多样性 相同意思的多种表达
多样性(variety)
究竟选用哪种表达方法要以文章的连贯性为前提。
英语词汇讲究生动，富于变化。如果在文中需要不止一次表达同一概念，应使用各种同义词以达到殊途同归的目的。（这同时也是保证语篇连贯的一个手段。）
词汇的多样性
短语搭配的多样性
句型的多样性
可以从词汇的变化、短语的变化、和句法的变化这三方面阐述。
V ariety is the spice of writing. (写作富于变化才会妙笔生花。) 所谓变化，一是避免相同的文字在文章中的反复使用（可用同义词代替），二是避开庸俗老套的语言，追求富有新意、充满活力的表达。
俗话说，“言之无文，行之不远。”语言干瘪平淡，让人看了面目可憎。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响着作文水平的高低。在写作当中，我们要多多制造语言的闪光点，这体现在小到一个词，大到一个短语甚至句子，优秀的作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多学生用词面太狭窄，一提到“我认为”就用I think，此外别无其他表达。其实，英语中这类表达俯拾皆是：I believe//maintain/agree/assert/insist/claim/emphasize/point out/reckon/assume/cling to the idea that等等。越来越多的人：more and more people，尽管这种表达没有错误，但往往不能形成表达中的“闪光点”。People in growing/mounting/increasing/expanding numbers
要表达目的是：in order to, so as to太口语化了
不妨试试更好的表达：in a bid to, in an attempt to, with a view to, aim to, aim at, for the purpose of 等等。
“说”法种种：Admit, acknowledge, add, affirm, allege, analyze, argue, assert, boast, caution, challenge, claim, complain, concede, conclude, confess, contend, continue, contradict, declare, deny, disclose, dwell on, elaborate, exclaim, explain, go on, imply, insist, maintain, note, object, observe, pledge, proclaim, propound, protest, reaffirm, reiterate, recount, remark, reply, refute, retort, reveal, state, suggest, tell, urge
think → claim / suggest / believe / advocate / maintain / suppose
good → beneficial / profitable / helpful / sound / decent / positive
bad → harmful / detrimental / hazardous / negative
advantage → merit / virtue / benefit / profit / pro
disadvantage → demerit / drawback / flaw / shortcoming / cons
比如说表示因果关系的词语和词组就有十几种现分为两类说明：
表示因果关系的英语主动词
英语中，用于表示因果关系的方式很多。比如：介词from, at, through, due to, because of, owing to; 连接副词hence, therefore, thus; 从属连词：because, as, now that, in that, seeing that …therefore, since…then/in that case, on the ground(s) that, by reason that.另外，主动词（分为单词动词和词组动词两类）也可以表示逻辑上的因果关系。现分述如下
1）单词动词：arose, cause, elicit, engender, evoke, ignite, impel, induce
1. Her strange behavior aroused our suspicions.
2. The cold weather caused many animals to die.
3. Lung cancer elicited the death of those two people.
4. His stirring performance engendered our tension.
5. His failure evoked my sympathy.
6. His provocative remarks ignited their anger.
7. My brother’s success impelled me to greater efforts.
8. His illness was induced by overwork.
2）词组动词：arise out of/from, bring about, bring forth, bring on, contribute to, give birth to, give occasion to, give rise to, lead to, result from, result in, set off, stem from
1. Her mental problems arose out of/from her husband’s death.
2. The fall in oil prices brought about the increase in business activity.
3. Eating too much brought forth her sickness.
4. The fact that he had died from AIDS brought on a panic among the patients in his former patients.
5. Eating contaminated food contributed to his illness.
6. The flood gave birth to the collapse of that dam.
7. His negligence gave occasion to the accident.
8. Her disappearance gave rise to their anxiety.
9. Do you know what led to her failure?
10. His mother’s death resulted from a cancer on her breast.
11. The heavy rain resulted in the cancellation of that football match.
12. The inclement weather set off the spread of that disease.
13. Their discontent stemmed from low pay and poor working conditions.
“根据”说法种种
常见表达:according to… according as… in accordance with…
惯用短语：in line with… in keeping with… in agreement with… in conformity with… in unison with … in the spirit of… in view of… in the light of… in consideration of… with reference to… on the ground of…
1. In view of the above-mentioned facts, we wish to make the following proposals.
2.
量词的搭配
量词“口”
译为下列单词之一
Drink, breath, morsel, mouthful
词语搭配上的多样化表现
Enjoy/win a reputation as
Make a reputation as a classical scholar
Have/possess a good reputation
Lose one’s reputation
Blacken/damage/destroy/hurt/injure/wound/impair/ruin/smear/sully/soil/tarnish sb’s reputation
Acquire/gain/get/obtain/secure/receive information
Collect/gather/accumulate/assemble information
Share/exchange information
Leak/spill information
Update information
Break (off)/sever/ terminate relation with
Damage/impair/endanger/affect bilateral relations
Mend/repair relations with
Open/create/build up/form relation with
Re-establish/re-open/renew relations with
Enjoy friendly relations with
Adhere to a principle
Observe a principle
Accept/hole/maintain a principle
Establish/formulate/lay down a principle
Apply a principle to
Violate the principle of
Abandon/desert/forsake the principle of
Put into practice a principle
1. 至于，关于
With respect to/as regards/regarding/concerning/in point of/in relation to
With respect to the question whether small children should stay with their grandparents, many people hold onto the view that the young should live apart with the old as they are more often than spoiled with over-protection.
关于小孩子是否应该与祖父母一起生活的问题，很多人都认为老人往往娇惯孙辈，所以他们不要住在一起。
The police asked us many questions concerning/regarding the traffic accident but we failed to notice clearly what had happened because we were standing rather far away from the spot.
In point of her ability, knowledge and behavior, she is superior but what she is short of is a sense of responsibility which is of great importance for any admirable persons.
说到她的能力、学识和行为方式，她很出众，但是她缺乏责任感。而这一点对于任何值得尊
敬的人都很重要。
2. 同意，赞赏
Agree with/appreciate/be all for/express agreement with/in favor of/support/have every reason to believe/speak highly of/admit that
I speak highly of the selflessness I find in the heroes, but as to film stars I usually give some comments on their performance which is only their career. I do this just as I comment on a teacher ’s activity.
我高度赞赏英雄身上的无私精神。至于对电影明星我总是评价他们的表演而已，那是他们的职业。我评价他们的表演就像我评价老师的教学一样。
3. 值得称赞
Win the approval of/be worthy of praise/deserve commendation
Offering help to those who are in dire need of aid is worthy of praise, which is a good example of what true live means.
主动帮助急需帮助者的做法值得称赞。这样做才体现出什么是真正的爱。
4. 有道理
It stands to reason that/there is no denying that/it is wise to do/it is an effective way to do
Actually, it stands to reason that when one will think and behave in different ways if one is given some responsibility.
实际上，如果一个人被赋予责任，他考虑问题和做事就会不一样。这种说法有道理。
5. 无道理
It is doubtful that/it is not practical to do/it seems far-fetched(牵强)/be offensive to(有悖于)/there is no denying that
The hen’s promise seemed far-fetched. Therefore, we are not sure whether she really means what she pledged.
母鸡的承诺显得勉强。因此，我们不能肯定她是否会言不由衷。
11-11-16
句法方面的多样化
中国的英语学习者写英文句子时习惯用指人的名词开头，导致句子在形式上千人一面，缺少变化，这也是汉语思维习惯产生的结果，汉语多用人称开头。而英语的开头方式多种多样，不拘一格。追求句法方面的多样化，关键在于学会用灵活的方式开头。下面的例子当中，明显地第一句的表达都没有第二句表达地道。
a.He says one thing but does another.
b.What he does is not consistent with what he says.
他言行不一。
a.He still keeps thinking of the hunger he suffered in his childhood.
b.The memory of hunger in his childhood still haunts him.
儿时忍饥挨饿的回忆仍萦绕在他心头。
a.We know very little about the nature of human beings.
b.Little is known about the nature of human beings.
我们对人性知之甚少。
a.Many people think birth control is essential in China.
b.It is wildly held that birth control is essential in China.
人们普遍认为，在中国实行计划生育非常必要。
a.More and more people are aware that women should enjoy full equality with men.
b.There is a growing awareness that women should enjoy full equality with men.
越来越多的人认识到，妇女应该和男人完全平等。
a.He failed in doing things, which often made him depressed.
b.His failures often left him depressed.
他屡遭失败，经常令他抑郁消沉。
a.I suddenly have a splendid idea.
b.A splendid idea suddenly occurs to me.
我突然有了一个好主意。
a.He is always quick-witted.
b.Quick-wittedness never deserts him.
他总是很机智。
a.He began to look very alarmed.
b.Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
他开始变得惊恐万状。
The world history has seen more tears than laughter.
在世界历史上泪水比欢笑多。
The new century will see a significant and far-reaching change in China.
中国在新世纪将发生重大而深远的变化。
The year 2003 witnessed an unprecedented disastrous flood in Huai river basin.
2003年淮河流域发生了史无前例的洪灾。
September finds agreeable weather in Shanghai. 九月的上海天气宜人。
June 19, 1999 began as a usual Saturday morning with us on the road, me looking for the signs and Fred trying to find addresses.
1999年6月19日，像以往的每个周六一样，我们又上路了。我寻找各种招牌，男友弗莱德则努力寻找它们的位置。
Saturday mornings would find me in my car, newspaper in hand, hunting down sites.
每逢星期六早晨，我都会坐在车里，手里拿着报纸，到处寻找出售廉价货品的庭院。
From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. (Hewlett and Nowell Johnson, To China at Ninety)
一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。
Xiaomei ’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friend’s callous behavior.
句型的多样性和复杂性(varieties and complexities of sentence structures):要学会使用不同的句型，平时要注意多收集。写作中应使用简单句、并列句、复杂句及综合句。以下例句比较生动，要多模仿练习：
1) 强调句
F.D.Roosevelt was a man confined to the wheelchair, but it was he who put America again on its feet.
2) 介词短语
Only 2.2 kg of protein can be lost without death occurring.
He sat in an armchair nodding with a newspaper in the hand.
With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.
3) 分词
They have conducted investigation after investigation, thereby obtaining an enormous amount of data.
4) 倒装句
Not only did they lose all their money but also came close to losing their lives.
5) 比较
Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free but less stable.
6) 关键词重复
Earth provides enough for every man’s need, but not for every man’s greed.
There is no objective reality which can be looked at objectively .
7) 习惯表达
We are living in a highly challenging world, and we are always ready to challenge challenges. According to the information available to us, the success of our task depends on the availability of money.
8) 平常学习的时候可以积累的好句型。例如：
It goes without saying that the state-run enterprises should try every means to improve their quality and services in order to survive in the economic globalization.
Supposed you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely that you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
It does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.
An ancient Chinese saying that “Those who constantly feel satisfied tend to be happy ” is illustrative in this respect.
多样性 相同意思的多种表达
多样性(variety)
究竟选用哪种表达方法要以文章的连贯性为前提。
英语词汇讲究生动，富于变化。如果在文中需要不止一次表达同一概念，应使用各种同义词以达到殊途同归的目的。（这同时也是保证语篇连贯的一个手段。）
词汇的多样性
短语搭配的多样性
句型的多样性
可以从词汇的变化、短语的变化、和句法的变化这三方面阐述。
V ariety is the spice of writing. (写作富于变化才会妙笔生花。) 所谓变化，一是避免相同的文字在文章中的反复使用（可用同义词代替），二是避开庸俗老套的语言，追求富有新意、充满活力的表达。
俗话说，“言之无文，行之不远。”语言干瘪平淡，让人看了面目可憎。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响着作文水平的高低。在写作当中，我们要多多制造语言的闪光点，这体现在小到一个词，大到一个短语甚至句子，优秀的作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多学生用词面太狭窄，一提到“我认为”就用I think，此外别无其他表达。其实，英语中这类表达俯拾皆是：I believe//maintain/agree/assert/insist/claim/emphasize/point out/reckon/assume/cling to the idea that等等。越来越多的人：more and more people，尽管这种表达没有错误，但往往不能形成表达中的“闪光点”。People in growing/mounting/increasing/expanding numbers
要表达目的是：in order to, so as to太口语化了
不妨试试更好的表达：in a bid to, in an attempt to, with a view to, aim to, aim at, for the purpose of 等等。
“说”法种种：Admit, acknowledge, add, affirm, allege, analyze, argue, assert, boast, caution, challenge, claim, complain, concede, conclude, confess, contend, continue, contradict, declare, deny, disclose, dwell on, elaborate, exclaim, explain, go on, imply, insist, maintain, note, object, observe, pledge, proclaim, propound, protest, reaffirm, reiterate, recount, remark, reply, refute, retort, reveal, state, suggest, tell, urge
think → claim / suggest / believe / advocate / maintain / suppose
good → beneficial / profitable / helpful / sound / decent / positive
bad → harmful / detrimental / hazardous / negative
advantage → merit / virtue / benefit / profit / pro
disadvantage → demerit / drawback / flaw / shortcoming / cons
比如说表示因果关系的词语和词组就有十几种现分为两类说明：
表示因果关系的英语主动词
英语中，用于表示因果关系的方式很多。比如：介词from, at, through, due to, because of, owing to; 连接副词hence, therefore, thus; 从属连词：because, as, now that, in that, seeing that …therefore, since…then/in that case, on the ground(s) that, by reason that.另外，主动词（分为单词动词和词组动词两类）也可以表示逻辑上的因果关系。现分述如下
1）单词动词：arose, cause, elicit, engender, evoke, ignite, impel, induce
1. Her strange behavior aroused our suspicions.
2. The cold weather caused many animals to die.
3. Lung cancer elicited the death of those two people.
4. His stirring performance engendered our tension.
5. His failure evoked my sympathy.
6. His provocative remarks ignited their anger.
7. My brother’s success impelled me to greater efforts.
8. His illness was induced by overwork.
2）词组动词：arise out of/from, bring about, bring forth, bring on, contribute to, give birth to, give occasion to, give rise to, lead to, result from, result in, set off, stem from
1. Her mental problems arose out of/from her husband’s death.
2. The fall in oil prices brought about the increase in business activity.
3. Eating too much brought forth her sickness.
4. The fact that he had died from AIDS brought on a panic among the patients in his former patients.
5. Eating contaminated food contributed to his illness.
6. The flood gave birth to the collapse of that dam.
7. His negligence gave occasion to the accident.
8. Her disappearance gave rise to their anxiety.
9. Do you know what led to her failure?
10. His mother’s death resulted from a cancer on her breast.
11. The heavy rain resulted in the cancellation of that football match.
12. The inclement weather set off the spread of that disease.
13. Their discontent stemmed from low pay and poor working conditions.
“根据”说法种种
常见表达:according to… according as… in accordance with…
惯用短语：in line with… in keeping with… in agreement with… in conformity with… in unison with … in the spirit of… in view of… in the light of… in consideration of… with reference to… on the ground of…
1. In view of the above-mentioned facts, we wish to make the following proposals.
2.
量词的搭配
量词“口”
译为下列单词之一
Drink, breath, morsel, mouthful
词语搭配上的多样化表现
Enjoy/win a reputation as
Make a reputation as a classical scholar
Have/possess a good reputation
Lose one’s reputation
Blacken/damage/destroy/hurt/injure/wound/impair/ruin/smear/sully/soil/tarnish sb’s reputation
Acquire/gain/get/obtain/secure/receive information
Collect/gather/accumulate/assemble information
Share/exchange information
Leak/spill information
Update information
Break (off)/sever/ terminate relation with
Damage/impair/endanger/affect bilateral relations
Mend/repair relations with
Open/create/build up/form relation with
Re-establish/re-open/renew relations with
Enjoy friendly relations with
Adhere to a principle
Observe a principle
Accept/hole/maintain a principle
Establish/formulate/lay down a principle
Apply a principle to
Violate the principle of
Abandon/desert/forsake the principle of
Put into practice a principle
1. 至于，关于
With respect to/as regards/regarding/concerning/in point of/in relation to
With respect to the question whether small children should stay with their grandparents, many people hold onto the view that the young should live apart with the old as they are more often than spoiled with over-protection.
关于小孩子是否应该与祖父母一起生活的问题，很多人都认为老人往往娇惯孙辈，所以他们不要住在一起。
The police asked us many questions concerning/regarding the traffic accident but we failed to notice clearly what had happened because we were standing rather far away from the spot.
In point of her ability, knowledge and behavior, she is superior but what she is short of is a sense of responsibility which is of great importance for any admirable persons.
说到她的能力、学识和行为方式，她很出众，但是她缺乏责任感。而这一点对于任何值得尊
敬的人都很重要。
2. 同意，赞赏
Agree with/appreciate/be all for/express agreement with/in favor of/support/have every reason to believe/speak highly of/admit that
I speak highly of the selflessness I find in the heroes, but as to film stars I usually give some comments on their performance which is only their career. I do this just as I comment on a teacher ’s activity.
我高度赞赏英雄身上的无私精神。至于对电影明星我总是评价他们的表演而已，那是他们的职业。我评价他们的表演就像我评价老师的教学一样。
3. 值得称赞
Win the approval of/be worthy of praise/deserve commendation
Offering help to those who are in dire need of aid is worthy of praise, which is a good example of what true live means.
主动帮助急需帮助者的做法值得称赞。这样做才体现出什么是真正的爱。
4. 有道理
It stands to reason that/there is no denying that/it is wise to do/it is an effective way to do
Actually, it stands to reason that when one will think and behave in different ways if one is given some responsibility.
实际上，如果一个人被赋予责任，他考虑问题和做事就会不一样。这种说法有道理。
5. 无道理
It is doubtful that/it is not practical to do/it seems far-fetched(牵强)/be offensive to(有悖于)/there is no denying that
The hen’s promise seemed far-fetched. Therefore, we are not sure whether she really means what she pledged.
母鸡的承诺显得勉强。因此，我们不能肯定她是否会言不由衷。
11-11-16
句法方面的多样化
中国的英语学习者写英文句子时习惯用指人的名词开头，导致句子在形式上千人一面，缺少变化，这也是汉语思维习惯产生的结果，汉语多用人称开头。而英语的开头方式多种多样，不拘一格。追求句法方面的多样化，关键在于学会用灵活的方式开头。下面的例子当中，明显地第一句的表达都没有第二句表达地道。
a.He says one thing but does another.
b.What he does is not consistent with what he says.
他言行不一。
a.He still keeps thinking of the hunger he suffered in his childhood.
b.The memory of hunger in his childhood still haunts him.
儿时忍饥挨饿的回忆仍萦绕在他心头。
a.We know very little about the nature of human beings.
b.Little is known about the nature of human beings.
我们对人性知之甚少。
a.Many people think birth control is essential in China.
b.It is wildly held that birth control is essential in China.
人们普遍认为，在中国实行计划生育非常必要。
a.More and more people are aware that women should enjoy full equality with men.
b.There is a growing awareness that women should enjoy full equality with men.
越来越多的人认识到，妇女应该和男人完全平等。
a.He failed in doing things, which often made him depressed.
b.His failures often left him depressed.
他屡遭失败，经常令他抑郁消沉。
a.I suddenly have a splendid idea.
b.A splendid idea suddenly occurs to me.
我突然有了一个好主意。
a.He is always quick-witted.
b.Quick-wittedness never deserts him.
他总是很机智。
a.He began to look very alarmed.
b.Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
他开始变得惊恐万状。
The world history has seen more tears than laughter.
在世界历史上泪水比欢笑多。
The new century will see a significant and far-reaching change in China.
中国在新世纪将发生重大而深远的变化。
The year 2003 witnessed an unprecedented disastrous flood in Huai river basin.
2003年淮河流域发生了史无前例的洪灾。
September finds agreeable weather in Shanghai. 九月的上海天气宜人。
June 19, 1999 began as a usual Saturday morning with us on the road, me looking for the signs and Fred trying to find addresses.
1999年6月19日，像以往的每个周六一样，我们又上路了。我寻找各种招牌，男友弗莱德则努力寻找它们的位置。
Saturday mornings would find me in my car, newspaper in hand, hunting down sites.
每逢星期六早晨，我都会坐在车里，手里拿着报纸，到处寻找出售廉价货品的庭院。
From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. (Hewlett and Nowell Johnson, To China at Ninety)
一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。
Xiaomei ’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friend’s callous behavior.
句型的多样性和复杂性(varieties and complexities of sentence structures):要学会使用不同的句型，平时要注意多收集。写作中应使用简单句、并列句、复杂句及综合句。以下例句比较生动，要多模仿练习：
1) 强调句
F.D.Roosevelt was a man confined to the wheelchair, but it was he who put America again on its feet.
2) 介词短语
Only 2.2 kg of protein can be lost without death occurring.
He sat in an armchair nodding with a newspaper in the hand.
With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.
3) 分词
They have conducted investigation after investigation, thereby obtaining an enormous amount of data.
4) 倒装句
Not only did they lose all their money but also came close to losing their lives.
5) 比较
Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free but less stable.
6) 关键词重复
Earth provides enough for every man’s need, but not for every man’s greed.
There is no objective reality which can be looked at objectively .
7) 习惯表达
We are living in a highly challenging world, and we are always ready to challenge challenges. According to the information available to us, the success of our task depends on the availability of money.
8) 平常学习的时候可以积累的好句型。例如：
It goes without saying that the state-run enterprises should try every means to improve their quality and services in order to survive in the economic globalization.
Supposed you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely that you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
It does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.
An ancient Chinese saying that “Those who constantly feel satisfied tend to be happy ” is illustrative in this respect.