动词的时态和语态

教学目标:

了解几种常考时态的基本用法,并能够在真实的情景中灵活使用各种时态进行日常交际。 教学重点:

一般过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、一般将来时、将来完成时的基本用法。 教学难点:

1. 搞清楚几组动词时态的区别:过去进行时和一般过去时时,一般过去时和过去完成时,现在完成时的区别。

2. 各种时态以及含情态动词的被动形式和应用。

动词的时态和语态

动词的时态

在主动语态中,高中英语中常见的有12种时态。各种时态的谓语动词的一般

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一. 一般现在时:

1. 表示现在的习惯,经常发生的动作或存在的状态:

Every evening, after supper, he sits down with a cup of coffee before the television. Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food.

2. 表示真理,事实或自然规律: The earth moves round the sun in 365 days.

The moon travels round the earth once every month. 3.表示按规定、计划、安排或时间表将要发生的情况: When does the train leave?

The train from Liverpool arrives at 11: 15.

在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来的概念。()引起时间状语从句的连词有:when, after, before, until, as soon as;引起条件状语从句的连词有:if, unless; so (as) long as。

I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free.

二. 现在进行时:

1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作:

Tom, I’m speaking to you. Are you listening?

2. 表示目前这个阶段正在进行着的动作: The population of the world is increasing rapidly.

3. 表示说话人厌恶、批评,不喜欢等感情色彩,常与always,constantly, forever等连用:

She is always leaving things about.

They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating. 4. 表示近期即将发生的动作: They are leaving for Tibet next Monday. 注:不能用进行时态的动词

1. 心智状态 know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, prefer, mean

2. 感情状态 love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind, care 3. 归属关系 possess, have, own, belong 4. 感官动词 taste, smell, hear, feel, see, notice 5. 系动词 seem, look, appear,

6. 其他动词cost, owe, weigh, be, exist, consist of, contain, include, happen

三. 现在完成时:

1. 表示过去开始持续到现在的状况或完成的动作,通常与yet, already, by this time, just, ever, never, now, before, several times, since, up to now, so far, recently, lately, for a long time, in the last / past few years等连用: It has rained every day so far this month.

Mr. Ball has just called on Mrs. Zhu to give her a message.

2. 表示已有的经历,往往强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果: Who has taken my camera? I put it here a moment ago. 3. 在时间、条件状语从句中代替将来完成时: Don’t go out until you have washed your clothes. Please give the book to Lily if you have finished reading it.

四. 现在完成进行时:

表示由过去开始,延续到现在并且可能还会继续进行的动作。一般可以翻译成“一直。。。”,常与the whole day, all morning或for和since连用: People have been talking of it a lot recently. Pippa’s parents have been waiting for them.

The soldiers have been struggling against the flood day and night for a week.

五. 一般过去时:

1. 表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, ago, in 1989, at that time等表示过去的时间状语连用:

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When and where did you shoot that bear?

The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could. 2. 表示过去的习惯性动作、过去反复发生的事:

In those days he took his wife and children to the cinema at least once a week. 3. 句中没有时间状语时,可依据上下文进行推测:

Tom’s father is a teacher now, but he worked as a doctor for 10 years. 不知道动作的起止点,唯一可以确定的是起止点都发生在过去,要用过去时,而不能用现在完成时,即便是有for加时间段。

六.过去进行时:

1. 注:进行时态的两种概念

现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念:瞬间概念和阶段概念。 ①现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时,现在进行时的时态特点是,动作已经开始,正在过程中,但尚未结束。 Our country is getting stronger and stronger. I’m getting on well with my English.

过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示过去的“点时间”的时间状语表达出来,表示过去的某个时间点正在进行的动作。 I was doing my homework this time yesterday. Mother was cooking when I came home.

②阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”,现在进行时表示的事现阶段进行的动作;而过去进行时表示在过去的一段时间内一直在做的动作,至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。

He is writing a new novel these days.(没有干其他的事情) The workers were building a bridge last year.

2. 表示过去某个动作正在进行时,另一个动作(突然)发生:

We were playing football when it began to rain.当我们正在踢球的时候,突然下起了雨。

七. 过去完成时:

1. 表示在过去某一活动以前已经完成了的动作。简单地说,过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”,常与for, since, already, after, never, before, by the time等连用:

The performance had started before we found our seats.

She had typed all the letters by the time her boss arrived at the office. 2.表示动作或某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间: He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital. By the end of last year, she had taught in this school for 30 years.

3. 表示过去未实现的希望或计划,常与hope, expect, suppose, mean, think, want等连用:

She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans.

八.过去完成进行时:表示从过去某时起持续到过去另一时间的动作,可能刚刚终止,也可能继续下去。与现在完成进行时用法相似,只是以过去时间为着眼点。

He had been working there for three years before he moved to London.

九.过去将来时:

表示过去某个时候将要发生的事或计划、打算要做的事。

Heme that his father was in hospital and that he would go to see him after work.

They that they would build a dam to control flood.

十.一般将来时:

1. ① will表示预见或说话人说话的时刻才考虑到的, There will be a new movie shown at the Globe Cinema tonight. I will leave in an hour.

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② 还可以表示客观规律必然发生的事情:

Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side.

He will be 20 next year.

③ 承诺

Don’t be late. I won’t. Be careful, I will.

--- Tom, I thought I asked you to fix the radio. --- Sorry, I forget, but I will do it now. 注:

如果条件从句表示将来发生的动作或状态,主句中常用will,从句用一般现在时表示。

If you go to England, you will like the food there .

如果不是表示将来的时间,而是表示“意愿、坚持、推论”等,will也可用于条件句,为情态动词。

If you will learn English , I’ll help you .你若愿意学习英语,我将帮助你。 If you will kindly wait a moment , I’ll ask him to go there with you . 你若耐心等一会的话,我将叫他和你一起去那儿。

2.be going to do 表示按照计划,打算或安排要做的事,主语是人; 表示已经有迹象将要发生的事,主语是物: I’m going to stay here until tomorrow night.

Look at these black clouds . —It’s going to rain . I’m afraid I’m going to have a bad cold.

注:一般来说,“意图”是事先经过考虑的,用be going to表示;反之则用will。will还多用于对话中,即一方听了对方的话后所作出的反应。 A. They’re going to meet at the school gate . B. ——Please bring me a cup of tea . ——I’ll do it in a minute .

3. be+ doing(come, leave, reach, return, go, start out, meet, open, die, arrive)

等瞬间动作表示“来去”“出发”“到达”等的词语和表示未来的时间副词连用,表示近期将发生的动作:

—When will they leave? —They are leaving very soon. Aunt Lucy is returning home from New Zealand next week. Is anybody seeing you off?

4. be about to表示马上发生,最近的将来,“就要”,“即将”,不能和at once, immediately和具体时间的词语连用,常用于be about to do …, when…: The plane is about to take off when the police received a phone call, saying that a bomb might have been planted on it. 5. be to do

① 表示按照计划或安排将要发生的动作= be going to We are to meet at the zoo. ② 表示强烈的意愿、想要,

You must study hard, if you are to succeed. ③ 强制,主动权不在主语

No one is to leave the room without the police’s permission.

十一.将来完成时:

1. 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响,经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用:

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.

2. 表示推测,相当于must have done: You will have heard of this, I guess. I am sure he will have got the information.

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【相关知识及运用】

1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别:

上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方,这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关,彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同,才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。 ①一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。

In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge.

向读者陈述1775年所发生的故事的地点、人物等有关信息。

②现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去,但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系,语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况:

a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。

----Would you go to see the film with me this evening? ----Sorry, I have seen it before.

have seen the film的动作肯定发生在过去,对现在的影响是“我不想和你去看了”。

b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since一类时间状语。

I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)

We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years. (20年前发生的 “live”,一直延续到现在)

③过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点,由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态,它必须有一个过去的动作为参照,比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作,就没有过去完成时,即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。 When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

got to the cinema是过去的动作,had begun则发生在got to the cinema 之前。

注:某些固定句型中的固定时态

This / That / It is the first time +从句(用现在完成时) It’s / has been +一段时间+since从句(用过去时)

Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +从句(用过去时) It will be +一段时间+before从句(用一般现在时) It was +一段时间+before从句(用过去时) It’s time+从句(用过去时或should do) would rather+从句(用一般过去时/过去完成时)

2. 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别:

①过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性,着眼于动作的过程;一般过去时表示动作的完成,即动作发生过,且已结束,着眼于结果。

She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)

She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚写了,并且写好了) 过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩。 ②He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌) 注:时态的呼应

在复合句,从句(主要是宾语从句)中的时态,常受主句谓语动词的影响,这就叫做时态的呼应,时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。

1. 如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态,其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态,She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.

2. 如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态,从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态,但要注意到下列情况:

①如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时。 She said she was busy then.

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②如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句中须用过去完成时。

I didn’t know that she had been to London twice.

③如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后,从句须用过去将来时。

They didn’t know when they would have a rest.

④如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象,虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时。

When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.

⑤如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语,虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句仍用一般过去时;但如果该状语表示的时间不具体,则从句仍要用过去完成时。 Tome said he was born in 1975.

动词的语态

语态是表示主语、谓语和宾语之间相互关系的动词形式。在英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分。主动语态所表达的主、谓、宾之间的关系是:主语发出或执行谓语动作,谓语动作的对象或承受者为宾语。即主语同谓语具有语意上的逻辑关系,谓语同宾语具有语意上的逻辑关系。被动语态所表达的关系是:动作的承受者做句子的主语,这时句子的主语和谓语之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。被动语态的基本形式:(助动词 / 情态动词 ) be + 过去分词。

主动表被动

1. 某些连系动词如look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel等,习惯以主动语态形式表示被动的意义。例如:

The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来香。 Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 The silk feels soft.丝绸摸起来很软。

但是,当上述动词不用作系动词时,则不具有这种用法。例如: Pepper can be tasted in the soup.汤里有胡椒粉的味道。

2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear, begin, start, finish, end, keep等词用作不及物动词表示主语的某种属性、特征或所处状态(常与easily, quickly, well等副词连用),而非强调动作本身时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。例如: The table can’t move.这桌子移不动。

The door is easily locked.这门容易锁上。 The poem reads smoothly.这诗读起来很流畅。 但是,有的时候也要看具体情况而定,例如: This book sells well. So far, 200 books have been sold out. 这种书卖得很好,到目前,已经卖出了两百本。 The sentence was read clearly by her. 这个句子她读得很清楚。

3. 在be worth doing,need / want / require doing (to be done)结构中,其后的动名词一定是以主动语态的形式表示被动意义。例如:The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。

The plant needs watering twice a week.这种花一星期要浇两次。 The baby wants looking after.这个小孩需要照看。

4. 不定式to blame, to let, to seek用做表语时,通常用主动表被动意义。例如:Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢?

A better way is yet to seek..还得找一种更好的办法。

5. 在“be +形容词+to do”的结构中,即不定式在作表语的形容词后充当状语,同时省略了不定时动作的执行者,此时习惯上以主动形式表示被动意义。这些

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形容词通常有difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, enough, sure, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, good, important等。例如:

The text is easy (for us ) to understand.这篇课文容易理解. That article is difficult to write.那篇文章难写。

The chair is very comfortable to sit on.这椅子坐起来很舒服。

6. 不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时(此时不定式与其所修饰的名词或代词之间存在动宾关系),如果句子中的另一名词或代词与该不定式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,则此时不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:

I have a meeting to attend.我有一个会议要参加。(其中I是不定式to attend的逻辑主语)

Have you a letter to send?你要去寄信吗?(you是to send的逻辑主语)。 但是,当不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则不定式就需要用被动语态。例如:

Have you a letter to be sent? 你有信要我去寄吗?

(该句中不定式to be sent与主句主语you之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。)

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教学目标:

了解几种常考时态的基本用法,并能够在真实的情景中灵活使用各种时态进行日常交际。 教学重点:

一般过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、一般将来时、将来完成时的基本用法。 教学难点:

1. 搞清楚几组动词时态的区别:过去进行时和一般过去时时,一般过去时和过去完成时,现在完成时的区别。

2. 各种时态以及含情态动词的被动形式和应用。

动词的时态和语态

动词的时态

在主动语态中,高中英语中常见的有12种时态。各种时态的谓语动词的一般

1

一. 一般现在时:

1. 表示现在的习惯,经常发生的动作或存在的状态:

Every evening, after supper, he sits down with a cup of coffee before the television. Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food.

2. 表示真理,事实或自然规律: The earth moves round the sun in 365 days.

The moon travels round the earth once every month. 3.表示按规定、计划、安排或时间表将要发生的情况: When does the train leave?

The train from Liverpool arrives at 11: 15.

在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来的概念。()引起时间状语从句的连词有:when, after, before, until, as soon as;引起条件状语从句的连词有:if, unless; so (as) long as。

I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free.

二. 现在进行时:

1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作:

Tom, I’m speaking to you. Are you listening?

2. 表示目前这个阶段正在进行着的动作: The population of the world is increasing rapidly.

3. 表示说话人厌恶、批评,不喜欢等感情色彩,常与always,constantly, forever等连用:

She is always leaving things about.

They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating. 4. 表示近期即将发生的动作: They are leaving for Tibet next Monday. 注:不能用进行时态的动词

1. 心智状态 know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, prefer, mean

2. 感情状态 love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind, care 3. 归属关系 possess, have, own, belong 4. 感官动词 taste, smell, hear, feel, see, notice 5. 系动词 seem, look, appear,

6. 其他动词cost, owe, weigh, be, exist, consist of, contain, include, happen

三. 现在完成时:

1. 表示过去开始持续到现在的状况或完成的动作,通常与yet, already, by this time, just, ever, never, now, before, several times, since, up to now, so far, recently, lately, for a long time, in the last / past few years等连用: It has rained every day so far this month.

Mr. Ball has just called on Mrs. Zhu to give her a message.

2. 表示已有的经历,往往强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果: Who has taken my camera? I put it here a moment ago. 3. 在时间、条件状语从句中代替将来完成时: Don’t go out until you have washed your clothes. Please give the book to Lily if you have finished reading it.

四. 现在完成进行时:

表示由过去开始,延续到现在并且可能还会继续进行的动作。一般可以翻译成“一直。。。”,常与the whole day, all morning或for和since连用: People have been talking of it a lot recently. Pippa’s parents have been waiting for them.

The soldiers have been struggling against the flood day and night for a week.

五. 一般过去时:

1. 表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, ago, in 1989, at that time等表示过去的时间状语连用:

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When and where did you shoot that bear?

The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could. 2. 表示过去的习惯性动作、过去反复发生的事:

In those days he took his wife and children to the cinema at least once a week. 3. 句中没有时间状语时,可依据上下文进行推测:

Tom’s father is a teacher now, but he worked as a doctor for 10 years. 不知道动作的起止点,唯一可以确定的是起止点都发生在过去,要用过去时,而不能用现在完成时,即便是有for加时间段。

六.过去进行时:

1. 注:进行时态的两种概念

现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念:瞬间概念和阶段概念。 ①现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时,现在进行时的时态特点是,动作已经开始,正在过程中,但尚未结束。 Our country is getting stronger and stronger. I’m getting on well with my English.

过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示过去的“点时间”的时间状语表达出来,表示过去的某个时间点正在进行的动作。 I was doing my homework this time yesterday. Mother was cooking when I came home.

②阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”,现在进行时表示的事现阶段进行的动作;而过去进行时表示在过去的一段时间内一直在做的动作,至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。

He is writing a new novel these days.(没有干其他的事情) The workers were building a bridge last year.

2. 表示过去某个动作正在进行时,另一个动作(突然)发生:

We were playing football when it began to rain.当我们正在踢球的时候,突然下起了雨。

七. 过去完成时:

1. 表示在过去某一活动以前已经完成了的动作。简单地说,过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”,常与for, since, already, after, never, before, by the time等连用:

The performance had started before we found our seats.

She had typed all the letters by the time her boss arrived at the office. 2.表示动作或某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间: He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital. By the end of last year, she had taught in this school for 30 years.

3. 表示过去未实现的希望或计划,常与hope, expect, suppose, mean, think, want等连用:

She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans.

八.过去完成进行时:表示从过去某时起持续到过去另一时间的动作,可能刚刚终止,也可能继续下去。与现在完成进行时用法相似,只是以过去时间为着眼点。

He had been working there for three years before he moved to London.

九.过去将来时:

表示过去某个时候将要发生的事或计划、打算要做的事。

Heme that his father was in hospital and that he would go to see him after work.

They that they would build a dam to control flood.

十.一般将来时:

1. ① will表示预见或说话人说话的时刻才考虑到的, There will be a new movie shown at the Globe Cinema tonight. I will leave in an hour.

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② 还可以表示客观规律必然发生的事情:

Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side.

He will be 20 next year.

③ 承诺

Don’t be late. I won’t. Be careful, I will.

--- Tom, I thought I asked you to fix the radio. --- Sorry, I forget, but I will do it now. 注:

如果条件从句表示将来发生的动作或状态,主句中常用will,从句用一般现在时表示。

If you go to England, you will like the food there .

如果不是表示将来的时间,而是表示“意愿、坚持、推论”等,will也可用于条件句,为情态动词。

If you will learn English , I’ll help you .你若愿意学习英语,我将帮助你。 If you will kindly wait a moment , I’ll ask him to go there with you . 你若耐心等一会的话,我将叫他和你一起去那儿。

2.be going to do 表示按照计划,打算或安排要做的事,主语是人; 表示已经有迹象将要发生的事,主语是物: I’m going to stay here until tomorrow night.

Look at these black clouds . —It’s going to rain . I’m afraid I’m going to have a bad cold.

注:一般来说,“意图”是事先经过考虑的,用be going to表示;反之则用will。will还多用于对话中,即一方听了对方的话后所作出的反应。 A. They’re going to meet at the school gate . B. ——Please bring me a cup of tea . ——I’ll do it in a minute .

3. be+ doing(come, leave, reach, return, go, start out, meet, open, die, arrive)

等瞬间动作表示“来去”“出发”“到达”等的词语和表示未来的时间副词连用,表示近期将发生的动作:

—When will they leave? —They are leaving very soon. Aunt Lucy is returning home from New Zealand next week. Is anybody seeing you off?

4. be about to表示马上发生,最近的将来,“就要”,“即将”,不能和at once, immediately和具体时间的词语连用,常用于be about to do …, when…: The plane is about to take off when the police received a phone call, saying that a bomb might have been planted on it. 5. be to do

① 表示按照计划或安排将要发生的动作= be going to We are to meet at the zoo. ② 表示强烈的意愿、想要,

You must study hard, if you are to succeed. ③ 强制,主动权不在主语

No one is to leave the room without the police’s permission.

十一.将来完成时:

1. 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响,经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用:

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.

2. 表示推测,相当于must have done: You will have heard of this, I guess. I am sure he will have got the information.

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【相关知识及运用】

1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别:

上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方,这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关,彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同,才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。 ①一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。

In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge.

向读者陈述1775年所发生的故事的地点、人物等有关信息。

②现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去,但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系,语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况:

a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。

----Would you go to see the film with me this evening? ----Sorry, I have seen it before.

have seen the film的动作肯定发生在过去,对现在的影响是“我不想和你去看了”。

b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since一类时间状语。

I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)

We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years. (20年前发生的 “live”,一直延续到现在)

③过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点,由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态,它必须有一个过去的动作为参照,比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作,就没有过去完成时,即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。 When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

got to the cinema是过去的动作,had begun则发生在got to the cinema 之前。

注:某些固定句型中的固定时态

This / That / It is the first time +从句(用现在完成时) It’s / has been +一段时间+since从句(用过去时)

Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +从句(用过去时) It will be +一段时间+before从句(用一般现在时) It was +一段时间+before从句(用过去时) It’s time+从句(用过去时或should do) would rather+从句(用一般过去时/过去完成时)

2. 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别:

①过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性,着眼于动作的过程;一般过去时表示动作的完成,即动作发生过,且已结束,着眼于结果。

She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)

She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚写了,并且写好了) 过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩。 ②He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌) 注:时态的呼应

在复合句,从句(主要是宾语从句)中的时态,常受主句谓语动词的影响,这就叫做时态的呼应,时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。

1. 如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态,其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态,She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.

2. 如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态,从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态,但要注意到下列情况:

①如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时。 She said she was busy then.

5

②如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句中须用过去完成时。

I didn’t know that she had been to London twice.

③如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后,从句须用过去将来时。

They didn’t know when they would have a rest.

④如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象,虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时。

When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.

⑤如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语,虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句仍用一般过去时;但如果该状语表示的时间不具体,则从句仍要用过去完成时。 Tome said he was born in 1975.

动词的语态

语态是表示主语、谓语和宾语之间相互关系的动词形式。在英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分。主动语态所表达的主、谓、宾之间的关系是:主语发出或执行谓语动作,谓语动作的对象或承受者为宾语。即主语同谓语具有语意上的逻辑关系,谓语同宾语具有语意上的逻辑关系。被动语态所表达的关系是:动作的承受者做句子的主语,这时句子的主语和谓语之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。被动语态的基本形式:(助动词 / 情态动词 ) be + 过去分词。

主动表被动

1. 某些连系动词如look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel等,习惯以主动语态形式表示被动的意义。例如:

The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来香。 Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 The silk feels soft.丝绸摸起来很软。

但是,当上述动词不用作系动词时,则不具有这种用法。例如: Pepper can be tasted in the soup.汤里有胡椒粉的味道。

2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear, begin, start, finish, end, keep等词用作不及物动词表示主语的某种属性、特征或所处状态(常与easily, quickly, well等副词连用),而非强调动作本身时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。例如: The table can’t move.这桌子移不动。

The door is easily locked.这门容易锁上。 The poem reads smoothly.这诗读起来很流畅。 但是,有的时候也要看具体情况而定,例如: This book sells well. So far, 200 books have been sold out. 这种书卖得很好,到目前,已经卖出了两百本。 The sentence was read clearly by her. 这个句子她读得很清楚。

3. 在be worth doing,need / want / require doing (to be done)结构中,其后的动名词一定是以主动语态的形式表示被动意义。例如:The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。

The plant needs watering twice a week.这种花一星期要浇两次。 The baby wants looking after.这个小孩需要照看。

4. 不定式to blame, to let, to seek用做表语时,通常用主动表被动意义。例如:Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢?

A better way is yet to seek..还得找一种更好的办法。

5. 在“be +形容词+to do”的结构中,即不定式在作表语的形容词后充当状语,同时省略了不定时动作的执行者,此时习惯上以主动形式表示被动意义。这些

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形容词通常有difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, enough, sure, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, good, important等。例如:

The text is easy (for us ) to understand.这篇课文容易理解. That article is difficult to write.那篇文章难写。

The chair is very comfortable to sit on.这椅子坐起来很舒服。

6. 不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时(此时不定式与其所修饰的名词或代词之间存在动宾关系),如果句子中的另一名词或代词与该不定式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,则此时不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:

I have a meeting to attend.我有一个会议要参加。(其中I是不定式to attend的逻辑主语)

Have you a letter to send?你要去寄信吗?(you是to send的逻辑主语)。 但是,当不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则不定式就需要用被动语态。例如:

Have you a letter to be sent? 你有信要我去寄吗?

(该句中不定式to be sent与主句主语you之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。)

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