Working in winter
冬季工作 1
Effects of cold environment
寒冷环境的影响
A cold environment challenges the worker in three ways:
寒冷的环境对工人的影响来自三个方面：
∙ air temperature
∙ 空气温度
∙ air movement due to wind
∙ 由风所引起的空气运动
∙ air humidity
∙ 空气湿度
In order to work safely, these challenges have to be counterbalanced by:
为了能够安全的进行工作，我们需要通过以下途径来应对这些影响：
∙ proper insulation of protective clothing
∙ 适当的绝缘防护服
∙ physical activity
∙ 身体活动
∙ controlled exposure to cold by a work and rest schedule.
∙ 通过合理安排作息日程表来控制暴露在寒冷环境的时间。
Moreover, working conditions can be more dangerous due to the presence of snow or of ice on the roads and on the pathways.
此外，当道路上有雪或者有冰时，工作条件会更加危险。
Wind-chill temperature
风寒温度
At any temperature, the sensation of cold is higher when the wind speed increases. The combined effect of cold air and wind speed is expressed as wind-chill temperature. It gives a correspondence between the actual temperature with its conditions of wind and a temperature that would have the same effects without any wind.
当温度一定时，风速越大，人们就感觉越寒冷。因此，人们用风寒温度来表示冷空气和风速的综合影响。如下表所示，实际温度和风力的综合影响与无风时某一温度的影响存在着一一对应的关系。
(Figures from French National Institute of Research on Safety, INRS)
（数据来自法国国家安全研究所）
It means that:
从图中我们可以看到：
∙ as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than - 5 degrees there is a slight risk. ∙ 当风寒温度低于零下5摄氏度时，属于轻微危险。
∙ as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than – 25 degrees there is a moderated
risk, for instance with a temperature of -15 degrees and a wind speed over 30
km/s
∙ 当风寒温度低于零下25摄氏度时，属于中度危险，例如，当空气温度为零下
15摄氏度，风速高于30 km/s时。
∙ as soon as wind chill temperature is less than – 40 degrees there is a high risk for
instance with a temperature of -25 degrees and a wind speed over 40 km/s
∙ 当风寒温度低于零下40摄氏度时，属于高度危险，例如，当空气温度为零下
25摄氏度，风速高于40 km/s时。
∙ as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than -55 degrees there is an immediate
danger.
∙ 当风寒温度低于零下55摄氏度时，属于非常危险。
Means of prevention
预防手段
For continuous work in temperatures below zero degree, heated warming rest rooms should be available. The work should be studied to avoid excessive sweating. Proper rest periods in a warm area should be allowed.
对于低于零摄氏度环境下的连续工作，需要配有加热保暖的休息室。在工作中要学会避免过度出汗。应当允许在温暖的区域进行适当的休息。
The risk of cold injury can be minimized by proper equipment design, safe work practices and appropriate clothing:
通过正确的装备设计、安全工作实践和妥当的衣着，可以把寒冷损伤的危险降到最低。
∙ Equipment Design: For work below the freezing point, metal handles and bars should be covered by thermal insulating material. Also, machines and tools
should be designed so that they can be operated without having to remove
mittens or gloves
∙ 装备设计：对于冰点温度以下的工作，应使用绝热材料覆盖金属把手和栏杆。同样，在设计机器和工具时，应保证在操作时不需要脱掉手套。
∙ Surveillance and Monitoring: When outdoor temperature is below the freezing point, temperature and air speed should be monitored at least every 4 hours. ∙ 温度检测：当室外温度低于冰点时，应至少每四小时检测一次温度和风速。 ∙ Emergency Procedures: Procedures for providing first aid and obtaining medical care should be clearly outlined. For each shift, at least one trained person should be assigned the responsibility of attending to emergencies.
∙ 紧急应变程序：明确阐述急救和获得医疗保健的程序。每个班组都应至少有一个受过紧急情况培训的人。
∙ Training: Workers and supervisors involved with work in cold environments should be informed about symptoms of adverse effect exposure to cold, proper clothing habits, safe work practices, physical fitness requirements for work in cold, and emergency procedures in case of cold injury. While working in cold, a buddy system should be used. Look out for one another and be alert for the
symptoms of hypothermia.
∙ 培训：在寒冷环境下工作的员工和管理者应当了解暴露在寒冷天气里的不良症状、正确的穿衣习惯、安全工作实践、寒冷环境中工作的体能要求以及寒冷冻伤后的紧急应变程序等。当在寒冷条件下工作时，应当使用两人同行制，各负责另一人的安全，以警惕发生低温症状。
∙ PPE for working in the cold : Protective clothing is needed for work below 4°C. Clothing should be selected to suit the temperature, weather conditions, the
level and duration of activity, and job design. Clothing should be worn in multiple
layers which provide better protection than a single thick garment. The air
between layers of clothing provides better insulation than the clothing itself. ∙ 个人防护装备：在低于4摄氏度下工作时，需要穿着防护服。在防护服的选择上应考虑到温度、天气情况、劳动程度、持续时间以及工作设计。相对只穿一件厚衣服来说，穿多层衣服可以得到更好的保护。各层衣服间的空气所起到的隔热作用要超过衣服本身。
Effects of cold on work performance
寒冷在工作业绩方面的影响
Uncomfortably cold working conditions can lead to lower work efficiency and higher accident rates. Cold impairs the performance of complex mental tasks. Manual tasks are also impaired because the sensitivity and dexterity of fingers are reduced in the cold. At even lower temperatures, the cold affects the deeper muscles resulting in reduced muscular strength and stiffened joints. Mental alertness is reduced due to cold-related discomfort. For all these reasons accidents are more likely to occur in very cold working conditions. Women are generally at a greater risk of cold injury than men. Diseases of the blood circulation system, fatigue, consumption of alcohol or some medications, smoking can increase the risks.
不幸的是，寒冷的工作条件不仅使工作效率降低，还会增加发生事故的几率。寒冷会削弱复杂的脑力劳动的表现。手工劳动同样会受到影响，因为寒冷会降低手指的灵敏度和灵活性。当温度更低时，寒冷甚至会影响到更深的肌肉，致使肌肉力量降低和关节僵硬。寒冷带来的不适会降低神经的警觉性。基于上述原因，在非常寒冷的条件下是很容易发生事故的。女性比男性更容易受到寒冷损伤。血液循环系统的疾病、疲劳、酒精或服用某些药物、吸烟都使上述风险增大。
Health effects of exposure to cold
对健康的影响
Cooling of body parts may result in various cold injuries - non-freezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious.
身体各部分受冷后会引起各种各样的寒冷损伤—非冻伤、冻伤以及最严重的低体温症。
Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, the body will preserve heat by favouring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions. Hands and feet tend to get cold more quickly than the torso because:
脚趾、手指、耳朵和鼻子是最容易受到寒冷损伤的器官，因为它们没有可以产生热量的肌肉。此外，在寒冷的环境里，身体会降低流向四肢的血液流动速度来为内部器官保留热量。人的手脚比躯干冷的更快的原因有：
∙ they lose heat more rapidly since they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, and
∙ 因为手和脚的表面积与体积的比例更大，所以它们更容易散失热量；
∙ they are more likely to be in contact with colder surfaces than other parts of the body.
∙ 与身体其它部分相比，手和脚接触寒冷表面的机会更多。
If the eyes are not protected with goggles in high wind chill conditions, the corneas of the eyes may freeze.
在高风寒的条件下，如果没有佩戴护目镜的话，眼角膜可能会被冻住。
The most severe cold injury is hypothermia which occurs from excessive loss of body heat and the consequent lowering of the inner core temperature (internal temperature of the body). Hypothermia can be fatal.
低体温症是最严重的寒冷损伤，由于体内热量的大量流失，内部核心温度（身体内部温度）持续降低。低体温症将是致命的。
First aid for frostbites
冻伤急救
First aid for frostbite includes:
冻伤急救包括：
∙ If possible, move the victim to a warm area.
∙ 如果可能的话，将伤者转移到温暖的区域。
∙ Loosen or remove constricting clothing or jewellery that may restrict circulation. ∙ 放松或脱掉紧身的衣服或首饰以避免限制血液流通。
∙ Loosely cover the affected area with a dressing. Place some gauze between fingers and toes to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together. ∙ 用衣服覆盖在受伤的部位上。在手指和脚趾之间放上纱布吸收湿气以防止它们粘结在一起。
∙ Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.
∙ 把伤者快速运送到急救设备上。
∙ Do not attempt to rewarm the affected area on site, but do try to stop the area from becoming any colder. Without the proper facilities, tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and cause more damage.
∙ 在现场不要试图使受伤部位重新暖和起来，但是要尽量去阻止这些部位变的更冷。在没有合适的设备时，变暖的纸巾可能会结冰，从而带来更大的损害。 ∙ Do not rub area or apply dry heat.
∙ 不要摩擦受伤部位或者提供干热。
∙ Do not allow the victim to drink alcohol or smoke.
∙ 不要让伤者喝酒或吸烟。
2 Winter conditions
冬季工况 Snow-falls can greatly reduce visibility, create hazardous road conditions, even knock down trees and power lines or roof collapses from snow loads. 降雪会使能见度严重降低，产生危险路况，积雪甚至会压倒树木、电线，或使屋顶坍塌。 Rain in winter can have serious impacts when it falls on an existing snowpack or on frozen ground.
冬季下雨会产生严重的影响，它将使地面上有积雪或结冰。 Freezing rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form at first but then falls through a layer of cold air. If this layer of cold air is thick enough and the air temperature is below
freezing, the precipitation freezes on contact with the ground (or an object that is below freezing temperature), forming a coating of ice on its surface. Driving and even walking can be dangerous in such conditions. As well, ice coated utility lines or poles can be brought down due to the excess weight of the ice.
冻雨降水的初始状态是液态的，并随后进入冷空气层。当冷空气层足够厚且空气温度低于冰点时，降水在与地面（或者某个低于冰点的物体）接触的时候就会结成冰，并在表面形成一层薄冰。在这种条件下驾车或是步行都是非常危险的，此外，覆冰的公用线路或电线杆可能会因为冰的重量过重而被压倒。
Fog reduces visibility due to suspended water droplets. Driving any vehicle in low visibilities due to fog can be hazardous, therefore speeds should be reduced accordingly 。
由于悬浮小水滴的影响，雾使能见度降低。在能见度很低的雾天开车将是非常危险的，所以车速要根据具体的情况有所降低。
Risks due to weather conditions and related preventions
由天气状况造成的风险及相关预防措施
All these weather conditions increase the risks of slips and trips when walking in the plant and the risk of car accidents. Internal roads and pathways must be cleaned as soon as possible and salt can be spread on the roads to lower the freezing point of the water. Drivers must adapt the speed of their cars to the external conditions.
以上天气状况都会增加在工厂行走时滑倒或被绊倒以及发生车祸的风险。工厂内部的道路要尽快的进行清理，并在道路上撒盐以提高冰点温度。司机同志则要根据外部条件的情况来控制车速。
Leakages of water or steam can create ice stalactites. They are very dangerous when they are hung up in racks or on the edges of roofs, over pathways. They must be
removed as soon as possible, and if it is not possible barricades must be set up to avoid circulation under them.
水或者蒸汽的泄漏可能会形成冰柱。当这些冰柱悬挂在道路上方的架子或是房顶边缘时，将是非常危险的。它们必须尽快被清理掉，如果不能清理的话，那就必须设置路障以避免行人路过。
To clean frozen process equipments, workers use frequently steam provided by a hose linked to a steam pipe. There are risks of burn, especially if the connexion between the hose and the pipe is not adequate and so that the hose can be thrown-out of the connexion. Connexion must be adapted according to Blue Star Headquarters
requirements.
对于结冰工艺设备的清理，工人经常使用的工具是一根连在蒸汽管上的软管。在使用时有被烫伤的危险，特别是当软管与蒸汽管连接的不太合适的时候，软管可能会被甩出去。因此，软管与蒸汽管的连接必须要符合蓝星集团总公司的要求。
Equipments containing water can be deteriorated by inside freezing. Insulation and automatic drain conditions must be checked before the arrival of low temperatures. 含水的设备可能会由于设备里的冰而受损。在气温降低之前，必须对保温和自动排水的情况进行检查。
Reduction of slipping
避免滑倒
Slipping can be reduced if employees:
要避免滑倒，员工需做到以下一点：
∙ wear adapted shoes that provide enough traction on the ground
∙ 穿着合适的能提供足够附着力的鞋
∙ take time and pay attention to where they are going
∙ 花时间关注一下目的地
∙ take special care while walking in wet weather and at night and when walking across lawns, parking lots, and walkways. Whenever possible, keep off the grass because, when frozen, it does not provide enough traction to prevent a slip
∙ 当天气潮湿的晚上，行走在草坪、停车场和人行道上时，要格外的小心。尽可能避开结冰的草，因为它不能提供足够的摩擦力来避免滑倒。
∙ walk on level surfaces whenever possible.
∙ 尽可能的走在水平的地面上。
∙ adjust their stride to a pace that is suitable for the walking surface and the tasks they are doing. Take short, flat steps, keeping the heels and soles of the shoes in contact with the soil
∙ 调整步伐以适应行走路面以及正在进行的工作。步幅短且平，保持鞋跟和鞋底与地面的接触。
∙ walk with the feet pointed slightly outward
∙ 走路时脚尖稍稍冲外。
∙ make wide turns at corners.
∙ 转弯时尽量拐的大一点。
∙ take short cuts is dangerous and must be avoided.
∙ 走捷径是危险的，应当被禁止
∙ Use handrails when available.
∙ 有扶手时，请使用扶手。
Fire Safety
消防安全
The risk of indoor fires increases during the winter when people spend more time inside and sometimes use standard electric heaters with inadequate electric connexions. 冬季更容易发生室内火灾，因为人们会花更多的时间呆在屋子里，而且有些时候人们虽然使用的是标准的电加热器，但并没有正确的进行连接。
3 Driving in winter
3 冬季驾驶
Travel preparation
行前准备
∙ Plan driving in advance
∙ 提前对驾驶进行计划
∙ Avoid driving when tired
∙ 不要疲劳驾驶
∙ Check weather conditions before travel
∙ 临行前检查天气状况
∙ Plan arrival time at a destination by taking into account any delays due to slower traffic, reduced visibility, roadblocks, collisions, ...
∙ 预计到达目的地的时间时要考虑一切可能的延误，如：交通缓慢、能见度低、路障、碰撞，等。
∙ Warm up vehicle before driving off. It reduces moisture condensing on the inside of the windows.
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∙ 开车前，先着车升温。这样可以减低车窗里湿气的凝结。 Never warm up vehicle in a closed garage. 不要在关闭的车库里预热车辆。 Remove snow and ice from vehicle. It helps to see and also to be seen. 清理车上的雪和冰，这样有助于你的观察，别人也比较容易注意到你。 Inspect your windshield wipers to ensure they move freely and make full contact with the windshield, and make sure the windshield washer antifreeze reservoir is full.
∙ 检查挡风玻璃上的雨刷，保证它们可以正常活动且与挡风玻璃完全接触，并且要确保挡风玻璃的清洗防冻液是满的。
∙ Check the strength of car batteries as part of the vehicle maintenance program ∙ 把汽车电池电量的检查作为车辆维修保养程序的一部分。
Driving
驾驶
∙ Buckle up safety belt before driving. Keep safety belt buckled at all times
∙ 驾驶前带好安全带，时时刻刻保持扣紧安全带。
∙ Slow down: indicated speed limits are for ideal travel conditions. Driving at
reduced speeds is the best precautionary measure against any misfortune while driving on slippery roads
∙ 减速：最高限速是指在理想的驾驶条件下可以达到的速度。在湿滑的路面路面上驾驶时，减速是最好的预防措施。
∙ Be alert
∙ 时刻警惕
∙ Reduce speed while approaching intersections covered with ice or snow
∙ 当接近有冰或雪的十字路口时，一定要减速。
∙ Allow for extra travelling time or even consider delaying a trip if the weather is inclement
∙ 如果天气非常恶劣，应延长旅行时间，甚至考虑延误行程。
∙ Drive with low-beam headlights on. This makes your vehicle more visible
∙ 驾驶时请使用近光前灯，这会使别人更容易看到你。
∙ Lengthen your following distance behind the vehicle ahead of you. Stopping distance on an icy road is double that of stopping on a dry one. For example,
from around 50 meters at the speed of 60 km/h, to 100 meters on an icy road surface
∙ 增大与前车之间的距离。结冰路面的制动距离是在干燥路面的两倍，也就是说，以60km/h的速度行驶，如果干燥路面的制动距离是50米的话，那么结冰路面的制动距离将是100米。
∙ Stay in the right-hand lane except when passing and use turn signals when changing lanes
∙ 请呆在右车道除非你要超车，变换车道时请打转向灯。
∙ Steer with smooth and precise movements. Changing lanes too quickly and jerky steering while braking or accelerating can cause skidding
∙ 平稳且精确得转向。快换车道和急动转向时的制动或加速可以导致汽车打滑。 ∙ Be aware and slow down when seeing a sign warning a bridge. Steel and
concrete bridges are likely to be icy even when there is no ice on the asphalt
surface
∙ 过桥时要格外注意，并要减速。即使沥青路面上没有冰，钢筋混凝土的桥梁也很容易打滑。
∙ Be patient and pass other cars only when it is safe to do so.
∙ 行车时要耐心，只有在确保安全的情况下才可以超车。
∙ If you start to skid, do not brake and do not accelerate
∙ 当你的车开始打滑时，不要刹车，也不要加速。
4 Process
4 工艺工程
Drains are particularly exposed to freezing. They must be specifically monitored. They must be totally checked in autumn before the occurrence of freezing temperatures. Shift-leaders must ensure the follow-up and if necessary ask for maintenance. After any shut-down of steam longer than four hours when the temperature is lower than 0 degrees, the condition of the drains must be checked.
导淋管特别容易被冻。必须对它们进行专门的检查。在秋天，当冰点温度到来之前就必须对其进行检查。车间应确保发现问题的解决，必要时要找人维修。当温度低于零摄氏度且关闭蒸汽超过4小时或更短的时间内，必须对导淋进行检查。
Steam and electrical tracers must be listed and checked.
蒸汽和电加热伴热必须列表进行检查。
Anti-freezing instructions must be studied and drilled in each plant and complied with when the outside temperature is lower than 0°C. They must include normal operations, specific shut-down procedures of installations or part of installations and stand-by situations. They must apply to all equipments, utility and product lines.
每个车间都要重新学习防冻的操作程序并进行演练，当室外温度低于零摄氏度时，一定要严格遵守此防冻的操作程序。防冻的操作程序必须包括正常操作、装置或装置一部分的关闭以及全线停车。操作程序必须适合于所有的设备、公用工程和生产线。
When it is necessary, these instructions must include following items:
必要时，防冻操作程序应包括以下内容：
∙ Control and cleaning of steam drains and specific valves
∙ 蒸汽管道的导淋及疏水器和特殊阀门的管理和排干净水
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∙ Control of insulation of pipes and equipments 管道和设备的保温控制 Control of steam heating pipes and electrical heating 蒸汽伴热和电加热的控制 By-pass of specific pipes, pumps and equipments 特殊管道、泵和设备的旁路 Careful bleed of equipments and drain of pipes during shut-downs or when not used
∙ 在停车或设备停用期间，请小心进行管道和设备的排水
If some equipment must be kept at a specific temperature, it will be checked at least one times per hour by shift.
如果某些设备必须保持在一个特定的温度时，那么班组至少每小时检查1次。
Specific measures for water supply of fire-extinguishing devices and safety showers must be set-up.
必须建立起灭火装置和安全淋浴防冻、正常供水的具体措施。
Working in winter
冬季工作 1
Effects of cold environment
寒冷环境的影响
A cold environment challenges the worker in three ways:
寒冷的环境对工人的影响来自三个方面：
∙ air temperature
∙ 空气温度
∙ air movement due to wind
∙ 由风所引起的空气运动
∙ air humidity
∙ 空气湿度
In order to work safely, these challenges have to be counterbalanced by:
为了能够安全的进行工作，我们需要通过以下途径来应对这些影响：
∙ proper insulation of protective clothing
∙ 适当的绝缘防护服
∙ physical activity
∙ 身体活动
∙ controlled exposure to cold by a work and rest schedule.
∙ 通过合理安排作息日程表来控制暴露在寒冷环境的时间。
Moreover, working conditions can be more dangerous due to the presence of snow or of ice on the roads and on the pathways.
此外，当道路上有雪或者有冰时，工作条件会更加危险。
Wind-chill temperature
风寒温度
At any temperature, the sensation of cold is higher when the wind speed increases. The combined effect of cold air and wind speed is expressed as wind-chill temperature. It gives a correspondence between the actual temperature with its conditions of wind and a temperature that would have the same effects without any wind.
当温度一定时，风速越大，人们就感觉越寒冷。因此，人们用风寒温度来表示冷空气和风速的综合影响。如下表所示，实际温度和风力的综合影响与无风时某一温度的影响存在着一一对应的关系。
(Figures from French National Institute of Research on Safety, INRS)
（数据来自法国国家安全研究所）
It means that:
从图中我们可以看到：
∙ as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than - 5 degrees there is a slight risk. ∙ 当风寒温度低于零下5摄氏度时，属于轻微危险。
∙ as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than – 25 degrees there is a moderated
risk, for instance with a temperature of -15 degrees and a wind speed over 30
km/s
∙ 当风寒温度低于零下25摄氏度时，属于中度危险，例如，当空气温度为零下
15摄氏度，风速高于30 km/s时。
∙ as soon as wind chill temperature is less than – 40 degrees there is a high risk for
instance with a temperature of -25 degrees and a wind speed over 40 km/s
∙ 当风寒温度低于零下40摄氏度时，属于高度危险，例如，当空气温度为零下
25摄氏度，风速高于40 km/s时。
∙ as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than -55 degrees there is an immediate
danger.
∙ 当风寒温度低于零下55摄氏度时，属于非常危险。
Means of prevention
预防手段
For continuous work in temperatures below zero degree, heated warming rest rooms should be available. The work should be studied to avoid excessive sweating. Proper rest periods in a warm area should be allowed.
对于低于零摄氏度环境下的连续工作，需要配有加热保暖的休息室。在工作中要学会避免过度出汗。应当允许在温暖的区域进行适当的休息。
The risk of cold injury can be minimized by proper equipment design, safe work practices and appropriate clothing:
通过正确的装备设计、安全工作实践和妥当的衣着，可以把寒冷损伤的危险降到最低。
∙ Equipment Design: For work below the freezing point, metal handles and bars should be covered by thermal insulating material. Also, machines and tools
should be designed so that they can be operated without having to remove
mittens or gloves
∙ 装备设计：对于冰点温度以下的工作，应使用绝热材料覆盖金属把手和栏杆。同样，在设计机器和工具时，应保证在操作时不需要脱掉手套。
∙ Surveillance and Monitoring: When outdoor temperature is below the freezing point, temperature and air speed should be monitored at least every 4 hours. ∙ 温度检测：当室外温度低于冰点时，应至少每四小时检测一次温度和风速。 ∙ Emergency Procedures: Procedures for providing first aid and obtaining medical care should be clearly outlined. For each shift, at least one trained person should be assigned the responsibility of attending to emergencies.
∙ 紧急应变程序：明确阐述急救和获得医疗保健的程序。每个班组都应至少有一个受过紧急情况培训的人。
∙ Training: Workers and supervisors involved with work in cold environments should be informed about symptoms of adverse effect exposure to cold, proper clothing habits, safe work practices, physical fitness requirements for work in cold, and emergency procedures in case of cold injury. While working in cold, a buddy system should be used. Look out for one another and be alert for the
symptoms of hypothermia.
∙ 培训：在寒冷环境下工作的员工和管理者应当了解暴露在寒冷天气里的不良症状、正确的穿衣习惯、安全工作实践、寒冷环境中工作的体能要求以及寒冷冻伤后的紧急应变程序等。当在寒冷条件下工作时，应当使用两人同行制，各负责另一人的安全，以警惕发生低温症状。
∙ PPE for working in the cold : Protective clothing is needed for work below 4°C. Clothing should be selected to suit the temperature, weather conditions, the
level and duration of activity, and job design. Clothing should be worn in multiple
layers which provide better protection than a single thick garment. The air
between layers of clothing provides better insulation than the clothing itself. ∙ 个人防护装备：在低于4摄氏度下工作时，需要穿着防护服。在防护服的选择上应考虑到温度、天气情况、劳动程度、持续时间以及工作设计。相对只穿一件厚衣服来说，穿多层衣服可以得到更好的保护。各层衣服间的空气所起到的隔热作用要超过衣服本身。
Effects of cold on work performance
寒冷在工作业绩方面的影响
Uncomfortably cold working conditions can lead to lower work efficiency and higher accident rates. Cold impairs the performance of complex mental tasks. Manual tasks are also impaired because the sensitivity and dexterity of fingers are reduced in the cold. At even lower temperatures, the cold affects the deeper muscles resulting in reduced muscular strength and stiffened joints. Mental alertness is reduced due to cold-related discomfort. For all these reasons accidents are more likely to occur in very cold working conditions. Women are generally at a greater risk of cold injury than men. Diseases of the blood circulation system, fatigue, consumption of alcohol or some medications, smoking can increase the risks.
不幸的是，寒冷的工作条件不仅使工作效率降低，还会增加发生事故的几率。寒冷会削弱复杂的脑力劳动的表现。手工劳动同样会受到影响，因为寒冷会降低手指的灵敏度和灵活性。当温度更低时，寒冷甚至会影响到更深的肌肉，致使肌肉力量降低和关节僵硬。寒冷带来的不适会降低神经的警觉性。基于上述原因，在非常寒冷的条件下是很容易发生事故的。女性比男性更容易受到寒冷损伤。血液循环系统的疾病、疲劳、酒精或服用某些药物、吸烟都使上述风险增大。
Health effects of exposure to cold
对健康的影响
Cooling of body parts may result in various cold injuries - non-freezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious.
身体各部分受冷后会引起各种各样的寒冷损伤—非冻伤、冻伤以及最严重的低体温症。
Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, the body will preserve heat by favouring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions. Hands and feet tend to get cold more quickly than the torso because:
脚趾、手指、耳朵和鼻子是最容易受到寒冷损伤的器官，因为它们没有可以产生热量的肌肉。此外，在寒冷的环境里，身体会降低流向四肢的血液流动速度来为内部器官保留热量。人的手脚比躯干冷的更快的原因有：
∙ they lose heat more rapidly since they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, and
∙ 因为手和脚的表面积与体积的比例更大，所以它们更容易散失热量；
∙ they are more likely to be in contact with colder surfaces than other parts of the body.
∙ 与身体其它部分相比，手和脚接触寒冷表面的机会更多。
If the eyes are not protected with goggles in high wind chill conditions, the corneas of the eyes may freeze.
在高风寒的条件下，如果没有佩戴护目镜的话，眼角膜可能会被冻住。
The most severe cold injury is hypothermia which occurs from excessive loss of body heat and the consequent lowering of the inner core temperature (internal temperature of the body). Hypothermia can be fatal.
低体温症是最严重的寒冷损伤，由于体内热量的大量流失，内部核心温度（身体内部温度）持续降低。低体温症将是致命的。
First aid for frostbites
冻伤急救
First aid for frostbite includes:
冻伤急救包括：
∙ If possible, move the victim to a warm area.
∙ 如果可能的话，将伤者转移到温暖的区域。
∙ Loosen or remove constricting clothing or jewellery that may restrict circulation. ∙ 放松或脱掉紧身的衣服或首饰以避免限制血液流通。
∙ Loosely cover the affected area with a dressing. Place some gauze between fingers and toes to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together. ∙ 用衣服覆盖在受伤的部位上。在手指和脚趾之间放上纱布吸收湿气以防止它们粘结在一起。
∙ Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.
∙ 把伤者快速运送到急救设备上。
∙ Do not attempt to rewarm the affected area on site, but do try to stop the area from becoming any colder. Without the proper facilities, tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and cause more damage.
∙ 在现场不要试图使受伤部位重新暖和起来，但是要尽量去阻止这些部位变的更冷。在没有合适的设备时，变暖的纸巾可能会结冰，从而带来更大的损害。 ∙ Do not rub area or apply dry heat.
∙ 不要摩擦受伤部位或者提供干热。
∙ Do not allow the victim to drink alcohol or smoke.
∙ 不要让伤者喝酒或吸烟。
2 Winter conditions
冬季工况 Snow-falls can greatly reduce visibility, create hazardous road conditions, even knock down trees and power lines or roof collapses from snow loads. 降雪会使能见度严重降低，产生危险路况，积雪甚至会压倒树木、电线，或使屋顶坍塌。 Rain in winter can have serious impacts when it falls on an existing snowpack or on frozen ground.
冬季下雨会产生严重的影响，它将使地面上有积雪或结冰。 Freezing rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form at first but then falls through a layer of cold air. If this layer of cold air is thick enough and the air temperature is below
freezing, the precipitation freezes on contact with the ground (or an object that is below freezing temperature), forming a coating of ice on its surface. Driving and even walking can be dangerous in such conditions. As well, ice coated utility lines or poles can be brought down due to the excess weight of the ice.
冻雨降水的初始状态是液态的，并随后进入冷空气层。当冷空气层足够厚且空气温度低于冰点时，降水在与地面（或者某个低于冰点的物体）接触的时候就会结成冰，并在表面形成一层薄冰。在这种条件下驾车或是步行都是非常危险的，此外，覆冰的公用线路或电线杆可能会因为冰的重量过重而被压倒。
Fog reduces visibility due to suspended water droplets. Driving any vehicle in low visibilities due to fog can be hazardous, therefore speeds should be reduced accordingly 。
由于悬浮小水滴的影响，雾使能见度降低。在能见度很低的雾天开车将是非常危险的，所以车速要根据具体的情况有所降低。
Risks due to weather conditions and related preventions
由天气状况造成的风险及相关预防措施
All these weather conditions increase the risks of slips and trips when walking in the plant and the risk of car accidents. Internal roads and pathways must be cleaned as soon as possible and salt can be spread on the roads to lower the freezing point of the water. Drivers must adapt the speed of their cars to the external conditions.
以上天气状况都会增加在工厂行走时滑倒或被绊倒以及发生车祸的风险。工厂内部的道路要尽快的进行清理，并在道路上撒盐以提高冰点温度。司机同志则要根据外部条件的情况来控制车速。
Leakages of water or steam can create ice stalactites. They are very dangerous when they are hung up in racks or on the edges of roofs, over pathways. They must be
removed as soon as possible, and if it is not possible barricades must be set up to avoid circulation under them.
水或者蒸汽的泄漏可能会形成冰柱。当这些冰柱悬挂在道路上方的架子或是房顶边缘时，将是非常危险的。它们必须尽快被清理掉，如果不能清理的话，那就必须设置路障以避免行人路过。
To clean frozen process equipments, workers use frequently steam provided by a hose linked to a steam pipe. There are risks of burn, especially if the connexion between the hose and the pipe is not adequate and so that the hose can be thrown-out of the connexion. Connexion must be adapted according to Blue Star Headquarters
requirements.
对于结冰工艺设备的清理，工人经常使用的工具是一根连在蒸汽管上的软管。在使用时有被烫伤的危险，特别是当软管与蒸汽管连接的不太合适的时候，软管可能会被甩出去。因此，软管与蒸汽管的连接必须要符合蓝星集团总公司的要求。
Equipments containing water can be deteriorated by inside freezing. Insulation and automatic drain conditions must be checked before the arrival of low temperatures. 含水的设备可能会由于设备里的冰而受损。在气温降低之前，必须对保温和自动排水的情况进行检查。
Reduction of slipping
避免滑倒
Slipping can be reduced if employees:
要避免滑倒，员工需做到以下一点：
∙ wear adapted shoes that provide enough traction on the ground
∙ 穿着合适的能提供足够附着力的鞋
∙ take time and pay attention to where they are going
∙ 花时间关注一下目的地
∙ take special care while walking in wet weather and at night and when walking across lawns, parking lots, and walkways. Whenever possible, keep off the grass because, when frozen, it does not provide enough traction to prevent a slip
∙ 当天气潮湿的晚上，行走在草坪、停车场和人行道上时，要格外的小心。尽可能避开结冰的草，因为它不能提供足够的摩擦力来避免滑倒。
∙ walk on level surfaces whenever possible.
∙ 尽可能的走在水平的地面上。
∙ adjust their stride to a pace that is suitable for the walking surface and the tasks they are doing. Take short, flat steps, keeping the heels and soles of the shoes in contact with the soil
∙ 调整步伐以适应行走路面以及正在进行的工作。步幅短且平，保持鞋跟和鞋底与地面的接触。
∙ walk with the feet pointed slightly outward
∙ 走路时脚尖稍稍冲外。
∙ make wide turns at corners.
∙ 转弯时尽量拐的大一点。
∙ take short cuts is dangerous and must be avoided.
∙ 走捷径是危险的，应当被禁止
∙ Use handrails when available.
∙ 有扶手时，请使用扶手。
Fire Safety
消防安全
The risk of indoor fires increases during the winter when people spend more time inside and sometimes use standard electric heaters with inadequate electric connexions. 冬季更容易发生室内火灾，因为人们会花更多的时间呆在屋子里，而且有些时候人们虽然使用的是标准的电加热器，但并没有正确的进行连接。
3 Driving in winter
3 冬季驾驶
Travel preparation
行前准备
∙ Plan driving in advance
∙ 提前对驾驶进行计划
∙ Avoid driving when tired
∙ 不要疲劳驾驶
∙ Check weather conditions before travel
∙ 临行前检查天气状况
∙ Plan arrival time at a destination by taking into account any delays due to slower traffic, reduced visibility, roadblocks, collisions, ...
∙ 预计到达目的地的时间时要考虑一切可能的延误，如：交通缓慢、能见度低、路障、碰撞，等。
∙ Warm up vehicle before driving off. It reduces moisture condensing on the inside of the windows.
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∙ 开车前，先着车升温。这样可以减低车窗里湿气的凝结。 Never warm up vehicle in a closed garage. 不要在关闭的车库里预热车辆。 Remove snow and ice from vehicle. It helps to see and also to be seen. 清理车上的雪和冰，这样有助于你的观察，别人也比较容易注意到你。 Inspect your windshield wipers to ensure they move freely and make full contact with the windshield, and make sure the windshield washer antifreeze reservoir is full.
∙ 检查挡风玻璃上的雨刷，保证它们可以正常活动且与挡风玻璃完全接触，并且要确保挡风玻璃的清洗防冻液是满的。
∙ Check the strength of car batteries as part of the vehicle maintenance program ∙ 把汽车电池电量的检查作为车辆维修保养程序的一部分。
Driving
驾驶
∙ Buckle up safety belt before driving. Keep safety belt buckled at all times
∙ 驾驶前带好安全带，时时刻刻保持扣紧安全带。
∙ Slow down: indicated speed limits are for ideal travel conditions. Driving at
reduced speeds is the best precautionary measure against any misfortune while driving on slippery roads
∙ 减速：最高限速是指在理想的驾驶条件下可以达到的速度。在湿滑的路面路面上驾驶时，减速是最好的预防措施。
∙ Be alert
∙ 时刻警惕
∙ Reduce speed while approaching intersections covered with ice or snow
∙ 当接近有冰或雪的十字路口时，一定要减速。
∙ Allow for extra travelling time or even consider delaying a trip if the weather is inclement
∙ 如果天气非常恶劣，应延长旅行时间，甚至考虑延误行程。
∙ Drive with low-beam headlights on. This makes your vehicle more visible
∙ 驾驶时请使用近光前灯，这会使别人更容易看到你。
∙ Lengthen your following distance behind the vehicle ahead of you. Stopping distance on an icy road is double that of stopping on a dry one. For example,
from around 50 meters at the speed of 60 km/h, to 100 meters on an icy road surface
∙ 增大与前车之间的距离。结冰路面的制动距离是在干燥路面的两倍，也就是说，以60km/h的速度行驶，如果干燥路面的制动距离是50米的话，那么结冰路面的制动距离将是100米。
∙ Stay in the right-hand lane except when passing and use turn signals when changing lanes
∙ 请呆在右车道除非你要超车，变换车道时请打转向灯。
∙ Steer with smooth and precise movements. Changing lanes too quickly and jerky steering while braking or accelerating can cause skidding
∙ 平稳且精确得转向。快换车道和急动转向时的制动或加速可以导致汽车打滑。 ∙ Be aware and slow down when seeing a sign warning a bridge. Steel and
concrete bridges are likely to be icy even when there is no ice on the asphalt
surface
∙ 过桥时要格外注意，并要减速。即使沥青路面上没有冰，钢筋混凝土的桥梁也很容易打滑。
∙ Be patient and pass other cars only when it is safe to do so.
∙ 行车时要耐心，只有在确保安全的情况下才可以超车。
∙ If you start to skid, do not brake and do not accelerate
∙ 当你的车开始打滑时，不要刹车，也不要加速。
4 Process
4 工艺工程
Drains are particularly exposed to freezing. They must be specifically monitored. They must be totally checked in autumn before the occurrence of freezing temperatures. Shift-leaders must ensure the follow-up and if necessary ask for maintenance. After any shut-down of steam longer than four hours when the temperature is lower than 0 degrees, the condition of the drains must be checked.
导淋管特别容易被冻。必须对它们进行专门的检查。在秋天，当冰点温度到来之前就必须对其进行检查。车间应确保发现问题的解决，必要时要找人维修。当温度低于零摄氏度且关闭蒸汽超过4小时或更短的时间内，必须对导淋进行检查。
Steam and electrical tracers must be listed and checked.
蒸汽和电加热伴热必须列表进行检查。
Anti-freezing instructions must be studied and drilled in each plant and complied with when the outside temperature is lower than 0°C. They must include normal operations, specific shut-down procedures of installations or part of installations and stand-by situations. They must apply to all equipments, utility and product lines.
每个车间都要重新学习防冻的操作程序并进行演练，当室外温度低于零摄氏度时，一定要严格遵守此防冻的操作程序。防冻的操作程序必须包括正常操作、装置或装置一部分的关闭以及全线停车。操作程序必须适合于所有的设备、公用工程和生产线。
When it is necessary, these instructions must include following items:
必要时，防冻操作程序应包括以下内容：
∙ Control and cleaning of steam drains and specific valves
∙ 蒸汽管道的导淋及疏水器和特殊阀门的管理和排干净水
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∙ Control of insulation of pipes and equipments 管道和设备的保温控制 Control of steam heating pipes and electrical heating 蒸汽伴热和电加热的控制 By-pass of specific pipes, pumps and equipments 特殊管道、泵和设备的旁路 Careful bleed of equipments and drain of pipes during shut-downs or when not used
∙ 在停车或设备停用期间，请小心进行管道和设备的排水
If some equipment must be kept at a specific temperature, it will be checked at least one times per hour by shift.
如果某些设备必须保持在一个特定的温度时，那么班组至少每小时检查1次。
Specific measures for water supply of fire-extinguishing devices and safety showers must be set-up.
必须建立起灭火装置和安全淋浴防冻、正常供水的具体措施。