判断
1.The name “cast iron” derives from the fact that there is only iron in cast irons 2.There are a lot of alloys in which there is no iron.
3.3.Tungsten can bear the temperature of 2000℃ in air.
4.There are more than one step in the process to make a plstic product。
5.The molecules of the polymers is very long. 6.The plastics are also a kind of polymers.
简答
1. How do you distinguish steel from cast iron?
2. How do you distinguish low alloy steel from high alloy steel? 3. How is the steel made?
4.If you want to have a high strength iron based material, what should you do? 5.What is the difference between the pig iron and the cast iron? 6.What is the function of the coke when producing pig iron?
7.What is the difference between the carbon steel and HSLA steel? 8.How are the good properties of the HSLA steels obtained? 9.Why the HSLA steel is so popular?
10.Generally speaking, what is the role of the elements such as chromium, nickel and tungsten in the high alloy steel? 11.By adding what elements into steel can we obtain austenite at room temperature? 12.What is the main property of the superalloy steel? 13. How is malleable cast iron obtained?
14. What is the function of the element of magnesium when it is added into the cast iron? 15. List the applications that the copper alloy may have. 16.How is the property of the plastics?
17.List some examples of products made of plastics.
18.What are the terms that can be used to substitute the name “polymer ”? 19.Are there any polymer materials natural? And what are they?
完成句子
1.A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel . Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties , which have made the development of electrical power possible.
2.These non-metallic constituents of cast iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these substances affects the behavior of the metal.
3.As mentioned above, alloy additions must be with care and justification because they are expensive.
4.Most surface coatings employed in industry and by consumers are based on synthetic polymers-that is, industrially produced substances composed of extremely large, often interconnected molecules that form tough, flexible, adhesive films when applied to surfaces.
5.The other component materials of surface coating are pigments, which provide colour, opacity ,gloss, and other properties; solvents or carrier liquids, which provide a liquid medium for applying the film forming ingredients; and additives, which provide a number of special properties.
6.Although ferrous alloys are used in the majority of metallic applications in current engineering designs, non-ferrous alloys play a large and indispensable role in our technology.
7.As for ferrous alloys, the list of non-ferrous alloys is, of course, long and complex. 8.The world production of aluminum roughly doubled in one recent 10 year period.
9. Magnesium alloys have even lower density than aluminum and , as a result, appear in numerous structural applications such as aerospace designs.
10.By contrast, magnesium is hcp with only three slip systems and characteristic brittleness.
11.Once formed, titanium ’s reactivity works to its advantage. A thin, tenacious oxide coating forms on its surface, giving excellent resistance to corrosion.
12.Lead alloys find use in battery grids (alloyed with calcium or antimony), solders (alloyed with tin), radiation shielding, and sound control structures.
13.The refractory metals include molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten.
14. This property of plasticity, often found in combination with other special properties such as low density, low electrical conductivity, transparency, and toughness, allows plastics to be made into a great variety of products.
翻译
1. Within the steel category, we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used. 对于钢的区分，我们要弄清楚的是是否含有有效量的合金元素而不是碳的含量。
2. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
这些合金元素的加入会使材料成本急剧增加，因此要慎重选择。
One should keep in mind that chemical compositions quoted in alloy designations are approximate and will vary slightly from product to product within acceptable limits of industrial quality control..
An interesting class of alloys known as high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels has emerged in response to requirements for weight reduction of vehicles.
It is brittle and may fracture under tension.
But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery .
We make wire and tubing from mild steel with a very low carbon content, and drills and cutting tools from high carbon steel.
The reasons for this are straightforward. The final product is strong and durable.
Stainless steels require alloy additions to prevent damage from a corrosive atmosphere. But the increasingly severe requirements of modern technology are justifying such costs.
Cast irons have relatively low melting temperatures and liquid phase viscosities, do not form undesirable surface films when poured, and undergo moderate shrinkage during solidification and cooling. 铸铁具有比较低的熔点和液相粘性。浇注时不成不需要的表面膜，并且在固化和冷却过程中收缩适度。 There are four general types of cast irons
Aluminum alloys are best known for low density and corrosion resistance. Electrical conductivity, ease of fabrication, and appearance are also attractive features.
Before that time, a practical method of separating titanium metal from reactive oxides and nitrides was not available. Superior corrosion resistance is exhibited in marine and other corrosive environments. The mechanical properties of these alloys rival the steels in their variability. High purity copper is an exceptionally soft material. Nickel alloys have much in common with copper alloys. Nickel is harder than copper, but Monel is harder than nickel.
Zinc alloys are ideally suited for die casting due to their low melting point and lack of corrosive reaction with steel crucibles and dies.
Lead alloys are durable and versatile materials. The lead pipes installed by the Romans at the public baths in Bath, England, nearly 2000 years ago are still in use. This method is termed as galvanization.
Excellent corrosion resistance combined with various inherent properties justify the many costly applications of these metals and alloys.
However, their general reactivity with oxygen requires the high temperature service to be in a controlled atmosphere or with protective coatings.
Polymers are chemical compounds that consist of long, chainlike molecules made up of multiple repeating units. Even embalming, the art for which ancient Egypt is famous, is based on the condensation and cross linking of proteins with formaldehyde.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
判断
1.The name “cast iron” derives from the fact that there is only iron in cast irons 2.There are a lot of alloys in which there is no iron.
3.3.Tungsten can bear the temperature of 2000℃ in air.
4.There are more than one step in the process to make a plstic product。
5.The molecules of the polymers is very long. 6.The plastics are also a kind of polymers.
简答
1. How do you distinguish steel from cast iron?
2. How do you distinguish low alloy steel from high alloy steel? 3. How is the steel made?
4.If you want to have a high strength iron based material, what should you do? 5.What is the difference between the pig iron and the cast iron? 6.What is the function of the coke when producing pig iron?
7.What is the difference between the carbon steel and HSLA steel? 8.How are the good properties of the HSLA steels obtained? 9.Why the HSLA steel is so popular?
10.Generally speaking, what is the role of the elements such as chromium, nickel and tungsten in the high alloy steel? 11.By adding what elements into steel can we obtain austenite at room temperature? 12.What is the main property of the superalloy steel? 13. How is malleable cast iron obtained?
14. What is the function of the element of magnesium when it is added into the cast iron? 15. List the applications that the copper alloy may have. 16.How is the property of the plastics?
17.List some examples of products made of plastics.
18.What are the terms that can be used to substitute the name “polymer ”? 19.Are there any polymer materials natural? And what are they?
完成句子
1.A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel . Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties , which have made the development of electrical power possible.
2.These non-metallic constituents of cast iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these substances affects the behavior of the metal.
3.As mentioned above, alloy additions must be with care and justification because they are expensive.
4.Most surface coatings employed in industry and by consumers are based on synthetic polymers-that is, industrially produced substances composed of extremely large, often interconnected molecules that form tough, flexible, adhesive films when applied to surfaces.
5.The other component materials of surface coating are pigments, which provide colour, opacity ,gloss, and other properties; solvents or carrier liquids, which provide a liquid medium for applying the film forming ingredients; and additives, which provide a number of special properties.
6.Although ferrous alloys are used in the majority of metallic applications in current engineering designs, non-ferrous alloys play a large and indispensable role in our technology.
7.As for ferrous alloys, the list of non-ferrous alloys is, of course, long and complex. 8.The world production of aluminum roughly doubled in one recent 10 year period.
9. Magnesium alloys have even lower density than aluminum and , as a result, appear in numerous structural applications such as aerospace designs.
10.By contrast, magnesium is hcp with only three slip systems and characteristic brittleness.
11.Once formed, titanium ’s reactivity works to its advantage. A thin, tenacious oxide coating forms on its surface, giving excellent resistance to corrosion.
12.Lead alloys find use in battery grids (alloyed with calcium or antimony), solders (alloyed with tin), radiation shielding, and sound control structures.
13.The refractory metals include molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten.
14. This property of plasticity, often found in combination with other special properties such as low density, low electrical conductivity, transparency, and toughness, allows plastics to be made into a great variety of products.
翻译
1. Within the steel category, we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used. 对于钢的区分，我们要弄清楚的是是否含有有效量的合金元素而不是碳的含量。
2. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
这些合金元素的加入会使材料成本急剧增加，因此要慎重选择。
One should keep in mind that chemical compositions quoted in alloy designations are approximate and will vary slightly from product to product within acceptable limits of industrial quality control..
An interesting class of alloys known as high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels has emerged in response to requirements for weight reduction of vehicles.
It is brittle and may fracture under tension.
But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery .
We make wire and tubing from mild steel with a very low carbon content, and drills and cutting tools from high carbon steel.
The reasons for this are straightforward. The final product is strong and durable.
Stainless steels require alloy additions to prevent damage from a corrosive atmosphere. But the increasingly severe requirements of modern technology are justifying such costs.
Cast irons have relatively low melting temperatures and liquid phase viscosities, do not form undesirable surface films when poured, and undergo moderate shrinkage during solidification and cooling. 铸铁具有比较低的熔点和液相粘性。浇注时不成不需要的表面膜，并且在固化和冷却过程中收缩适度。 There are four general types of cast irons
Aluminum alloys are best known for low density and corrosion resistance. Electrical conductivity, ease of fabrication, and appearance are also attractive features.
Before that time, a practical method of separating titanium metal from reactive oxides and nitrides was not available. Superior corrosion resistance is exhibited in marine and other corrosive environments. The mechanical properties of these alloys rival the steels in their variability. High purity copper is an exceptionally soft material. Nickel alloys have much in common with copper alloys. Nickel is harder than copper, but Monel is harder than nickel.
Zinc alloys are ideally suited for die casting due to their low melting point and lack of corrosive reaction with steel crucibles and dies.
Lead alloys are durable and versatile materials. The lead pipes installed by the Romans at the public baths in Bath, England, nearly 2000 years ago are still in use. This method is termed as galvanization.
Excellent corrosion resistance combined with various inherent properties justify the many costly applications of these metals and alloys.
However, their general reactivity with oxygen requires the high temperature service to be in a controlled atmosphere or with protective coatings.
Polymers are chemical compounds that consist of long, chainlike molecules made up of multiple repeating units. Even embalming, the art for which ancient Egypt is famous, is based on the condensation and cross linking of proteins with formaldehyde.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.