山西大学学报(自然科学版)34(1):90~95,2011JournalofShanxiUniversity(Nat.Sei.Ed.)
文章编号:0253・2395(2011)01—0090—06
微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
张变香,石高升,王琼,杨祺,康婧玲
(山西大学化学化工学院,山西太原030006)
摘要:进行了苯并噻吩与酸酐、乙酰氟、苯甲酰氯和草酰氯的傅一克酰基化反应,探究了微波辐射对该反应的影响.通过1HNMR、”CNMR对产物的结构进行了表征,采用高效液相色谱法测定了产物的产率与产物异构体的比例.
结果表明,在苯并噻吩与草酰氯的反应中选择性地得到了3,3’一二苯并噻吩乙二酮,并且常温下12h进行的反应在微波辐射下反应时间缩短为25min,产率比常温反应提高了20%.关键词:微波辐射;苯并噻吩衍生物;傅一克酰基化
中图分类号:0626
文献标识码:A
苯并噻吩、噻吩衍生物是自然界中存在的含硫杂原子的环状化合物之一,不仅是重要的有机合成中间体,而且作为医药、农药、机能性材料等的基本骨架近年来被广泛利用¨4].然而带有功能性基团的小分子苯并噻吩,作为原料因其合成步骤多产率低而使得价格昂贵.有关合成此类化合物的报道较多,主要类型有苯衍生物和噻吩衍生物的关环反应[512];带有卤素或羧基取代基的苯并噻吩的偶联反应[12-143.以无取代基的苯并噻吩为原料一步合成苯并噻吩衍生物的报道较少[1引,寻找简便有效的合成苯并噻吩衍生物的方法具有重
要的意义.
微波作用下的有机反应具有反应时间短、收率高、副反应少、操作简便及环境友好等优点,近年来在有机合成尤其是杂环化合物的合成中得到了广泛的应用[16d71.本文用微波催化和传统的加热回流两种方法对苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应进行了研究,讨论了催化剂的种类和用量、反应溶剂、温度、加样方式对反应的影响.结果表明:微波催化与传统的加热回流方法相比,具有反应速度快、转化率和选择性好等优点.
1
实验部分
1-l仪器与试剂
予华X一4数字显示显微熔点测定仪;岛津UV一265型紫外可见光谱仪;Bruker仪(5mm样品管,内标为TMS,溶剂为CDCl。,测试温度25℃,1
300.40MHz和75.45
HNMR和13C
DRX一300MHz核磁共振
NMR的工作频率分别为
MHz),P20011型高效液相色谱仪.本实验所用试剂苯并噻吩(BT)、乙酰氯(AC)、苯
甲酰氯(BC)、酸酐(AA)、草酰氯(0C)均为分析纯.
1.2
常温与微波辐射下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
在装有恒压滴液漏斗、冷凝管(带有干燥管)的100mL三El烧瓶中放入磁搅拌子,在冰浴中依次加入苯
并噻吩、溶剂、催化剂,搅拌均匀后,在i0~30min内缓慢加入酰基化试剂,滴加完毕后,恢复至室温反应,反应中通过薄层硅胶板(TLC)跟踪.反应完全后,将混合物置入冰水中,滴加盐酸酸解.反应终止后,用乙醚萃取,有机层用饱和碳酸氢钠和氯化钠溶液各洗两次,用无水硫酸镁干燥,减压蒸去有机溶剂,所得粗产物用柱层析分离(CH。C1::竹一Hexane=1:1),通过液相色谱法计算转化率和2位、3位酰基化产物的比例(反应式如下式所示).
收稿日期:2010-09-13;修回日期:20100lI-13
基金项目:留学回国人员科研启动基金(2006);山西省自然科学基金(2007011022)
作者简介:张变香(1968一),女,山西太谷人,博士,副教授,从事有机合成和杂原子化学研究.E—mail:zbxthh@SXU.edu.
张变香等:微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
91
cocl
兰:堡型!.
R
5'h
∞一∞
1.3产物的数据
co)2旦
除了苯并噻吩与草酰氯的微波辐射反应,其它的微波反应的加药品方式与常温相同,加完药品后,将长颈烧瓶转入微波反应器中,设置恒定功率及反应时间,反应后处理与常温反应的方法相同.草酰氯与苯并噻吩的微波反应的加药品依次为溶剂、催化剂、草酰氯试剂,搅拌均匀后,在10"--'30min内缓慢加入苯并噻吩.
2一乙酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.83~84℃(1it[18]83~84℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)8:2.94(s,Me,3H),7.37--.7.93(m,ArH,5H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)8:27.06,123.24,125.23,126.15,127.68,
129.96,139.33,142.83,144.18,192.57.
3一乙酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.63~65℃(1it[18]62~64℃);1
H
NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)艿:2.58(s,CH3,
3H),7.80"--7.66(m,ArH,2H),7.35~7.46(m,ArH,2H),8.19(s,ArH,1H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)
艿:27.56,121.94,122.44,124.15,124.61,126.70,129.60,138.80,139.54,191.64.
2一苯甲酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.45一..48℃(1itLl8J47~48℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)艿:6.82~7.03(m,ArH,5H),32~7.40(m,ArH,4H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)8:122.78,123.33,124.57,125.01,126.91,
127.83,128.86,131.71,136.85,137.04,139.41,142.41,189.85.
3一苯甲酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.50~53℃(1it[18]52~53℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)艿:8.48(s,ArH,1H),6.88~7.05(m,ArH,5H),7.27~7.40(m,ArH,4H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)8:121.78,122.45,
124.53,125.03,126.91,127.83,128.67,131.71,133.83,138.14,138.52,141.86,188.71.
3,3
7一二苯并噻吩乙二酮:m.P.167~169℃(1it[19]166~168℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)8:7.45~
7.5l(m,ArH,2H);7.89~7.92(d,J一7.2H,ArH,1H);8.07(s,ArH,1H);8.54~8.56(d,J=7.2Hz,
ArH,1H).13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)艿:120.21,122.36,124.91,125.60,136.36,136.62,137.19,140.09,】84.96。
2结果与讨论
傅一克反应属于碳正离子对芳烃的亲电取代反应,在通常情况下,未取代的五员杂环芳烃比未取代的苯更容易进行傅一克反应,而且产物是异构体的混合物.以苯并噻吩为例,在凯库勒共振体中2、3位都存在较强的活性,容易被碳正离子进攻[20。.另外,Klasinc[2¨根据M0法计算了苯并噻吩环上的丌电子密度,结果表明环上的电子云分布不均,3位比2位稍大(Scheme1),因此在反应中导致异构体产物含量不同.产物的比例与催化剂的种类及用量、反应物的加入顺序、温度和溶剂有关,一般以3位酰化产物为主.
示意图1苯并噻吩的共振式结构
Scheme1
2.1
Resonance[ormofthebenzothiopherLe
非微波条件下酰基化的条件优化
以苯并噻吩和乙酰氯为底物,无水三氯化铝为催化剂,反应12h,就反应温度、溶剂和催化剂用量对酰
基化产物的产率影响进行了讨论(表1,P92).
山西大学学报(自然科学版)
表1
A1CIs作用下苯并噻吩(BT)和乙酰氯(AC)的酰基化反应
Table1
AICl3catalyzedacylationofBTwithAC
Entry
n(BT)。n(AC)。n(A1C13)
11
11
T/℃
15151535151515
SolventCH2C12CH2C12CH2C12CH2C12PhN02
53655563525250
12
●123222
12
●
12
●
1i
l2
●
1
11
12
●
1
12
●
Cs2
CH2C1CH2Cl
12
●2
由表1可知,增加无水三氯化铝的用量,酰基化产物的产率增大,但用量加到苯并噻吩的3倍时,产率有所降低.反应温度从室温15℃增加到35℃时,乙酰基苯并噻吩的产率变化不大.在反应温度相同的条件下,以二氯甲烷为溶剂时乙酰基苯并噻吩的产率较好.
2.2
酰基化试剂和催化剂对酰基化反应的影响
在上述优化的反应条件下,即苯并噻吩、酰化剂和催化剂的摩尔比为1:1.2:2、反应12h、溶剂为二氯甲烷的条件下,研究了其它酰化试剂和催化剂对反应的影响(如表2).由表2可知,在苯并噻吩和乙酰氯的反应中,FeCl。、ZnClz催化活性低于A1CI。,而FeCl。在催化苯并噻吩与苯甲酰氯的反应时,酰化产物的产率有所提高.FeCl。和A1C1。催化乙酸酐的酰基化反应的效果与乙酰氯的相当。
表2酰基化试剂和催化剂对反应的影响
Table2
Entry
12345678
Effectofacylationreagentsandcatalysts
reagent
on
thereaction
AcylationCatalystAICl3FeCl。ZnCl2
T/℃15(室温)15(室温)15(室温)
0000
Yield。/%
6560556868706259
乙酰氯乙酰氯乙酰氯乙酰氯苯甲酰氯苯甲酰氯乙酸酐乙酸酐
A1Cl。0AICl3FeCl3A1C1aFeCl3
2.3微波辐射下苯并噻吩的酰基化反应2.3.1苯并噻吩和乙酰氯的酰基化反应
首先进行了在微波作用下,苯并噻吩、酰化剂和催化剂的摩尔比为1:1.2:2,溶剂为二氯甲烷的乙酰
基化反应(如表3).
表3微波辐射下苯并噻吩(BT)和乙酰氯(ACl的酰基化反应
Table3
Entry
1234456789
4
Acylation
ofBTwithACundermicrowaveirradiation
Cony/%
75809090
Regioisomers4(C2:C3)
0.61O.570.650.570.570.580.890.900.860.90
CatalystAlCl3AlCl。AlCl3AlCl,AlCl3AlCl3FeCl。FeCl3FeCl3FeCl,
MW—assisted£/min(power/W)
5(196)10(196)15(196)15(260)
Yield6/%
80838565868030818768
20(196)8530(196)5(196)
9536
10(196)4015(196)20(196)byusingHPLC.
9868
SeleetivitiesweredeterminedIsolatedyieldsbased
on
6
benzothiopheneused
张变香等:微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
由表3可知,AICI。催化下微波照射20min、功率为196W,产率达到最大值86%,比常规反应条件下提高了20%.微波照射15min、功率为260W时,出现了黑色副产物.微波对FeCl。催化的反应有较大影响,
5
min后原料转化率为36%,产率为30%,随着微波照射时间的增加,转化率和产率都有所增大,微波照射rain后原料转化率都达到最大值98%.微波照射FeCl。催化下,苯并噻吩2、3位酰基化产物的比例都在图1是在FeCl。催化下苯并噻吩与乙酰氯的反应体系在常规反应10min与微波辐射10min后,反应混
15
0.9左右,3位产物稍稍多于2位产物,选择性上不如A1C1。催化的酰基化反应(比例在0.6左右).合液的液相色谱对比图,可以看出微波辐射下原料的转化率、产物的收率都有了明显提高.
6100
5∞
400
3∞
200100
0
图1微波辐射与常规条件下酰基化反应的比较
Fig.1
Relativeanalysisoftheacylationundermicrowaveradiationand
normalconditionbyusingHPLC
2.3.2微波辐射下FeCl。的用量对酰基化反应的影响
由以上结果得知,FeCl。对苯并噻吩与苯甲酰氯的酰基化反应有较好的催化效果,因此讨论了在二氯甲烷为溶剂,FeCl。的用量对酰基化反应的影响(表4).
表4微波辐射下FeCl。催化的苯并噻吩(BT)与苯甲酰氯(BC)的反应
Table4
Entry123456
4
FeCl3catalyzedacylationofBTwithBCundermierowave-irradition
n(BT)。n(BC)。n(FeCl3)
1:1.2
l
MW—assistedt/min(power/W)
30(196)30(196)30(260)15(196)15(196)15(196)
Cony8/%
345051599867
Yield6/%
334850688766
0.02
1:1.2:0.051:1.2:0.11
l
1.2
z
l
1:1.2:21:1.2:3
SelectivitiesweredeterminedbyusingHPLCIsolatedyieldsbased
on
6
benzothiopheneused
由表4可知,增加催化剂FeCl。的用量,苯并噻吩的转化率和酰基化产物的产率都有所增大,当催化剂FeCI。的用量为2倍时,苯并噻吩的转化率最好;再增加催化剂的用量,转化率和产率下降,可能是过多的FeCl。包裹了FeCl。的络合物,使FeCI。的络合物不能和苯并噻吩充分反应.
2.3.3
苯并噻吩与草酰氯的酰基化反应
在以A1C1。为催化剂、微波的输出功率为260W时,草酰氯和苯并噻吩的反应选择性地得到了3,3’一二苯并噻吩乙二酮,讨论结果如表5所示.
表5微波作用下苯并噻吩(BT)和草酰氯(OC)的酰基化的反应
Table5
Entry1。2345c60
AcylationofBTwithOCundermicrowave-irraditiona
SolventCH2C12
MW—assistedt/rain
not
Cony/%
7032.195929598
Yield“/oA
143776364837
used
2525252525
CS2
CH2C12CH2CICH2ClCH2CICH2ClCH2CICH2Cl
4n(苯并噻吩)2n(草酰氯)tn(AICl3)=l:1.2:2
6
Isolatedyieldsbased
on
benzothiopheneused.
‘n(苯并噻吩)。n(草酰氯)。n(AICl3)一1:2.2:2。n(苯并噻吩)#n(草酰氯):n(AICl3)一2:1.2:2
94
山西大学学报(自然科学版)34(1)2011
由表5可知,以CH。C1:为溶剂,苯并噻吩和草酰氯在微波中进行反应,苯并噻吩的转化率和3,3,_二苯并噻吩乙二酮的产率较高.因为CHzClz能溶解A1C1。复合物,有利于碳正离子的生成,选择性地得到碳正离子亲电取代产物;CH:clcH:cl虽然转化率较高,但得到的副产物较多,无论苯并噻吩与草酰氯的摩尔比为1:2.2或是2:1,亲电取代产物的产率大约都在40%;CS。对AICl。复合物溶解性较差,碳正离子亲电取代反应相对较缓慢,苯并噻吩的转化率较低.以FeCl。为催化剂,CS:为溶剂时几乎没有发生反应;CH:C1:
为溶剂时,产率较低.
根据Friedel-Crafts反应机理,苯并噻吩与草酰氯在AICl。作用下的反应符合碳正离子亲电取代反应历程,催化剂首先和草酰氯生成复合物,形成碳正离子进攻苯并噻吩环上电子云密度较高的3位,得到3,3'-二苯并噻吩乙二酮(Scheme2).这一结果类似于[Emim-]C1一AICl。离子液体催化草酰氯与蒽的反应[221,与A1C1。催化下草酰氯和萘的反应主要生成二萘甲酮有所不同心引.
e
≮一?
cl,
、cl
A1C1,
毽吖o《
Scheme2
A
示意图23,3'-二苯并噻吩乙二酮的合成机理
Syntheticmechanismof3,3'-dibenzothiopheneenthyldione
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[15]SarbaniP,BinduP,DubeyPK,eta1.Transition-metal/LewisAcidFreeSynthesisofAcylBenzothiophenesviaC-CBond
Forming
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[16]Kappe[17]Kappe
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erocyclCompounds,1987,14(8):831—833.
[193Campaigne。ENeiss,ESBenzo[b]thiophenederivatives.VIII.Benzo[b]thiophene-3一earboxaldehyde
and
derivatives[J].
JHeterocyclChem,1966,3(1):46—50.
[20]FarrarMW,Levine
Thiophenesand
R.CondensationsEffectedbyAcidicCatalysts.IV.TheAcylationofSubstitutedand
Condensed
Furans[J].J
AmChemSoc,1950,72(10):4433—4436.
[21]Klasinc
L,Pop
E,TrinajsticN,eta1.TheOreticalStudiesofPositionalIsomersObtainedbyAnnelationofBenzeneand
5-memberedRingHeterocycticsContainingNitrogen,Oxygen,orSulphur[J].Tetrahedron,28:3465—3474.
[22]陈敏,张春燕,袁新华,等.[Emim]Cl—A1C1s离子液体催化蒽与草酰氯的Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应[J].化学试剂,2007,
29(10):628-630.
[z33伍林,易德莲,秦晓蓉,等.萘与草酰氯反应机理的探讨[J].武汉科技大学学报:自然科学版,2005,28(2):166—168.
Microwave-Enhanced
Friedel—CraftsacylationofBenzothiophene
ZHANGBian-xiang,SHIGao-sheng,WANGQiong,YANGQi,KANGJing—ling
(SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,ShanxiUniversity,Taiyuan030006,China)
Abstract:TheFriedel-Craftsacylationreactionsofbenzothiophenewereinvestigatel,andtheeffectofmi-crowaveradiation
on
thereactionwasdiscussed.The
structures
ofproductswerecharacterizedby
1
HNMR
and”CNMR.TheyieldandC—z/c一3isomerratiooftheproductsweredeterminedbyhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC).Theeffectsofvariousconditions
on
thereactionwereinvestigatedby
HPLCanalysis.Intheresult,weobtainedselectively3,3’一dibenzothiopheneethyldioneinthereactionofbenzothiopheneandoxalylchloride,andfoundthatcomparedwiththenormaltemperaturereactionfor12hours,microwaveradiationreactionneeded25minutes,andyieldcouldincreasedby20%.Keywords:microwaveradiation;benzothiophenederivatives;Friedel—Craftsacylation
微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅-克酰基化反应
作者:作者单位:刊名:英文刊名:年,卷(期):
张变香, 石高升, 王琼, 杨祺, 康婧玲, ZHANG Bian-xiang, SHI Gao-sheng,WANG Qiong, YANG Qi, KANG Jing-ling山西大学化学化工学院,山西,太原,030006
山西大学学报(自然科学版)
JOURNAL OF SHANXI UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION)2011,34(1)
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5.Kobayashi K;Horiuchi M;Fukamachi S An Efficient Synthesis of 3-aryl-2-aryl(ormethyl)sulfanylbenzo[b]Thiophenes Via Cyclization of Aryl 2-aryl(ormethyl)Sulfanylmethylsulfanylphenyl Ketones[外文期刊] 2009(46)
6.Mehta S;Waldo T P;Larock R C Competition Studies in Alkyne Electrophilic Cyclization Reactions2008(03)
7.Yoshida S;Yorimitsu H;Oshima K Synthesis of Benzo[b]Thiophenes by Cyclization of ArylketeneDithioacetal Monoxides under Pummerer-like Conditions[外文期刊] 2007(26)
8.Jeong H J;Yoon U Y;Jang S U A New Zn/TiC14/LiAlH4 Mediated Approach to 2-Aryl-or 2-Alkyl-Substituted Benzothiophenes via Intramolecular Cyclization 2007
9.Nakamura I;Sato T;Yamamoto Y Gold-Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbothiolation of Alkynes:Synthesis of2,3-Disubstituted Benzothiophenes from (crAlkoxy Alkyl) (ortho-Alkynyl Phenyl) Sulfides 2006(27)10.Hessian K O;Flynn B L Iodine-Induced Reaction Cascades for the Rapid Construction of VariouslySubstituted Benzothiophenes[外文期刊] 2003(23)
11.Yang S M;Shie J J;Fang J M Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzothiophenes and Sulfur-ContainingPolycyclic Aromatic Compounds via Samarium Diiodide Promoted Three-Component Coupling Reactions ofThiophene-2-carboxylate[外文期刊] 2002(15)
12.Mitsudo K;Thansandote P;Wilhelm T Selectively Substituted Thiophenes and Indoles by a TandemPalladium Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction 2006(18)
13.David E;Perrin J;Lmaire M Efficient Access to 2-Aryl-3-Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes[外文期刊]2005(09)
14.Maehara A;Surugi H;Satoh T Regioselective C-H Functionalization Directed by a Removable CarboxylGroup,Palladium-Catalyzed Vinylation at the Unusual Position of Indole and Related Heteroaromatic
Rings[外文期刊] 2008(06)
15.Sarbani P;Bindu P;Dubey P K Transition-metal/Lewis Acid Free Synthesis of Acyl Benzothiophenesvia C-C Bond Forming Reaction 2007(35)
16.Kappe C O Microwave Dielectric Heating in Synthetic Organic Chemistry[外文期刊] 2008(06)17.Kappe C O Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis[外文期刊] 2004(46)
18.Yuldashev KH YU Acylation of Benzothiophene in the Presence of Small Amounts of Ferric Chloride1987(08)
19.Campaigne.E;Neiss.E S Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives.Ⅷ.Benzo[b]thiophene-3-earboxaldehyde andderivatives 1966(01)
20.Farrar M W;Levine R Condensations Effected by Acidic Catalysts.IV.The Acylation of Substitutedand Condensed Thiophenes and Furans 1950(10)
21.Klasinc L;Pop E;Trinajstic N The Oretical Studies of Positional Isomers Obtained by Annelation ofBenzene and 5-membered Ring Heterocyclics Containing Nitrogen,Oxygen,or Sulphur
22.陈敏;张春燕;袁新华 [Emim]Cl-AlCl3离子液体催化蒽与草酰氯的Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应[期刊论文]-化学试剂 2007(10)
23.伍林;易德莲;秦晓蓉 萘与草酰氯反应机理的探讨[期刊论文]-武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版) 2005(02)
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2. 许艳晓 双咪唑啉钳形铂和钯化合物及其催化的不对称傅克烷基化反应[学位论文]2010
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本文链接:http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_sxdxxb201101018.aspx
山西大学学报(自然科学版)34(1):90~95,2011JournalofShanxiUniversity(Nat.Sei.Ed.)
文章编号:0253・2395(2011)01—0090—06
微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
张变香,石高升,王琼,杨祺,康婧玲
(山西大学化学化工学院,山西太原030006)
摘要:进行了苯并噻吩与酸酐、乙酰氟、苯甲酰氯和草酰氯的傅一克酰基化反应,探究了微波辐射对该反应的影响.通过1HNMR、”CNMR对产物的结构进行了表征,采用高效液相色谱法测定了产物的产率与产物异构体的比例.
结果表明,在苯并噻吩与草酰氯的反应中选择性地得到了3,3’一二苯并噻吩乙二酮,并且常温下12h进行的反应在微波辐射下反应时间缩短为25min,产率比常温反应提高了20%.关键词:微波辐射;苯并噻吩衍生物;傅一克酰基化
中图分类号:0626
文献标识码:A
苯并噻吩、噻吩衍生物是自然界中存在的含硫杂原子的环状化合物之一,不仅是重要的有机合成中间体,而且作为医药、农药、机能性材料等的基本骨架近年来被广泛利用¨4].然而带有功能性基团的小分子苯并噻吩,作为原料因其合成步骤多产率低而使得价格昂贵.有关合成此类化合物的报道较多,主要类型有苯衍生物和噻吩衍生物的关环反应[512];带有卤素或羧基取代基的苯并噻吩的偶联反应[12-143.以无取代基的苯并噻吩为原料一步合成苯并噻吩衍生物的报道较少[1引,寻找简便有效的合成苯并噻吩衍生物的方法具有重
要的意义.
微波作用下的有机反应具有反应时间短、收率高、副反应少、操作简便及环境友好等优点,近年来在有机合成尤其是杂环化合物的合成中得到了广泛的应用[16d71.本文用微波催化和传统的加热回流两种方法对苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应进行了研究,讨论了催化剂的种类和用量、反应溶剂、温度、加样方式对反应的影响.结果表明:微波催化与传统的加热回流方法相比,具有反应速度快、转化率和选择性好等优点.
1
实验部分
1-l仪器与试剂
予华X一4数字显示显微熔点测定仪;岛津UV一265型紫外可见光谱仪;Bruker仪(5mm样品管,内标为TMS,溶剂为CDCl。,测试温度25℃,1
300.40MHz和75.45
HNMR和13C
DRX一300MHz核磁共振
NMR的工作频率分别为
MHz),P20011型高效液相色谱仪.本实验所用试剂苯并噻吩(BT)、乙酰氯(AC)、苯
甲酰氯(BC)、酸酐(AA)、草酰氯(0C)均为分析纯.
1.2
常温与微波辐射下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
在装有恒压滴液漏斗、冷凝管(带有干燥管)的100mL三El烧瓶中放入磁搅拌子,在冰浴中依次加入苯
并噻吩、溶剂、催化剂,搅拌均匀后,在i0~30min内缓慢加入酰基化试剂,滴加完毕后,恢复至室温反应,反应中通过薄层硅胶板(TLC)跟踪.反应完全后,将混合物置入冰水中,滴加盐酸酸解.反应终止后,用乙醚萃取,有机层用饱和碳酸氢钠和氯化钠溶液各洗两次,用无水硫酸镁干燥,减压蒸去有机溶剂,所得粗产物用柱层析分离(CH。C1::竹一Hexane=1:1),通过液相色谱法计算转化率和2位、3位酰基化产物的比例(反应式如下式所示).
收稿日期:2010-09-13;修回日期:20100lI-13
基金项目:留学回国人员科研启动基金(2006);山西省自然科学基金(2007011022)
作者简介:张变香(1968一),女,山西太谷人,博士,副教授,从事有机合成和杂原子化学研究.E—mail:zbxthh@SXU.edu.
张变香等:微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
91
cocl
兰:堡型!.
R
5'h
∞一∞
1.3产物的数据
co)2旦
除了苯并噻吩与草酰氯的微波辐射反应,其它的微波反应的加药品方式与常温相同,加完药品后,将长颈烧瓶转入微波反应器中,设置恒定功率及反应时间,反应后处理与常温反应的方法相同.草酰氯与苯并噻吩的微波反应的加药品依次为溶剂、催化剂、草酰氯试剂,搅拌均匀后,在10"--'30min内缓慢加入苯并噻吩.
2一乙酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.83~84℃(1it[18]83~84℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)8:2.94(s,Me,3H),7.37--.7.93(m,ArH,5H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)8:27.06,123.24,125.23,126.15,127.68,
129.96,139.33,142.83,144.18,192.57.
3一乙酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.63~65℃(1it[18]62~64℃);1
H
NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)艿:2.58(s,CH3,
3H),7.80"--7.66(m,ArH,2H),7.35~7.46(m,ArH,2H),8.19(s,ArH,1H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)
艿:27.56,121.94,122.44,124.15,124.61,126.70,129.60,138.80,139.54,191.64.
2一苯甲酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.45一..48℃(1itLl8J47~48℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)艿:6.82~7.03(m,ArH,5H),32~7.40(m,ArH,4H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)8:122.78,123.33,124.57,125.01,126.91,
127.83,128.86,131.71,136.85,137.04,139.41,142.41,189.85.
3一苯甲酰基苯并噻吩:m.P.50~53℃(1it[18]52~53℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)艿:8.48(s,ArH,1H),6.88~7.05(m,ArH,5H),7.27~7.40(m,ArH,4H);13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)8:121.78,122.45,
124.53,125.03,126.91,127.83,128.67,131.71,133.83,138.14,138.52,141.86,188.71.
3,3
7一二苯并噻吩乙二酮:m.P.167~169℃(1it[19]166~168℃);1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)8:7.45~
7.5l(m,ArH,2H);7.89~7.92(d,J一7.2H,ArH,1H);8.07(s,ArH,1H);8.54~8.56(d,J=7.2Hz,
ArH,1H).13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)艿:120.21,122.36,124.91,125.60,136.36,136.62,137.19,140.09,】84.96。
2结果与讨论
傅一克反应属于碳正离子对芳烃的亲电取代反应,在通常情况下,未取代的五员杂环芳烃比未取代的苯更容易进行傅一克反应,而且产物是异构体的混合物.以苯并噻吩为例,在凯库勒共振体中2、3位都存在较强的活性,容易被碳正离子进攻[20。.另外,Klasinc[2¨根据M0法计算了苯并噻吩环上的丌电子密度,结果表明环上的电子云分布不均,3位比2位稍大(Scheme1),因此在反应中导致异构体产物含量不同.产物的比例与催化剂的种类及用量、反应物的加入顺序、温度和溶剂有关,一般以3位酰化产物为主.
示意图1苯并噻吩的共振式结构
Scheme1
2.1
Resonance[ormofthebenzothiopherLe
非微波条件下酰基化的条件优化
以苯并噻吩和乙酰氯为底物,无水三氯化铝为催化剂,反应12h,就反应温度、溶剂和催化剂用量对酰
基化产物的产率影响进行了讨论(表1,P92).
山西大学学报(自然科学版)
表1
A1CIs作用下苯并噻吩(BT)和乙酰氯(AC)的酰基化反应
Table1
AICl3catalyzedacylationofBTwithAC
Entry
n(BT)。n(AC)。n(A1C13)
11
11
T/℃
15151535151515
SolventCH2C12CH2C12CH2C12CH2C12PhN02
53655563525250
12
●123222
12
●
12
●
1i
l2
●
1
11
12
●
1
12
●
Cs2
CH2C1CH2Cl
12
●2
由表1可知,增加无水三氯化铝的用量,酰基化产物的产率增大,但用量加到苯并噻吩的3倍时,产率有所降低.反应温度从室温15℃增加到35℃时,乙酰基苯并噻吩的产率变化不大.在反应温度相同的条件下,以二氯甲烷为溶剂时乙酰基苯并噻吩的产率较好.
2.2
酰基化试剂和催化剂对酰基化反应的影响
在上述优化的反应条件下,即苯并噻吩、酰化剂和催化剂的摩尔比为1:1.2:2、反应12h、溶剂为二氯甲烷的条件下,研究了其它酰化试剂和催化剂对反应的影响(如表2).由表2可知,在苯并噻吩和乙酰氯的反应中,FeCl。、ZnClz催化活性低于A1CI。,而FeCl。在催化苯并噻吩与苯甲酰氯的反应时,酰化产物的产率有所提高.FeCl。和A1C1。催化乙酸酐的酰基化反应的效果与乙酰氯的相当。
表2酰基化试剂和催化剂对反应的影响
Table2
Entry
12345678
Effectofacylationreagentsandcatalysts
reagent
on
thereaction
AcylationCatalystAICl3FeCl。ZnCl2
T/℃15(室温)15(室温)15(室温)
0000
Yield。/%
6560556868706259
乙酰氯乙酰氯乙酰氯乙酰氯苯甲酰氯苯甲酰氯乙酸酐乙酸酐
A1Cl。0AICl3FeCl3A1C1aFeCl3
2.3微波辐射下苯并噻吩的酰基化反应2.3.1苯并噻吩和乙酰氯的酰基化反应
首先进行了在微波作用下,苯并噻吩、酰化剂和催化剂的摩尔比为1:1.2:2,溶剂为二氯甲烷的乙酰
基化反应(如表3).
表3微波辐射下苯并噻吩(BT)和乙酰氯(ACl的酰基化反应
Table3
Entry
1234456789
4
Acylation
ofBTwithACundermicrowaveirradiation
Cony/%
75809090
Regioisomers4(C2:C3)
0.61O.570.650.570.570.580.890.900.860.90
CatalystAlCl3AlCl。AlCl3AlCl,AlCl3AlCl3FeCl。FeCl3FeCl3FeCl,
MW—assisted£/min(power/W)
5(196)10(196)15(196)15(260)
Yield6/%
80838565868030818768
20(196)8530(196)5(196)
9536
10(196)4015(196)20(196)byusingHPLC.
9868
SeleetivitiesweredeterminedIsolatedyieldsbased
on
6
benzothiopheneused
张变香等:微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅一克酰基化反应
由表3可知,AICI。催化下微波照射20min、功率为196W,产率达到最大值86%,比常规反应条件下提高了20%.微波照射15min、功率为260W时,出现了黑色副产物.微波对FeCl。催化的反应有较大影响,
5
min后原料转化率为36%,产率为30%,随着微波照射时间的增加,转化率和产率都有所增大,微波照射rain后原料转化率都达到最大值98%.微波照射FeCl。催化下,苯并噻吩2、3位酰基化产物的比例都在图1是在FeCl。催化下苯并噻吩与乙酰氯的反应体系在常规反应10min与微波辐射10min后,反应混
15
0.9左右,3位产物稍稍多于2位产物,选择性上不如A1C1。催化的酰基化反应(比例在0.6左右).合液的液相色谱对比图,可以看出微波辐射下原料的转化率、产物的收率都有了明显提高.
6100
5∞
400
3∞
200100
0
图1微波辐射与常规条件下酰基化反应的比较
Fig.1
Relativeanalysisoftheacylationundermicrowaveradiationand
normalconditionbyusingHPLC
2.3.2微波辐射下FeCl。的用量对酰基化反应的影响
由以上结果得知,FeCl。对苯并噻吩与苯甲酰氯的酰基化反应有较好的催化效果,因此讨论了在二氯甲烷为溶剂,FeCl。的用量对酰基化反应的影响(表4).
表4微波辐射下FeCl。催化的苯并噻吩(BT)与苯甲酰氯(BC)的反应
Table4
Entry123456
4
FeCl3catalyzedacylationofBTwithBCundermierowave-irradition
n(BT)。n(BC)。n(FeCl3)
1:1.2
l
MW—assistedt/min(power/W)
30(196)30(196)30(260)15(196)15(196)15(196)
Cony8/%
345051599867
Yield6/%
334850688766
0.02
1:1.2:0.051:1.2:0.11
l
1.2
z
l
1:1.2:21:1.2:3
SelectivitiesweredeterminedbyusingHPLCIsolatedyieldsbased
on
6
benzothiopheneused
由表4可知,增加催化剂FeCl。的用量,苯并噻吩的转化率和酰基化产物的产率都有所增大,当催化剂FeCI。的用量为2倍时,苯并噻吩的转化率最好;再增加催化剂的用量,转化率和产率下降,可能是过多的FeCl。包裹了FeCl。的络合物,使FeCI。的络合物不能和苯并噻吩充分反应.
2.3.3
苯并噻吩与草酰氯的酰基化反应
在以A1C1。为催化剂、微波的输出功率为260W时,草酰氯和苯并噻吩的反应选择性地得到了3,3’一二苯并噻吩乙二酮,讨论结果如表5所示.
表5微波作用下苯并噻吩(BT)和草酰氯(OC)的酰基化的反应
Table5
Entry1。2345c60
AcylationofBTwithOCundermicrowave-irraditiona
SolventCH2C12
MW—assistedt/rain
not
Cony/%
7032.195929598
Yield“/oA
143776364837
used
2525252525
CS2
CH2C12CH2CICH2ClCH2CICH2ClCH2CICH2Cl
4n(苯并噻吩)2n(草酰氯)tn(AICl3)=l:1.2:2
6
Isolatedyieldsbased
on
benzothiopheneused.
‘n(苯并噻吩)。n(草酰氯)。n(AICl3)一1:2.2:2。n(苯并噻吩)#n(草酰氯):n(AICl3)一2:1.2:2
94
山西大学学报(自然科学版)34(1)2011
由表5可知,以CH。C1:为溶剂,苯并噻吩和草酰氯在微波中进行反应,苯并噻吩的转化率和3,3,_二苯并噻吩乙二酮的产率较高.因为CHzClz能溶解A1C1。复合物,有利于碳正离子的生成,选择性地得到碳正离子亲电取代产物;CH:clcH:cl虽然转化率较高,但得到的副产物较多,无论苯并噻吩与草酰氯的摩尔比为1:2.2或是2:1,亲电取代产物的产率大约都在40%;CS。对AICl。复合物溶解性较差,碳正离子亲电取代反应相对较缓慢,苯并噻吩的转化率较低.以FeCl。为催化剂,CS:为溶剂时几乎没有发生反应;CH:C1:
为溶剂时,产率较低.
根据Friedel-Crafts反应机理,苯并噻吩与草酰氯在AICl。作用下的反应符合碳正离子亲电取代反应历程,催化剂首先和草酰氯生成复合物,形成碳正离子进攻苯并噻吩环上电子云密度较高的3位,得到3,3'-二苯并噻吩乙二酮(Scheme2).这一结果类似于[Emim-]C1一AICl。离子液体催化草酰氯与蒽的反应[221,与A1C1。催化下草酰氯和萘的反应主要生成二萘甲酮有所不同心引.
e
≮一?
cl,
、cl
A1C1,
毽吖o《
Scheme2
A
示意图23,3'-二苯并噻吩乙二酮的合成机理
Syntheticmechanismof3,3'-dibenzothiopheneenthyldione
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Microwave-Enhanced
Friedel—CraftsacylationofBenzothiophene
ZHANGBian-xiang,SHIGao-sheng,WANGQiong,YANGQi,KANGJing—ling
(SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,ShanxiUniversity,Taiyuan030006,China)
Abstract:TheFriedel-Craftsacylationreactionsofbenzothiophenewereinvestigatel,andtheeffectofmi-crowaveradiation
on
thereactionwasdiscussed.The
structures
ofproductswerecharacterizedby
1
HNMR
and”CNMR.TheyieldandC—z/c一3isomerratiooftheproductsweredeterminedbyhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC).Theeffectsofvariousconditions
on
thereactionwereinvestigatedby
HPLCanalysis.Intheresult,weobtainedselectively3,3’一dibenzothiopheneethyldioneinthereactionofbenzothiopheneandoxalylchloride,andfoundthatcomparedwiththenormaltemperaturereactionfor12hours,microwaveradiationreactionneeded25minutes,andyieldcouldincreasedby20%.Keywords:microwaveradiation;benzothiophenederivatives;Friedel—Craftsacylation
微波促进下苯并噻吩的傅-克酰基化反应
作者:作者单位:刊名:英文刊名:年,卷(期):
张变香, 石高升, 王琼, 杨祺, 康婧玲, ZHANG Bian-xiang, SHI Gao-sheng,WANG Qiong, YANG Qi, KANG Jing-ling山西大学化学化工学院,山西,太原,030006
山西大学学报(自然科学版)
JOURNAL OF SHANXI UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION)2011,34(1)
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