被动语态考点命题的四个切入点
1. 在语境中考查被动语态的用法
— I don’t suppose the police know who did it.
— Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _______ now.
A. has been questioned B. is being questioned
C. is questioning D. has questioned
答案为B。根据常识，被抓的嫌疑犯应该是“被”审问，故应用被动语态；再根据句末的now可知，应用现在进行时。
2. 利用汉语干扰考查被动语态
The water _______ cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.
A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels
答案为C。尽管句中的feel含有被动意味，但由于它是不及物动词，所以不能用于被动语态，故排除A和B；再根据其后的joined可知，应用一般过去时。
3. 综合考查被动语态与时态
I got caught in the rain and my suit _______.
A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined
答案为C。此题可用排除法来做。根据my suit与ruin的关系可知，此处应用被动语态，故可排除选项A和B；再根据
get caught in the rain与be ruined的先后关系，显然应是先被雨淋，然后才是衣服被弄脏，所以不能选D。
4. 综合考查被动语态与虚拟语气
If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _______ in science and technology.
A. had discovered B. had been discovered
C. has discovered D. has been discovered
答案为D。此题可用排除法来做。根据what与discover的关系可知，此处应用被动语态，即指被发现的东西，故可排除选项A和C；由于句子使用了虚拟语气， 所以此题的迷惑性很大，许多考生会误选B。其实，由于句中的虚拟语气是对现的情况进行假设(注意句中的today)，而且“在科学和技术方面所取得的发现”指的是现在的事实，而非假设，所以此处要用现在完成时，而不能用过去完成时。
有关被动语态的几个重要考点
■将语态与主谓一致结合起来命题
1. All the employees except the manager ______to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
解析：主语是all the employees(复数) ，而不是the manager，排除答案A和C；又因all the employees与encourage是被动关系，要用被动语态，排除B，故选D。
2. A library with five thousand books _______to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
解析：a library是offer的承受者，要用被动语态，排除B和D；又因主语(library) 是单数，排除C；故选A。注意：with five thousand books是a library是定语。
■将语态与虚拟语气结合起来命题
—Don’t you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York?
— I agree, but the problem is ______ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B.not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
解析：因he与send是被动关系，排除D；又因it (is) necessary后的that从句的谓语要用“(should+) 动词原
形”，排除选项A；答句中的表语从句不缺任何句子成分，用that；故选B。
■将语态与倒装结合起来命题
Only after my friend came ______.
A. did the computer repaired B. be repaired the computer
C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired
解析：因the computer与repair是被动关系，排除A；又因only加状语置于句首，要用部分倒装，排除选项D和B；故选C。
■将固定短语中的名词作主语来增加句子理解难度
Good care must ______babies, particularly while they are ill.
A. take B. take of C. be taken D. be taken of
解析：由固定短语take good care of(好好照看) 是可知，good care与take是被动关系，排除A和B；选项C中又漏掉了of；故选D。
■在语境中将语态与时态结合起来命题
1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
解析：因people与persuade是被动关系，排除A和B。又因为主语是一般将来时，条件句中用一般现在时，所以选D。
2. Hundreds of jobs ______if the factory closes.
A. lose B. will be lost
C. are lost D. will lost
解析：因lose与jobs是被动关系，排除A和D；又因条件状语从句是一般现在时，主句中的谓语动词应当是一般将来时，故选B。
3. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______each year.
A. were washed away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
解析：因good earth(沃土) 与wash away(冲走) 是被动关系，排除C；又因quantities of„作主语，谓语动词用复数，排除B；指近阶段(近些年) 正在发生的事，用现在进行时，排除A；故选D。
4. —The window is dirty. —I know. It ______ for weeks.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
解析：由is和for weeks可知，要用现在完成时态，排除B和C；又因It (The window) 与clean是被动关系，要用被动语态，所以选D。
5. —George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to the wedding?
—No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
解析：因为I与invite是被动关系，又因为邀请应当发生在结婚之前，got married是过去，invite就该是过去的过去，所以用过去完成时的被动语态，只有C正确。
6. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2006.
A. has been completed B. has completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
解析：因“by+将来时间”通常与将来完成时连用，所以由
by 2006可排除A和B；又因为work与complete是被动关
系，所以要被动语态，只有C正确。
7. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If
not, you may ______run over by a car.
A. have B. get C.become
D. turn
解析：you与run over是被动关系，选项中只有get才可与
过去分词run构成被动语态，故选B。
英语被动语态总结
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：
主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.
主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓动
词的句子。
例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被
动语态在各种时态中的构成。
2. 九种时态的被动语态
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。9
一、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形
式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and
we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时
A new cinema is being built here．
4) was/were done 一般过去时
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the
offer.
5) had been done 过去完成时
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been
completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 过去进行时
A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it
arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） The project will have been completed before July.
10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用） He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分
词。
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变
为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was
given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语
变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was
caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动
结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A
stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不
能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在
哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这
时可省 by 短语)。
My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the
offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately
recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：
It is said that„ 据说„„
It is reported that„据报道„„
It is believed that„大家相信„„
It is hoped that„大家希望„„
It is well known that„众所周知„„
It is thought that„大家认为„„
It is suggested that„据建议„„
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝
The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身
有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”
是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run
out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式
表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词
和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book
is very worthy to be read．）
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式
表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things
是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较：
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行
者。)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out
省略了for me）.
5. 在too„ to„结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应
用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be„句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等
仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当
于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under
construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2. “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎„„胜过„„、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our
hope． 我们的成功始料不及。
The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3. “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过„„、
高于„„”。
His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character
cannot be praised enough．
4. “for+名 词”结构，表示 “适于„„、 为着„„”。
如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5. “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在„„过程中或范围内”常见
的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。 The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)专四语法
复习—被动语态误用辨析 来源：互联网 【考试大：天下考生的良师益友】 2011年1月
5日
1.中文：他们结婚两年了。
(误)They have married for two years.
(正)They have been married for two years.（表示已婚状态的持续，要用完成时的被动式。）
2.中文：他被所有学生嘲笑。
(误)He was laughed by all the pupils.
(正)He was laughed at by all the pupils.（不及物动词＋介词=及物动词，变被动语态时介词不能省略。）
3.中文：英语难学。
(误)English is difficult to be learned.
(正)English is difficult to learn.（英语难学=学英语难，也可说It's difficult to learn English。原句的主语实际上是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形式。）
4.中文：汤姆问我这些岛屿是否属于美国。
(误)Tom asked me if these islands are belonged to America. (正)Tom asked me if these islands belonged to America.
5.中文：中国发生了很大变化。
(误)Great changes have been taken place in China. (正)Great changes have taken place in China.
6.中文：战争于一九三七年爆发。
(误)The war was broken out in 1937.
(正)The war broke out in 1937.（take place，break out，happen，belong to等不及物动词或短语动词没有被动语态形式。）
7.中文：我看不清黑板。也许你需要检查你的眼睛。
(误)I can't see the blackboard very well.Perhaps you need to examine your eyes.
(正)I can't see the blackboard very well.Perhaps you need to have your eyes examined.（表示使某物被别人„，通常使用have或get＋物＋过去分词表示。）
8.中文：他命令马上开始工作。
(误)He ordered the work to start at once.
(正)He ordered the work to be started at once.（不定式作宾语补语时，若与宾语是被动关系，要用不定式的被动形式。）
9.中文：他试图不介入政治。
(误)He tried not to have mixed up in politics.
(正)He tried not to get mixed up in politics.（get作系动词，可代替be，后接过去分词表示被动，have无此功能。）
10.中文：据说他很富有。
(误)They say him to have been rich.
(正)He is said to have been rich.（say后不可接不定式，但它的被动语态后可接不定式。）
11.中文：那人被认为是个傻子。
(误)The man thought to be a fool.
(正)The man was thought to be a fool.（主语是动作的承受者而不是发出者，用被动语态。）专四语法复习之--被动语态误用辨析
过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
1. 过去分词用作表语时，其动作意味很弱，在功能上更接近形容词，它不仅可用于系动词be之后，也可根据需要用于其他系动词之后。如：
Be prepared! 大家准备好!
Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。
He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。
Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。
2. 被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强，它只能与助动词be（有时可能是get）构成被动结构，不宜用于其他动词之后。如：
He was driven away in a police car. 他被用警车带走了。
The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。
The food was cooked last night. 饭是昨天晚上做的。
所以如果语义需要，其后可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如：
He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的。
被动语态考点命题的四个切入点
1. 在语境中考查被动语态的用法
— I don’t suppose the police know who did it.
— Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _______ now.
A. has been questioned B. is being questioned
C. is questioning D. has questioned
答案为B。根据常识，被抓的嫌疑犯应该是“被”审问，故应用被动语态；再根据句末的now可知，应用现在进行时。
2. 利用汉语干扰考查被动语态
The water _______ cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.
A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels
答案为C。尽管句中的feel含有被动意味，但由于它是不及物动词，所以不能用于被动语态，故排除A和B；再根据其后的joined可知，应用一般过去时。
3. 综合考查被动语态与时态
I got caught in the rain and my suit _______.
A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined
答案为C。此题可用排除法来做。根据my suit与ruin的关系可知，此处应用被动语态，故可排除选项A和B；再根据
get caught in the rain与be ruined的先后关系，显然应是先被雨淋，然后才是衣服被弄脏，所以不能选D。
4. 综合考查被动语态与虚拟语气
If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _______ in science and technology.
A. had discovered B. had been discovered
C. has discovered D. has been discovered
答案为D。此题可用排除法来做。根据what与discover的关系可知，此处应用被动语态，即指被发现的东西，故可排除选项A和C；由于句子使用了虚拟语气， 所以此题的迷惑性很大，许多考生会误选B。其实，由于句中的虚拟语气是对现的情况进行假设(注意句中的today)，而且“在科学和技术方面所取得的发现”指的是现在的事实，而非假设，所以此处要用现在完成时，而不能用过去完成时。
有关被动语态的几个重要考点
■将语态与主谓一致结合起来命题
1. All the employees except the manager ______to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
解析：主语是all the employees(复数) ，而不是the manager，排除答案A和C；又因all the employees与encourage是被动关系，要用被动语态，排除B，故选D。
2. A library with five thousand books _______to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
解析：a library是offer的承受者，要用被动语态，排除B和D；又因主语(library) 是单数，排除C；故选A。注意：with five thousand books是a library是定语。
■将语态与虚拟语气结合起来命题
—Don’t you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York?
— I agree, but the problem is ______ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B.not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
解析：因he与send是被动关系，排除D；又因it (is) necessary后的that从句的谓语要用“(should+) 动词原
形”，排除选项A；答句中的表语从句不缺任何句子成分，用that；故选B。
■将语态与倒装结合起来命题
Only after my friend came ______.
A. did the computer repaired B. be repaired the computer
C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired
解析：因the computer与repair是被动关系，排除A；又因only加状语置于句首，要用部分倒装，排除选项D和B；故选C。
■将固定短语中的名词作主语来增加句子理解难度
Good care must ______babies, particularly while they are ill.
A. take B. take of C. be taken D. be taken of
解析：由固定短语take good care of(好好照看) 是可知，good care与take是被动关系，排除A和B；选项C中又漏掉了of；故选D。
■在语境中将语态与时态结合起来命题
1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
解析：因people与persuade是被动关系，排除A和B。又因为主语是一般将来时，条件句中用一般现在时，所以选D。
2. Hundreds of jobs ______if the factory closes.
A. lose B. will be lost
C. are lost D. will lost
解析：因lose与jobs是被动关系，排除A和D；又因条件状语从句是一般现在时，主句中的谓语动词应当是一般将来时，故选B。
3. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______each year.
A. were washed away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
解析：因good earth(沃土) 与wash away(冲走) 是被动关系，排除C；又因quantities of„作主语，谓语动词用复数，排除B；指近阶段(近些年) 正在发生的事，用现在进行时，排除A；故选D。
4. —The window is dirty. —I know. It ______ for weeks.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
解析：由is和for weeks可知，要用现在完成时态，排除B和C；又因It (The window) 与clean是被动关系，要用被动语态，所以选D。
5. —George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to the wedding?
—No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
解析：因为I与invite是被动关系，又因为邀请应当发生在结婚之前，got married是过去，invite就该是过去的过去，所以用过去完成时的被动语态，只有C正确。
6. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2006.
A. has been completed B. has completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
解析：因“by+将来时间”通常与将来完成时连用，所以由
by 2006可排除A和B；又因为work与complete是被动关
系，所以要被动语态，只有C正确。
7. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If
not, you may ______run over by a car.
A. have B. get C.become
D. turn
解析：you与run over是被动关系，选项中只有get才可与
过去分词run构成被动语态，故选B。
英语被动语态总结
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：
主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.
主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓动
词的句子。
例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被
动语态在各种时态中的构成。
2. 九种时态的被动语态
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。9
一、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形
式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and
we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时
A new cinema is being built here．
4) was/were done 一般过去时
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the
offer.
5) had been done 过去完成时
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been
completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 过去进行时
A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it
arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） The project will have been completed before July.
10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用） He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分
词。
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变
为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was
given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语
变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was
caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动
结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A
stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不
能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在
哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这
时可省 by 短语)。
My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the
offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately
recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：
It is said that„ 据说„„
It is reported that„据报道„„
It is believed that„大家相信„„
It is hoped that„大家希望„„
It is well known that„众所周知„„
It is thought that„大家认为„„
It is suggested that„据建议„„
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝
The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身
有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”
是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run
out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式
表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词
和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book
is very worthy to be read．）
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式
表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things
是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较：
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行
者。)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out
省略了for me）.
5. 在too„ to„结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应
用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be„句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等
仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当
于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under
construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2. “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎„„胜过„„、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our
hope． 我们的成功始料不及。
The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3. “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过„„、
高于„„”。
His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character
cannot be praised enough．
4. “for+名 词”结构，表示 “适于„„、 为着„„”。
如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5. “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在„„过程中或范围内”常见
的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。 The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)专四语法
复习—被动语态误用辨析 来源：互联网 【考试大：天下考生的良师益友】 2011年1月
5日
1.中文：他们结婚两年了。
(误)They have married for two years.
(正)They have been married for two years.（表示已婚状态的持续，要用完成时的被动式。）
2.中文：他被所有学生嘲笑。
(误)He was laughed by all the pupils.
(正)He was laughed at by all the pupils.（不及物动词＋介词=及物动词，变被动语态时介词不能省略。）
3.中文：英语难学。
(误)English is difficult to be learned.
(正)English is difficult to learn.（英语难学=学英语难，也可说It's difficult to learn English。原句的主语实际上是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形式。）
4.中文：汤姆问我这些岛屿是否属于美国。
(误)Tom asked me if these islands are belonged to America. (正)Tom asked me if these islands belonged to America.
5.中文：中国发生了很大变化。
(误)Great changes have been taken place in China. (正)Great changes have taken place in China.
6.中文：战争于一九三七年爆发。
(误)The war was broken out in 1937.
(正)The war broke out in 1937.（take place，break out，happen，belong to等不及物动词或短语动词没有被动语态形式。）
7.中文：我看不清黑板。也许你需要检查你的眼睛。
(误)I can't see the blackboard very well.Perhaps you need to examine your eyes.
(正)I can't see the blackboard very well.Perhaps you need to have your eyes examined.（表示使某物被别人„，通常使用have或get＋物＋过去分词表示。）
8.中文：他命令马上开始工作。
(误)He ordered the work to start at once.
(正)He ordered the work to be started at once.（不定式作宾语补语时，若与宾语是被动关系，要用不定式的被动形式。）
9.中文：他试图不介入政治。
(误)He tried not to have mixed up in politics.
(正)He tried not to get mixed up in politics.（get作系动词，可代替be，后接过去分词表示被动，have无此功能。）
10.中文：据说他很富有。
(误)They say him to have been rich.
(正)He is said to have been rich.（say后不可接不定式，但它的被动语态后可接不定式。）
11.中文：那人被认为是个傻子。
(误)The man thought to be a fool.
(正)The man was thought to be a fool.（主语是动作的承受者而不是发出者，用被动语态。）专四语法复习之--被动语态误用辨析
过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
1. 过去分词用作表语时，其动作意味很弱，在功能上更接近形容词，它不仅可用于系动词be之后，也可根据需要用于其他系动词之后。如：
Be prepared! 大家准备好!
Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。
He seemed embarrassed. 他似乎有点尴尬。
Soon he grew used to it. 不久他变得对它习惯了。
2. 被动语态中的过去分词动作意味较强，它只能与助动词be（有时可能是get）构成被动结构，不宜用于其他动词之后。如：
He was driven away in a police car. 他被用警车带走了。
The guests were introduced to Jane. 客人们被介绍给了简。
The food was cooked last night. 饭是昨天晚上做的。
所以如果语义需要，其后可以接表示动作执行者的by短语。如：
He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。
This tree was planted by my grandfather. 这棵树是我祖父种的。