提纲式作文
一、 提纲式作文的类型
二、 提纲式作文的写作要领
三、 提纲式作文练习及其参考范文
提纲式作文，即给出二、三个汉语或英语提示短语作为写作框架，展开文章的一种作文形式。它也属于指导性作文（guided writing），是四（六）级考试中最常见的作文形式。与段首句作文相比，提纲作文具有更大的控制性，而且给出的材料更明确具体。这种作文题型以提纲的形式对作文的选材范围、立意、内容的组织等进行具体的指导。
第一节 提纲式作文的类型
提纲式作文有两种：
（1）给出英文题目、中文提纲
提纲式作文多以英文给出题目、以中文给出提纲，有时提纲中还有提示。如1996年6月的四级作文题：
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
1. 人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。（提示：雨水、河水、井水?? ）
2. 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（提示：人口增加、工业用水增加、污染?? ）
3. 我们应该怎么办？
（2）给出英文题目和提纲
提纲式作文有时也以英文给出题目和提纲，如下面的作文题：
Electronic Dictionaries
1. Advantages of electronic dictionaries
2. Disadvantages of electronic dictionaries
3. My opinion
第二节 提纲式作文的写作要领
由于提纲材料本身决定了写作对象、范围、目的、体裁等，命题者的意图往往较容易领悟，而且在审题上一般不会出现障碍。因此，根据提纲规定的方向和范围构思和展开材料是至关重要的。写提纲式作文时，除了把握段首句作文的写作要领外，还需注意以下三个要领：
（1）细心钻研提纲材料
弄清提纲的思路和旨意是写好提纲作文的前提。审题时，首先要认真阅读、仔细分析提纲材料，注意弄清以下问题：
1） 提纲材料交代的主要内容是什么
2） 反映的意义是什么
3） 要达到什么目的
4） 各个层次之间有什么联系
5） 重点在哪里。
只有对材料进行认真分析和研究，揣摩出材料的旨意，才能顺理成章地运筹，构思出合乎要求的文章。比如，Global Shortage of Fresh Water这一提纲式作文的主要思路和旨意是：人们为什么认为淡水是取这不尽的？什么原因导致淡水紧缺？如何解决全球淡水紧缺问
题？
（2）避免简单重复提纲材料
写提纲作文要避免不假思索地围绕提纲堆砌材料，写一些“不痛不痒”的句子，或者将中文提纲简单地译成英文，或者将英文提纲生硬地搬到作文里。提纲作文不是简单地重复提纲材料的过程，而是在提纲材料的基础上，合理巧妙地构思全文，充分表现主题的过程。
（3）发展深化提纲材料
研究提纲材料时，要明确提纲材料所要体现、发展的内容。发展深化提纲材料就是要提炼主题，是对提纲材料进行的加工、补充、扩展。写好主题句是发展深化提纲的前提。主题句要写得意义完整，清晰明了，有利于段落的扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻。下面以Global Shortage of Fresh Water（全球淡水紧缺）这篇提纲式作文为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。
根据提纲要求，第一段应解释为什么人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。根据提示，我们可以从降雨丰富、河水和井水等水资源充足方面进行解释。第二段应重点解释导致淡水紧缺的原因，这些原因主要有：人为的浪费、人口增加、工业用水增加、水资源被污染等等。第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何解决淡水紧缺问题。只有提出具体的解决方法，才能使文章显得充实，有说服力。根据上面的构思，我们可以列出下列提纲：
Topic: Global Shortage of Fresh Water Question: What has caused the global shortage of fresh water and how can we solve the problem? Outline: I. It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.
1. Plenty of rainfall 2. Numerous wells 3. Countless rivers, falls and springs II. There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.
1. Population growth
2. Development of industry & agriculture 3. Water pollution
III. Measures should be taken to solve the problem.
1. Protect water resources from being polluted
2. Save water
3. Recycle water & convert sea water into drinkable water
Introduction Body Conclusion
或许有人会先把给出的中文的提纲细化（即列出一个更细的中文提纲），然后考虑如何将这一细化了的提纲转化为英文提纲，或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不少时间，会降低写作的速度。因此，我建议大家把中文提纲细化（即构思）时，最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间，又可以提高写作的速度。
《全球淡水紧缺》范文：
Global Shortage of Water
⑴It is widely assumed that fresh water will never be used up. ⑵We have such a wrong assumption because plenty of rain falls down from the sky and countless ri
vers run on the earth.⑶In addition to many wells, we also have numerous falls and springs flowing down from mountains.⑷But actually, a global shortage of fresh water has aroused great concern. ⑸
A lot of factors account for this shortage, but in general, they come down to three major ones. ⑹First, with the increase in the world‟s population, the demand for water is growing rapidly. ⑺Second, the rapid development of industry and agriculture also calls for an increasing amount of water. ⑻And to make things worse, fresh water in may places is being polluted by garbage and dangerous and poisonous chemicals. ⑼It is high time that we take some measures to tackle the problem. ⑽The first important measure is to protect our water resources from being polluted. ⑾Educating people to save water in daily life is of equal significance. ⑿Techniques such as recycling waste water and converting sea water into drinkable water should be applied in dry areas. ⒀It is only when these measures are put into use that the global shortage of fresh water can be solved. ⑴主题句：提出错误的观念 ⑵原因一和二 ⑶原因三和四 ⑷过渡句/指出实际情况 ⑸主题句/指出导致这一情况有三个原因 ⑹原因一 ⑺原因二 ⑻原因三 ⑼主题句：呼吁采取行动 ⑽措施一 ⑾措施二 ⑿措施三 ⒀结尾句/小结:强调这些措施的重要性、必要性
《电子词典》范文：
Electronic Dictionaries
⑴Some people prefer electronic dictionaries. ⑵They believe this kind of new dictionary has many advantages. ⑶First, compared with a traditional dictionary, it‟s obviously very handy and convenient. ⑷Besides, due to its multi-functions, it‟s also very helpful. ⑸It can not only translate words from English to Chinese, but vice versa. ⑹Some even can teach the learner how to pronounce a word. ⑺However, others argue we should not neglect its disadvantages.⑻First, the definitions in the entries are very limited. ⑼Second, they are not enough explanations or examples to illustrate the proper usage of a word. ⑽Sometimes, some explanations are so simple that they may cause misunderstanding. ⑾Last but not least, the constant use of this study aid can make people too much attached to the dictionary and become lazy.⑿Therefore, my view is that we should use it properly. ⒀Every learner should have a good English dictionary at hand and treat the electronic one as a make-shift, when a traditional one is not available. ⒁But an electronic dictionary is by no means a good substitute for a good traditional one. ⑴引出主题 ⑵主题句 ⑶优点一 ⑷优点二 ⑺主题句/指出主题的另一面 ⑻缺点一 ⑼缺点二 ⑽缺点三 ⑾缺点四 ⑿结论/我的观点 ⒀⒁具体阐述„我‟的观点
这一讲我主要讲了提纲式作文的类型及其写作要领。关于提纲式作文的写作就介绍到这里。
下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题，请大家根据这一讲的内容，在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法以及文章中的过渡等。
练习三：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On Sightseeing. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:
1. Advantages of sightseeing
2. Disadvantages of sightseeing
3. Prepare yourself well
参考文章:
⑴When asked about why they go sightseeing, different people will offer different answers. ⑵Some people say they want something exciting and exotic, while others want to refresh and relax themselves. ⑶And still others go sightseeing to enrich their experiences and broaden their horizons.
⑷Despite these advantages, some of its disadvantages cannot be ignored. ⑸Once you are on the road, you'll encounter many nuisances. ⑹For example, your train may be too crowded. ⑺Though very expensive, you may find it hard to find a room in the local hotels. ⑻Your holiday may be spoiled by the illnesses on the journey. ⑼You may get lost in a strange city and can't understand a word of the local language. ⑽Worse still, your wallet might be stolen, and you can't find any friends or relatives to turn to.
⑾So you should be psychologically prepared for those inconveniences and do something about them. ⑿It is advisable that you take some medicines with you and book the room in advance. ⒀It would be of much help if you can learn a few words and sentences of the local language. ⒁And above all, remember to put your credit card apart from your wallet so that you can withdraw some money from a local bank in case your wallet is stolen.
提纲式作文
一、 提纲式作文的类型
二、 提纲式作文的写作要领
三、 提纲式作文练习及其参考范文
提纲式作文，即给出二、三个汉语或英语提示短语作为写作框架，展开文章的一种作文形式。它也属于指导性作文（guided writing），是四（六）级考试中最常见的作文形式。与段首句作文相比，提纲作文具有更大的控制性，而且给出的材料更明确具体。这种作文题型以提纲的形式对作文的选材范围、立意、内容的组织等进行具体的指导。
第一节 提纲式作文的类型
提纲式作文有两种：
（1）给出英文题目、中文提纲
提纲式作文多以英文给出题目、以中文给出提纲，有时提纲中还有提示。如1996年6月的四级作文题：
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
1. 人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。（提示：雨水、河水、井水?? ）
2. 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（提示：人口增加、工业用水增加、污染?? ）
3. 我们应该怎么办？
（2）给出英文题目和提纲
提纲式作文有时也以英文给出题目和提纲，如下面的作文题：
Electronic Dictionaries
1. Advantages of electronic dictionaries
2. Disadvantages of electronic dictionaries
3. My opinion
第二节 提纲式作文的写作要领
由于提纲材料本身决定了写作对象、范围、目的、体裁等，命题者的意图往往较容易领悟，而且在审题上一般不会出现障碍。因此，根据提纲规定的方向和范围构思和展开材料是至关重要的。写提纲式作文时，除了把握段首句作文的写作要领外，还需注意以下三个要领：
（1）细心钻研提纲材料
弄清提纲的思路和旨意是写好提纲作文的前提。审题时，首先要认真阅读、仔细分析提纲材料，注意弄清以下问题：
1） 提纲材料交代的主要内容是什么
2） 反映的意义是什么
3） 要达到什么目的
4） 各个层次之间有什么联系
5） 重点在哪里。
只有对材料进行认真分析和研究，揣摩出材料的旨意，才能顺理成章地运筹，构思出合乎要求的文章。比如，Global Shortage of Fresh Water这一提纲式作文的主要思路和旨意是：人们为什么认为淡水是取这不尽的？什么原因导致淡水紧缺？如何解决全球淡水紧缺问
题？
（2）避免简单重复提纲材料
写提纲作文要避免不假思索地围绕提纲堆砌材料，写一些“不痛不痒”的句子，或者将中文提纲简单地译成英文，或者将英文提纲生硬地搬到作文里。提纲作文不是简单地重复提纲材料的过程，而是在提纲材料的基础上，合理巧妙地构思全文，充分表现主题的过程。
（3）发展深化提纲材料
研究提纲材料时，要明确提纲材料所要体现、发展的内容。发展深化提纲材料就是要提炼主题，是对提纲材料进行的加工、补充、扩展。写好主题句是发展深化提纲的前提。主题句要写得意义完整，清晰明了，有利于段落的扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻。下面以Global Shortage of Fresh Water（全球淡水紧缺）这篇提纲式作文为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。
根据提纲要求，第一段应解释为什么人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。根据提示，我们可以从降雨丰富、河水和井水等水资源充足方面进行解释。第二段应重点解释导致淡水紧缺的原因，这些原因主要有：人为的浪费、人口增加、工业用水增加、水资源被污染等等。第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何解决淡水紧缺问题。只有提出具体的解决方法，才能使文章显得充实，有说服力。根据上面的构思，我们可以列出下列提纲：
Topic: Global Shortage of Fresh Water Question: What has caused the global shortage of fresh water and how can we solve the problem? Outline: I. It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.
1. Plenty of rainfall 2. Numerous wells 3. Countless rivers, falls and springs II. There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.
1. Population growth
2. Development of industry & agriculture 3. Water pollution
III. Measures should be taken to solve the problem.
1. Protect water resources from being polluted
2. Save water
3. Recycle water & convert sea water into drinkable water
Introduction Body Conclusion
或许有人会先把给出的中文的提纲细化（即列出一个更细的中文提纲），然后考虑如何将这一细化了的提纲转化为英文提纲，或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不少时间，会降低写作的速度。因此，我建议大家把中文提纲细化（即构思）时，最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间，又可以提高写作的速度。
《全球淡水紧缺》范文：
Global Shortage of Water
⑴It is widely assumed that fresh water will never be used up. ⑵We have such a wrong assumption because plenty of rain falls down from the sky and countless ri
vers run on the earth.⑶In addition to many wells, we also have numerous falls and springs flowing down from mountains.⑷But actually, a global shortage of fresh water has aroused great concern. ⑸
A lot of factors account for this shortage, but in general, they come down to three major ones. ⑹First, with the increase in the world‟s population, the demand for water is growing rapidly. ⑺Second, the rapid development of industry and agriculture also calls for an increasing amount of water. ⑻And to make things worse, fresh water in may places is being polluted by garbage and dangerous and poisonous chemicals. ⑼It is high time that we take some measures to tackle the problem. ⑽The first important measure is to protect our water resources from being polluted. ⑾Educating people to save water in daily life is of equal significance. ⑿Techniques such as recycling waste water and converting sea water into drinkable water should be applied in dry areas. ⒀It is only when these measures are put into use that the global shortage of fresh water can be solved. ⑴主题句：提出错误的观念 ⑵原因一和二 ⑶原因三和四 ⑷过渡句/指出实际情况 ⑸主题句/指出导致这一情况有三个原因 ⑹原因一 ⑺原因二 ⑻原因三 ⑼主题句：呼吁采取行动 ⑽措施一 ⑾措施二 ⑿措施三 ⒀结尾句/小结:强调这些措施的重要性、必要性
《电子词典》范文：
Electronic Dictionaries
⑴Some people prefer electronic dictionaries. ⑵They believe this kind of new dictionary has many advantages. ⑶First, compared with a traditional dictionary, it‟s obviously very handy and convenient. ⑷Besides, due to its multi-functions, it‟s also very helpful. ⑸It can not only translate words from English to Chinese, but vice versa. ⑹Some even can teach the learner how to pronounce a word. ⑺However, others argue we should not neglect its disadvantages.⑻First, the definitions in the entries are very limited. ⑼Second, they are not enough explanations or examples to illustrate the proper usage of a word. ⑽Sometimes, some explanations are so simple that they may cause misunderstanding. ⑾Last but not least, the constant use of this study aid can make people too much attached to the dictionary and become lazy.⑿Therefore, my view is that we should use it properly. ⒀Every learner should have a good English dictionary at hand and treat the electronic one as a make-shift, when a traditional one is not available. ⒁But an electronic dictionary is by no means a good substitute for a good traditional one. ⑴引出主题 ⑵主题句 ⑶优点一 ⑷优点二 ⑺主题句/指出主题的另一面 ⑻缺点一 ⑼缺点二 ⑽缺点三 ⑾缺点四 ⑿结论/我的观点 ⒀⒁具体阐述„我‟的观点
这一讲我主要讲了提纲式作文的类型及其写作要领。关于提纲式作文的写作就介绍到这里。
下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题，请大家根据这一讲的内容，在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法以及文章中的过渡等。
练习三：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On Sightseeing. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:
1. Advantages of sightseeing
2. Disadvantages of sightseeing
3. Prepare yourself well
参考文章:
⑴When asked about why they go sightseeing, different people will offer different answers. ⑵Some people say they want something exciting and exotic, while others want to refresh and relax themselves. ⑶And still others go sightseeing to enrich their experiences and broaden their horizons.
⑷Despite these advantages, some of its disadvantages cannot be ignored. ⑸Once you are on the road, you'll encounter many nuisances. ⑹For example, your train may be too crowded. ⑺Though very expensive, you may find it hard to find a room in the local hotels. ⑻Your holiday may be spoiled by the illnesses on the journey. ⑼You may get lost in a strange city and can't understand a word of the local language. ⑽Worse still, your wallet might be stolen, and you can't find any friends or relatives to turn to.
⑾So you should be psychologically prepared for those inconveniences and do something about them. ⑿It is advisable that you take some medicines with you and book the room in advance. ⒀It would be of much help if you can learn a few words and sentences of the local language. ⒁And above all, remember to put your credit card apart from your wallet so that you can withdraw some money from a local bank in case your wallet is stolen.