语很好学。
6、不定式作定语 不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。
Have you got anything to say at the meeting?会上你有时说吗？
7、be worth doing结构
在be worth doing结构中，-ing 分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing 分词的宾语。
-What do you think of the book?你认为这本书怎么样？
-Oh, excellent.It's worth reading a second time. 很好，值得再读一遍。
The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得看。
四、不宜用被动语态的动词
英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明如下：
1、当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人。
The war lasted four years.这场战争持续了4年。
2、当某些及物动词（如leave, enter, join,等）的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时 The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。
My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
3、当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语，但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时
Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons. 每块石头重达两吨半。
He ran ten miles without rest. 他一气跑了10英里路。
4、当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时
We do our best to speak more English.我们尽量多讲英语。
He spoke that way his father had spoken just now. 他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话。
5、当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时
We Chinese always keep words. 我们中国人说话是算数的。
We had a rest for a while. 我们休息了一会。
6、当句子的宾语是反身代词时
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。
Help yourself to the dishes. 随便吃菜。
7、当句子的宾语为相互代词时
We learned from and helped each other. 我们互相学习互相帮助。
For years the three sisters looked after one another. 多年来仨姐妹互相照顾。
8、当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
He died a glorious death in the battle. 他在战斗中光荣牺牲。
9、当句子的宾语为行为者（主语）身体上某一部分时。 I couldn’t believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
10、某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句
The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。
The group consists of seven members. 这个小组由7名成员组成。
11、当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。
He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语
I looked forward to seeing him. 我盼着去看望他。
12、当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时
I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟。
He promised to come and help us. 他答应来帮我们。
注意：少数以不定式（短语）做宾语的动词（如agree, feel, decide, think 等）可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式（短语）直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it 为先行主语，将不定式（短语）置于谓语动词之后。 He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 They think it important to study a foreign language.
→It is thought important (for them)to study a foreign language. 他们认为学习外语很重要。
五、被动形式主动含义的用法
一般说来，被动语态是由 “be+过去分词”构成的，但并非所有的“be+过去分词”都表示被动。有些动词的过去分词与 be 连用，从形式上看是被动形式，但表达的却是主动意义。现将这些动词归类如下：
1、表示“相信”、“确信”、“劝说”等方面的动词
I am almost persuaded of his honesty. (=…that he is honest. ) 我几乎相信他是诚实的。
We were not convinced that he was innocent. (=…of his innocence. )我们仍不相信他是清白无辜的。
If they adopt the constructive suggestions, they will be assured of success. 如果他们接受了这些建设性的建议，他们准保能成功。
2、表示“感情满足与否及情绪变化”等方面的动词
这类动词有:satisfy，discourage ，amaze ，amuse ，content ，delight ，excite ，astonish ，interest ，shock 等等。 He cried out loudly, “Beautiful! I am very pleased with it.”他大声嚷道:“真漂亮! 我真高兴呀! ”
She was not surprised that he did not come for the party. 对于他未参加聚会，她并不感到吃惊。
He was disappointed in his marriage.他对自己的婚姻很失望。
3、表示“决心”、“关切”、“区别”、“说明”等意思的动词
The boy is not disposed for a game of chess. 那男孩现在无意于下棋。
The doctors are determined to find a new cure for the cancer of the lung.那些医生们决心找到医治肺癌的新疗法。
The mother was devoted to adopting those homeless children. 那位母亲致力于收
养那些无家可归的孤儿。
We are fully justiced in doing so. 我们这样做是完全有道理的。
She was distinguished from the other girls by her height.
她和别的女孩的区别是她的身高。
4、表示“站立”、“起居”、“处所”、“方位”等意思的动词
They were late for the meeting, so they were seated at the back of the meeting-room. 他们开会迟到，所以只好坐在会议室的后排。
The new couple will be settled in the countryside tomorrow. 这对新婚夫妇明天就要到农村安家落户。
The church is situated in the very centre of the city. 那座教堂正好位于市中心。 Our school is located near the river. 我们的学校坐落在小河附近。
The army will be stationed in the above four countries in a few years. 在以后的几年里这支军队将驻扎在上述四国。
这类动词还有: root, plant, stand, scatter等。
5、表示“从事某项活动、工作、职业”或“有契约、婚约关系”等意思的动词 He is engaged in writing his term paper. 他正忙于写学期论文。
Mr.Wang was a writer, he was occupied in writing.王先生是作家，他致力于写作。 The old man was employed in a bank. 那老人曾在一家银行供职。
Peter was engaged to Mary. 彼特和玛丽订婚了。
The actress was married to a solider in her twenties. 那个女演员在二十几岁时嫁给
了一个当兵的。
6、表示“穿”、“戴”、“装扮”、“打扮”等意思的动词
The king was disguised as a peasant. 那位国王装扮成一个农夫。
Most of the people there were clothed in rags and wore no shoes.那儿的大多数人都衣衫褴褛，赤裸双脚。
注意：clothe 的过去分词和be 连用时，其引伸意义具有主动意义。
The trees are clothed in green leaves. 树木枝叶茂盛。
The family was clothed with shame. 那个家庭遭受了耻辱。
7、表示“相识”、“听说”、“了解”等意思的动词 Are you fully acquainted with the facts of the case?你对这个案子的详情完全了解吗?
How did you get acquainted with the girl?你是如何认识那个姑娘的?
I am informed of the decision.我已经知道了这个决定。
8、表示“到达”、“聚集”、“上下来去”等意思的动词
All the guests are arrived.所有的客人都到了。
The summer is gone. 夏天过去了。
9、表示“反对”、“担心”等意思的动词
We are opposed to their plans.我们反对他们的计划。
All the members of the family were worried about her. 这个家庭的每个成员都为她担心。
10、表示“习惯”方面的动词
We will soon get accustomed to it.我们很快就会习惯的。
The old man was used to loneliness. 那位老者已习惯了孤独。
六、点击考点
1. ----Where is your money?
----My money was_______.
A. robbed B. lost C. not here no more D. stolen
2. The washing machine _______by the engineer right now.
A. repaired B. is being repaired
C. is repaired D. is going to be repaired
3. Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work _______.
A. was been improved B. was being improved
C. had being improved D. would be improved
4. They believed that by using computers the production of their factory_____.
A. will greatly increase B. would greatly increase
C. has greatly increased D. would be greatly increased
5. The Anti-Japanese War _______in 1937.
A. was broken out B. broke out C. was broken D. was happened
6. "Don't be worried.The doctor_______".
A. has sent for B. was sent for C. will send for D. has been sent for
7. Motors _______by electricity.
A. make to run B. are made run C. were made running D. are made to run
8. Because of the patient's health,_______.
A. he was advised by the doctor to lose weight
B. losing weight was advised him by doctor
C. the doctor's advice was to him losing weight
D. lose weight was what the doctor advised
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
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