高考定语从句八个考点
定语从句是英语学习的一个重要语法项目, 也是历年高考在具体的语境中考查考生灵活运用知识能力的一个重点。为了帮助同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目, 本文结合近几年的高考试题, 分析、探究定语性从句的考查, 对其考查归纳为以下八个考点。
一、考查非限制性定语从句中的which
在非限制性定语从句中,which 既起连接的作用, 又在从句中充当一定的句子成分(主语、宾语或表语); 放在主句之后, 指代整个主句或主句中的部分内容。
【经典题赏析】
1. My friend showed me round the town, _______was very kind of him.(09全国卷II)
A. which B. that C. where D. it
解析:本题考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词的用法, 选项中只有which 可指代前面一个句子, 并引导从句;it 虽然可代替前面句子, 但不能起连接的作用, 故答案为A 。
2. The Science Museum, _______we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.(08江苏)
A. which B. what C. that D. where
解析:引导非限制性定语从句时,which 在从句中可以作宾语, 指代主句的主语“The Science Museum”,而where 只能作状语。故答案为A 。
3. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.(07浙江)
A. that B. which C. who D. where
解析:该题逗号之间为非限制性定语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 所以选项范围应是关系代词, 排除掉关系副词where; 而that 不可以引导非限制性定语从句, 只有which 可指代前面的China’s restaurant。故答案为B 。
【小结】非限制性定语从句中, 判断选which 还是where,when, 关键在于分析定语从句的主干结构是否完整, 如果该从句的先行词是物, 从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语, 通常要用which; 如果从句中缺少状语, 则用when 或where 。事实上, 非限制性定语从句可理解成是某一并列句的转换。如:例1可理解为:My friend showed me round the town, and it was very kind of him.
二、考查关系副词, 尤其是where 的考查
关系副词where, when 在定语从句中既起连接作用, 同时又在从句中充当状语, 分别表地点、时间。选用关系副词的关键是要求正确分析从句主干结构, 选词必须符合句子的逻辑意义。
【经典题赏析】
1. It’s h elpful to put children in a situation _______ they can see themselves differently.(09福建)
A. that B. when C. which D. where
解析:由于从句的主谓宾结构完整, 只能选用状语, 由先行词a situation 可知, 应选用作地点状语的where 引导定语从句。故答案为D 。
2. They will fly to Washington, _______ they plan to stay for two or three days. (08重庆)
A. where B. there C. which D. when
解析:首先排除地点副词there; there不能引导从句, 如果用there, 后半句要改
为and they plan to stay there for two or three days。由先行词“Washington”可知从句的关系词表地点, 并且stay 缺少状语, 所以应该用where 连接主从句。故答案为A 。
3. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases_______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(07陕西)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
解析:此定语从句主谓结构完整, 缺少状语; 考虑到先行词cases, 选用关系词where, 相当于in which(= in the cases)。故答案为D 。
【小结】从以上高考试题可以看出对于where 引导的定语从句, 先行词既可是明确的地点, 也可是“模糊化的地点”。如表示某人 / 物的situation, 或某事所发展的stage 都可用where 这个关系副词。
三、考查关系代词whose
whose 在定语从句中充当名词的定语, 构成“whose + 名词”的形式; 既可以表示某人的, 又可以表示某物的。其最显著的特点是空格后的名词缺少限定词。
【经典题赏析】
1. A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.(09天津)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever
解析:who和whom 只可做定语从句的主语或宾语;whoever 引导名词性从句; 而A person 作定语从句的先行词, 从句中作主语的e-mail account 缺少限定词,whose 可充当名词的定语。故答案为C 。
2. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house_______roof is under repair.(06福建)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
解析:定语从句中作主语的roof 缺少限定词, 即定语, 选择whose 充当定语。而of which在这里无法与the roof搭配。故答案为A 。
【小结】在定语从句中, 对于事物的所属关系, 可以使用以下三种形式:whose + 名词,the + 名词 + of which 或of which the + 名词。
四、考查介词 + which或whom
介词后接关系代词, 在从句中可以作定语或状语; 如果先行词是人, 关系代词用whom; 如果先行词是物, 关系代词用which 。对于介词的选用则要综合考虑。
【经典题赏析】
1. Gun control is a subject _______Americans have argued for a long time. (09陕西)
A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which
解析:该题从句谓语argued 与介词about 搭配表达“争论某事”,故答案为C 。
2. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _______ appeared a rare rainbow soon.(08福建)
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
解析:此定语从句的先行词是the top, 从句的正常语序应该是:“A rare rainbow soon appeared ______ the top of Mount Qomolangma”。显然应该填上“above”,表示山顶上。所以用above which连接主从句。故答案为D 。
3. We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _______are healthy. (07北京)
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
解析:由于先行词为so many people,关系代词只能用whom 引导非限制性定语从句。所以答案为D 。
【小结】从以上句子可以看出,“介词+which / whom +定语从句”这一考点, 既考查学生的定语从句知识, 又可考查学生对动词短语的掌握。解此类题的关键是把先行词代入相关定语从句中, 根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配或与先行词的关系、或由句子表达的整体句意来确定。
五、考查定语从句中的分隔
一般来说, 定语从句总是紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后; 但有时, 定语从句和先行词常常被介词或其它成分分隔, 干扰了句子结构的判断, 从而给辨别从句带来一定的难度。
【经典题赏析】
1. She’ll never forget her stay there_______she found her son who had gone missing two years before.(09四川)
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析:此题的关键在于看出there 分隔了先行词her stay和关系词引导的定语从句。根据先行词her stay(表示“她呆的期间”)及从句的句意, 可知所选词须是作时间状语的连词来引导。故答案为D 。
2. Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with the kids.(08山东卷)
A. who B. which C. why D. when
解析:此句为了保持句子平衡, 避免引起主句头重脚轻, 构成了先行词occasions 和从句被主句的系表结构分隔现象。先行词occasions 表时间, 而且后面的定语从句缺少时间状语, 所以应该用when 或on which连接。故答案为D 。
3. —Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one_______you know I used to work for years.(05福建)
A. that B. which C. where D. what
解析:此题中关系词和其引导的从句的主谓结构被插入语“you know”分隔, 从句中主谓语结构完整, 缺少地点状语。故答案为C 。
六、考查关系代词as
as 作关系代词主要用于非限制性定语从句指代整个主句, 在从句中通常做主语或宾语; 其引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后或主句之间。
【经典题赏析】
1. The Beatles,_______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (07天津)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
解析:本句主谓语之间插入一个非限制性定语从句, 选项中只有as 可引导该从句, 并作从句中to remember的宾语。故答案为D 。
2. ________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.(05浙江)
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
解析:本句是关系代词as 引导的非限制性定语从句, 并在从句中作explained 的宾语, 而其它三个选项引导句意完整的状语从句。故答案为C 。
七、考查定语从句与并列句、其它从句、强调句型的辨析
学生常常由于不能理解和掌握同一个连词的不同功能导致对定语从句与状语从句、名词性从句、强调句或并列句等相混淆。
【经典题赏析】
1. —What do you think of teaching, Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _______you are doing something serious but interesting.(09北京)
A. where B. which C. when D. that
解析:此题很容易选that, 误认为是强调结构“It is ... that”,当把该结构取掉后, 剩下的部分却不成立。事实上,a job是先行词, 从句主谓宾完整, 缺少的只能是地点状语, 因此答案为A 。
2. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help. (05全国 Ⅲ)
A. it B. she C. which D. he
解析:该题易误选为which, 因为忽视了并列连词but 后连接简单句; 代词it 的用法之一就是代替前面所指内容。故答案为A 。
3._______is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (04北京 )
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析:该题学生容易忽视逗号的作用而误选为It, 而It 作形式主语时, 逗号应改为that 引导词即:It is reported ... that talks .... 如果用What 表达此句意时, 全句应改为What is reported ... is that talks .... 而关系代词As 可以指代逗号后的整个主句, 引导非限制性定语从句。
此题考查非限制性定语从句中as 的用法, 又考查了对定语从句与名词性从句的掌握。所以此类题综合性非常强, 难度较大。
八、考查关系代词的省略
关系代词that, who(m), which在限定性定语从句中作宾语时, 在口语中常可以省略。
【经典题赏析】
1. The house I grew up_______has been taken down and replaced by an office building.(09江西)
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
解析:本题题干中The house 后省略了作宾语的关系代词that, which 。定语从句只缺少介词in 。故答案为B 。
2. —Why does she always ask you for help?
—There is no one else _______ , is there? (05北京)
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to
C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
解析:该题中的no one else后面省略了作宾语的关系代词whom 或who; 习惯短语“turn to”表示 “向某人求助”,故答案选B 。
【小结】在某一名词或代词后出现从句, 题干中又没出现连词时, 通常省略的是that, 解题时加上that, 会有助于清晰地理解整个句子结构。不妨试一试!
总之, 在做定语从句相关试题的时候, 我们首先要判断出来该句是否是一个定语从句, 其次找出先行词, 并看从句中是否缺少成分。准确的分析句子的成分是能否做对试题的关键。事实上, 定语从句在高考各个题型中都有涉及, 掌握定语从句对于语言理解和运用都具有重要的意义。
【链接高考试题】
1. Whenever I met her, _______ was fairlyoften, she greeted me with a sweet
smile.(09山东)
A. who B. which C. when D. that
2. Anyway, that evening, _______I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying atRachel’s place.(04浙江)
A. when B. where C. what D. which
3. Many children,_______ parents are away working in big cities,are taken good care of in the village.(09安徽)
A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom
4. Life is like a long race _______we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (09重 庆)
A. why B. what C. that D. where
5. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______ they learn simple games and songs. (07全国I)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
6. Those successful deaf dancers think thatdancing is an activity_______ sight mattersmore than hearing.(07天津)
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
7. The growing speed of a plant is influencedby a number of factors, _______ are beyondour control.(08湖南)
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that
8. She brought with her three friends, none of _______ I had ever met before. (09全国I)
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
9. Eric received training in computer for one year, _______ he found a job in a big company. (07辽宁)
A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this
10. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone_______ local 5-star hotels charged6,000 yuan for one night.(09年江苏)
A. if B. when C. which D. since
11. I have reached a point in my life _______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (09浙江)
A. which B. where C. how D. why
12. _______has been announced, we shallhave our final exams next month. (03上海春)
A. That B. As C. It D. What
13. _______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (04江苏)
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
14. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city_______ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. (09湖南)
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose
15. —Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm _______we worked. (07山东)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
16. —Do you have anything to say foryourselves?
—Yes, that’s one point _______ we must insist on.(06江西)
A. why B. where C. how D. /
17. After graduation she reached a point in
her careershe had to decide what
to do. (07江西)
A. that B. what C. which D. where
18. Helen was much kinder to her youngestson than the others, _______ , of course,made the others envy him. (04天津)
A. who B. that C. what D. which
19. Alec asked the policeman _______he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. (02全国)
A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom
20. It is reported that two schools,
are being built in my hometown,will open
next year. (07四川)
A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which
Keys: 1. B2. D3. B4. D5. D6. D 7. B8. C9. B10. B11. B12. B13. D14. D15. D16. D17. D18. D19. C20. D
定语从句是高中阶段最重要的语法项目之一，同时也是高考考查的热点之一，其中高考又以考查非限定性定语从句为主。本文仅就定语从句最新高考考点结合定语从句的本身特点作一归类分析如下：
一、对关系代词that 的用法考查：
点拨：当先行词指物时，许多情况下既可以使用关系代词which ，也可以使用关系代词that ，但是在下列情况下，只能使用关系代词that, 而不用which ：① 当先行词是不定代词：all ,much, little , something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时；② 当先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very等词修饰时；③ 当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级时；④ 当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词时；⑤ 当先行词既有人又有物时；⑥ 当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which 时；⑦ 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which ，另外一个宜用that ；⑧ 当先行词在句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。
【高考链接】The thought of going back home was ______ kept him happy while he was working abroad. （2007上海春季）
A. that B. all that C. all what D. which
【解析】B 。all 为先行词，that 为关系代词，本句子的意思为：当他在国外工作的时候，回家的的想法就是他全部的快乐。
二、关系代词which 引导的定语从句的考查：
点拨：在高考中，关系代词which 引导非限制性定语从句往往经常受到考查，其先行词可以是主中的名词部分，也可以是整个主句，此时which 相当于and that ，它的前面常有逗号与主句分开；关系代词that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
【高考链接1】My friend showed me round the town, ____ was very kind of him. (2009全国II)
A. which B. that C. where D. it
【解析】A 。考查非限制性定语从句，这儿的which 指代前面整句话内容。
【高考链接2】 They’ve won their last three matches, ____ I find a bit surprising actually. (2009辽宁)
A. that B. when C. what D. which
【解析】D 。考查非限定性定语从句关系词的辨析。此处意思是“我发现他们已经赢得了最后的三场比赛，这一点令人有点吃惊”，which 代替上句“They’ve won their last three matches”做find 的宾语，选D 。A 项不能用于非限制性定语从句中，B,C 此处没有他们的意思。
三、对介词＋ 关系代词的考查：
点拨：介词＋关系代词引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which （指物）和whom （指人），即：介词＋ which / whom 。
【高考链接】The house I grew up ____ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西)
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
【解析】 B 。本题考查定语从句。The house ( which / that I grew up in ) , 主语后面紧跟的是定语从句。
四、对关系副词where ,when 和why 的考查：
点拨：引导定语从句的关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个重要的作用，那就是在定语从中充当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作状语。因此在选择引导词时，如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，那么一定用关系副词；在实际的运用中，when 相当于on which， where 相当于in which ，why 相当于for which。
【高考链接1】 —What do you think of teaching, Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting. (2009北京)
A. where B. which C. when D. that
【解析】A 。考查定语从句的用法。定语从句主谓宾完整，说明应该填关系副词，先行词为a job ，定语从句的意思是在这个工作中……，所以答案用where 引导的定语从句。
【高考链接2】 Because of the financial crisis, days are gone ____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (2009江苏)
A. if B. when C. which D. since
【解析】B 。由于金融危机，当地五星级酒店一晚收费6000元的日子不复存在了。when 引导的从句做days 的定语。
五、对关系代词as 引导的定语从句的考查：
点拨：关系代词as 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，
as 在句中作主语、宾语或表语。as 引导非限制性定语从句，常用于下列句式：① such + 名词+ as …② the same + 名词+ as …； as 引导非限制性定语从句，既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入主句中，而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。
【高考链接】The Beatles, _______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.(NMET2006天津卷)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
【解析】D 。先行词The Beatles在as 引导非限制型定语从句中作动词remember 的宾语。
六、对关系代词who(whom) 和whose 的用法的考查：
点拨：先行词是人在从句中作主语和宾语，主语选用who ，宾语选用whom ，whom 有时也可以作介词的宾语；关系代词whose 在定语从句中作定语，其先行词可以是人或物。
【高考链接1】 A person ____ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009天津)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever
【解析】C 。考查定语从句关系词辨析。分析句子结构可知，a person 作整个句子的主语，而a person 合e-mail count的关系是所有关系，故选C 符合。
【高考链接2】 She brought with her three friends, none of ____ I had ever met before. (2009全国I)
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
【解析】C 。考查定语从句中的非限制性定语从句。句意为：她带着她的三个朋友，他们三个中没有一个人我曾见过。表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词” 在非限制性定语从句指人只能用whom 。
七、关系代词的省略
点拨：当关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语时，通常关系代词可以省略。
【高考链接1】You can only be sure of _____you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future.（2007安徽卷）
A ．that; what B ．what; / C ．which; that D ．/; that
【解析】B 。第一空为介词后面跟宾语从句，由what 引导。第二空考察定语从句，不定代词作为先行词时，关系代词用that ，由于在后面的从句中与get 构成动宾关系，作宾语，关系代词可以省略。
【高考链接2】 ----Why he always ask you for help ?
----There is no one else ______ , is there ? (NMET2005北京卷)
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. from whom to turn D. for her to turn
【解析】B 。 turn to sb. 意思为“求助于某人“。介词后要接关系代词whom 做宾格而省略。故答案为B 。
高考定语从句八个考点
定语从句是英语学习的一个重要语法项目, 也是历年高考在具体的语境中考查考生灵活运用知识能力的一个重点。为了帮助同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目, 本文结合近几年的高考试题, 分析、探究定语性从句的考查, 对其考查归纳为以下八个考点。
一、考查非限制性定语从句中的which
在非限制性定语从句中,which 既起连接的作用, 又在从句中充当一定的句子成分(主语、宾语或表语); 放在主句之后, 指代整个主句或主句中的部分内容。
【经典题赏析】
1. My friend showed me round the town, _______was very kind of him.(09全国卷II)
A. which B. that C. where D. it
解析:本题考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词的用法, 选项中只有which 可指代前面一个句子, 并引导从句;it 虽然可代替前面句子, 但不能起连接的作用, 故答案为A 。
2. The Science Museum, _______we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.(08江苏)
A. which B. what C. that D. where
解析:引导非限制性定语从句时,which 在从句中可以作宾语, 指代主句的主语“The Science Museum”,而where 只能作状语。故答案为A 。
3. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.(07浙江)
A. that B. which C. who D. where
解析:该题逗号之间为非限制性定语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 所以选项范围应是关系代词, 排除掉关系副词where; 而that 不可以引导非限制性定语从句, 只有which 可指代前面的China’s restaurant。故答案为B 。
【小结】非限制性定语从句中, 判断选which 还是where,when, 关键在于分析定语从句的主干结构是否完整, 如果该从句的先行词是物, 从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语, 通常要用which; 如果从句中缺少状语, 则用when 或where 。事实上, 非限制性定语从句可理解成是某一并列句的转换。如:例1可理解为:My friend showed me round the town, and it was very kind of him.
二、考查关系副词, 尤其是where 的考查
关系副词where, when 在定语从句中既起连接作用, 同时又在从句中充当状语, 分别表地点、时间。选用关系副词的关键是要求正确分析从句主干结构, 选词必须符合句子的逻辑意义。
【经典题赏析】
1. It’s h elpful to put children in a situation _______ they can see themselves differently.(09福建)
A. that B. when C. which D. where
解析:由于从句的主谓宾结构完整, 只能选用状语, 由先行词a situation 可知, 应选用作地点状语的where 引导定语从句。故答案为D 。
2. They will fly to Washington, _______ they plan to stay for two or three days. (08重庆)
A. where B. there C. which D. when
解析:首先排除地点副词there; there不能引导从句, 如果用there, 后半句要改
为and they plan to stay there for two or three days。由先行词“Washington”可知从句的关系词表地点, 并且stay 缺少状语, 所以应该用where 连接主从句。故答案为A 。
3. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases_______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(07陕西)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
解析:此定语从句主谓结构完整, 缺少状语; 考虑到先行词cases, 选用关系词where, 相当于in which(= in the cases)。故答案为D 。
【小结】从以上高考试题可以看出对于where 引导的定语从句, 先行词既可是明确的地点, 也可是“模糊化的地点”。如表示某人 / 物的situation, 或某事所发展的stage 都可用where 这个关系副词。
三、考查关系代词whose
whose 在定语从句中充当名词的定语, 构成“whose + 名词”的形式; 既可以表示某人的, 又可以表示某物的。其最显著的特点是空格后的名词缺少限定词。
【经典题赏析】
1. A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.(09天津)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever
解析:who和whom 只可做定语从句的主语或宾语;whoever 引导名词性从句; 而A person 作定语从句的先行词, 从句中作主语的e-mail account 缺少限定词,whose 可充当名词的定语。故答案为C 。
2. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house_______roof is under repair.(06福建)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
解析:定语从句中作主语的roof 缺少限定词, 即定语, 选择whose 充当定语。而of which在这里无法与the roof搭配。故答案为A 。
【小结】在定语从句中, 对于事物的所属关系, 可以使用以下三种形式:whose + 名词,the + 名词 + of which 或of which the + 名词。
四、考查介词 + which或whom
介词后接关系代词, 在从句中可以作定语或状语; 如果先行词是人, 关系代词用whom; 如果先行词是物, 关系代词用which 。对于介词的选用则要综合考虑。
【经典题赏析】
1. Gun control is a subject _______Americans have argued for a long time. (09陕西)
A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which
解析:该题从句谓语argued 与介词about 搭配表达“争论某事”,故答案为C 。
2. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _______ appeared a rare rainbow soon.(08福建)
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
解析:此定语从句的先行词是the top, 从句的正常语序应该是:“A rare rainbow soon appeared ______ the top of Mount Qomolangma”。显然应该填上“above”,表示山顶上。所以用above which连接主从句。故答案为D 。
3. We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _______are healthy. (07北京)
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
解析:由于先行词为so many people,关系代词只能用whom 引导非限制性定语从句。所以答案为D 。
【小结】从以上句子可以看出,“介词+which / whom +定语从句”这一考点, 既考查学生的定语从句知识, 又可考查学生对动词短语的掌握。解此类题的关键是把先行词代入相关定语从句中, 根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配或与先行词的关系、或由句子表达的整体句意来确定。
五、考查定语从句中的分隔
一般来说, 定语从句总是紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后; 但有时, 定语从句和先行词常常被介词或其它成分分隔, 干扰了句子结构的判断, 从而给辨别从句带来一定的难度。
【经典题赏析】
1. She’ll never forget her stay there_______she found her son who had gone missing two years before.(09四川)
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析:此题的关键在于看出there 分隔了先行词her stay和关系词引导的定语从句。根据先行词her stay(表示“她呆的期间”)及从句的句意, 可知所选词须是作时间状语的连词来引导。故答案为D 。
2. Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with the kids.(08山东卷)
A. who B. which C. why D. when
解析:此句为了保持句子平衡, 避免引起主句头重脚轻, 构成了先行词occasions 和从句被主句的系表结构分隔现象。先行词occasions 表时间, 而且后面的定语从句缺少时间状语, 所以应该用when 或on which连接。故答案为D 。
3. —Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one_______you know I used to work for years.(05福建)
A. that B. which C. where D. what
解析:此题中关系词和其引导的从句的主谓结构被插入语“you know”分隔, 从句中主谓语结构完整, 缺少地点状语。故答案为C 。
六、考查关系代词as
as 作关系代词主要用于非限制性定语从句指代整个主句, 在从句中通常做主语或宾语; 其引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后或主句之间。
【经典题赏析】
1. The Beatles,_______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (07天津)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
解析:本句主谓语之间插入一个非限制性定语从句, 选项中只有as 可引导该从句, 并作从句中to remember的宾语。故答案为D 。
2. ________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.(05浙江)
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
解析:本句是关系代词as 引导的非限制性定语从句, 并在从句中作explained 的宾语, 而其它三个选项引导句意完整的状语从句。故答案为C 。
七、考查定语从句与并列句、其它从句、强调句型的辨析
学生常常由于不能理解和掌握同一个连词的不同功能导致对定语从句与状语从句、名词性从句、强调句或并列句等相混淆。
【经典题赏析】
1. —What do you think of teaching, Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _______you are doing something serious but interesting.(09北京)
A. where B. which C. when D. that
解析:此题很容易选that, 误认为是强调结构“It is ... that”,当把该结构取掉后, 剩下的部分却不成立。事实上,a job是先行词, 从句主谓宾完整, 缺少的只能是地点状语, 因此答案为A 。
2. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help. (05全国 Ⅲ)
A. it B. she C. which D. he
解析:该题易误选为which, 因为忽视了并列连词but 后连接简单句; 代词it 的用法之一就是代替前面所指内容。故答案为A 。
3._______is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (04北京 )
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析:该题学生容易忽视逗号的作用而误选为It, 而It 作形式主语时, 逗号应改为that 引导词即:It is reported ... that talks .... 如果用What 表达此句意时, 全句应改为What is reported ... is that talks .... 而关系代词As 可以指代逗号后的整个主句, 引导非限制性定语从句。
此题考查非限制性定语从句中as 的用法, 又考查了对定语从句与名词性从句的掌握。所以此类题综合性非常强, 难度较大。
八、考查关系代词的省略
关系代词that, who(m), which在限定性定语从句中作宾语时, 在口语中常可以省略。
【经典题赏析】
1. The house I grew up_______has been taken down and replaced by an office building.(09江西)
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
解析:本题题干中The house 后省略了作宾语的关系代词that, which 。定语从句只缺少介词in 。故答案为B 。
2. —Why does she always ask you for help?
—There is no one else _______ , is there? (05北京)
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to
C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
解析:该题中的no one else后面省略了作宾语的关系代词whom 或who; 习惯短语“turn to”表示 “向某人求助”,故答案选B 。
【小结】在某一名词或代词后出现从句, 题干中又没出现连词时, 通常省略的是that, 解题时加上that, 会有助于清晰地理解整个句子结构。不妨试一试!
总之, 在做定语从句相关试题的时候, 我们首先要判断出来该句是否是一个定语从句, 其次找出先行词, 并看从句中是否缺少成分。准确的分析句子的成分是能否做对试题的关键。事实上, 定语从句在高考各个题型中都有涉及, 掌握定语从句对于语言理解和运用都具有重要的意义。
【链接高考试题】
1. Whenever I met her, _______ was fairlyoften, she greeted me with a sweet
smile.(09山东)
A. who B. which C. when D. that
2. Anyway, that evening, _______I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying atRachel’s place.(04浙江)
A. when B. where C. what D. which
3. Many children,_______ parents are away working in big cities,are taken good care of in the village.(09安徽)
A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom
4. Life is like a long race _______we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (09重 庆)
A. why B. what C. that D. where
5. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______ they learn simple games and songs. (07全国I)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
6. Those successful deaf dancers think thatdancing is an activity_______ sight mattersmore than hearing.(07天津)
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
7. The growing speed of a plant is influencedby a number of factors, _______ are beyondour control.(08湖南)
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that
8. She brought with her three friends, none of _______ I had ever met before. (09全国I)
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
9. Eric received training in computer for one year, _______ he found a job in a big company. (07辽宁)
A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this
10. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone_______ local 5-star hotels charged6,000 yuan for one night.(09年江苏)
A. if B. when C. which D. since
11. I have reached a point in my life _______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (09浙江)
A. which B. where C. how D. why
12. _______has been announced, we shallhave our final exams next month. (03上海春)
A. That B. As C. It D. What
13. _______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (04江苏)
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
14. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city_______ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. (09湖南)
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose
15. —Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm _______we worked. (07山东)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
16. —Do you have anything to say foryourselves?
—Yes, that’s one point _______ we must insist on.(06江西)
A. why B. where C. how D. /
17. After graduation she reached a point in
her careershe had to decide what
to do. (07江西)
A. that B. what C. which D. where
18. Helen was much kinder to her youngestson than the others, _______ , of course,made the others envy him. (04天津)
A. who B. that C. what D. which
19. Alec asked the policeman _______he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. (02全国)
A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom
20. It is reported that two schools,
are being built in my hometown,will open
next year. (07四川)
A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which
Keys: 1. B2. D3. B4. D5. D6. D 7. B8. C9. B10. B11. B12. B13. D14. D15. D16. D17. D18. D19. C20. D
定语从句是高中阶段最重要的语法项目之一，同时也是高考考查的热点之一，其中高考又以考查非限定性定语从句为主。本文仅就定语从句最新高考考点结合定语从句的本身特点作一归类分析如下：
一、对关系代词that 的用法考查：
点拨：当先行词指物时，许多情况下既可以使用关系代词which ，也可以使用关系代词that ，但是在下列情况下，只能使用关系代词that, 而不用which ：① 当先行词是不定代词：all ,much, little , something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时；② 当先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very等词修饰时；③ 当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级时；④ 当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词时；⑤ 当先行词既有人又有物时；⑥ 当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which 时；⑦ 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which ，另外一个宜用that ；⑧ 当先行词在句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。
【高考链接】The thought of going back home was ______ kept him happy while he was working abroad. （2007上海春季）
A. that B. all that C. all what D. which
【解析】B 。all 为先行词，that 为关系代词，本句子的意思为：当他在国外工作的时候，回家的的想法就是他全部的快乐。
二、关系代词which 引导的定语从句的考查：
点拨：在高考中，关系代词which 引导非限制性定语从句往往经常受到考查，其先行词可以是主中的名词部分，也可以是整个主句，此时which 相当于and that ，它的前面常有逗号与主句分开；关系代词that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
【高考链接1】My friend showed me round the town, ____ was very kind of him. (2009全国II)
A. which B. that C. where D. it
【解析】A 。考查非限制性定语从句，这儿的which 指代前面整句话内容。
【高考链接2】 They’ve won their last three matches, ____ I find a bit surprising actually. (2009辽宁)
A. that B. when C. what D. which
【解析】D 。考查非限定性定语从句关系词的辨析。此处意思是“我发现他们已经赢得了最后的三场比赛，这一点令人有点吃惊”，which 代替上句“They’ve won their last three matches”做find 的宾语，选D 。A 项不能用于非限制性定语从句中，B,C 此处没有他们的意思。
三、对介词＋ 关系代词的考查：
点拨：介词＋关系代词引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which （指物）和whom （指人），即：介词＋ which / whom 。
【高考链接】The house I grew up ____ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西)
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
【解析】 B 。本题考查定语从句。The house ( which / that I grew up in ) , 主语后面紧跟的是定语从句。
四、对关系副词where ,when 和why 的考查：
点拨：引导定语从句的关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个重要的作用，那就是在定语从中充当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作状语。因此在选择引导词时，如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，那么一定用关系副词；在实际的运用中，when 相当于on which， where 相当于in which ，why 相当于for which。
【高考链接1】 —What do you think of teaching, Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting. (2009北京)
A. where B. which C. when D. that
【解析】A 。考查定语从句的用法。定语从句主谓宾完整，说明应该填关系副词，先行词为a job ，定语从句的意思是在这个工作中……，所以答案用where 引导的定语从句。
【高考链接2】 Because of the financial crisis, days are gone ____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (2009江苏)
A. if B. when C. which D. since
【解析】B 。由于金融危机，当地五星级酒店一晚收费6000元的日子不复存在了。when 引导的从句做days 的定语。
五、对关系代词as 引导的定语从句的考查：
点拨：关系代词as 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，
as 在句中作主语、宾语或表语。as 引导非限制性定语从句，常用于下列句式：① such + 名词+ as …② the same + 名词+ as …； as 引导非限制性定语从句，既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入主句中，而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。
【高考链接】The Beatles, _______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.(NMET2006天津卷)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
【解析】D 。先行词The Beatles在as 引导非限制型定语从句中作动词remember 的宾语。
六、对关系代词who(whom) 和whose 的用法的考查：
点拨：先行词是人在从句中作主语和宾语，主语选用who ，宾语选用whom ，whom 有时也可以作介词的宾语；关系代词whose 在定语从句中作定语，其先行词可以是人或物。
【高考链接1】 A person ____ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009天津)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever
【解析】C 。考查定语从句关系词辨析。分析句子结构可知，a person 作整个句子的主语，而a person 合e-mail count的关系是所有关系，故选C 符合。
【高考链接2】 She brought with her three friends, none of ____ I had ever met before. (2009全国I)
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
【解析】C 。考查定语从句中的非限制性定语从句。句意为：她带着她的三个朋友，他们三个中没有一个人我曾见过。表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词” 在非限制性定语从句指人只能用whom 。
七、关系代词的省略
点拨：当关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语时，通常关系代词可以省略。
【高考链接1】You can only be sure of _____you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future.（2007安徽卷）
A ．that; what B ．what; / C ．which; that D ．/; that
【解析】B 。第一空为介词后面跟宾语从句，由what 引导。第二空考察定语从句，不定代词作为先行词时，关系代词用that ，由于在后面的从句中与get 构成动宾关系，作宾语，关系代词可以省略。
【高考链接2】 ----Why he always ask you for help ?
----There is no one else ______ , is there ? (NMET2005北京卷)
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. from whom to turn D. for her to turn
【解析】B 。 turn to sb. 意思为“求助于某人“。介词后要接关系代词whom 做宾格而省略。故答案为B 。