现在分词
一、现在分词的句法作用
现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、补语、状语等句子成分。
现在分词的时态变化
（一） 作定语
作定语用的现在分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语。如：
a. China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
b. The ________ child disturbed him. 哭闹的孩子使他心烦意乱。
c. The girl ________ there is my sister. 站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
d. All the people _______ in the restaurant were tourists.
所有正在这个餐馆吃饭的人都是旅游者。
作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先后发生，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
值得一说的是，现在分词的被动式一般不能作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应注意。如： We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
练习;
1.你看到了和你弟弟跳舞的那个姑娘吗？（翻译成定语从句与判断能否用现在分词翻译）
2.那个正在和我妈妈说话的人是律师。（同上）
3.今天早上来的那个人是他父亲。
4.有人会开汽车吗？
（二） 作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。一般跟在be,get,become,look,sound,feel,keep,remain,grow,seem等连系动词后面。如：
a. The story sounds very moving. 那故事听起来很感人。
b. The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。
1
有些做定语和表语的现在分词实际上已经被看作形容词，常见的有：exciting , interesting, disappointing , discouraging, encouraging, puzzling, missing, surprising, confusing, amusing, charming , shocking, inviting等。这些现在分词常可用very修饰。
练习：（译）
1.那消息令人失望。
2.这消息真有趣。
3.这篇文章很有趣。
4.我对这篇文章很感兴趣。
(三) 作宾语补足语
在表示感觉或心理状态的动词如see, hear, watch, notice, feel, smell, find ,listen to look at, observe 等后面作宾语补足语。如：
a. I saw people coming and going. 我看见人们来来往往，
b. We heard her laughing just now. 我们刚才听见她放声大笑。
在表示使役的动词，如set , keep, start, get , have 等后面作宾语补足语。如：
c.They kept me waiting for a long time.他们让我等了好久。
上述句子结构变为被动语态，原来的宾语变成主语，现在分词的位置保持不动，但变成了主语补足语。如上面句子变成
a.People were seen coming and going.
b.
c.
练习：(翻译并变为被动句)
1. 他看见几个小孩在公园玩耍。
2.我们听见他在房间唱歌。
（四）作状语
现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式等意义。 这时，现在分词相当与一个状语从句。如；
1． 相当于时间状语：
如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when 或while,也可以省略。 a. Crossing the road , he was run over by a car. 他在穿马路时，被一轿车从身边辗过。
When crossing the road , he was run over by a car.
.
如果现在分词表示的动作如果在谓语表示的动作之前发生，就需要用完成时形式。
b. Having done their homework, the students left the classroom.
=After they did their homework, the …
学生们做完后便离开了教室。
c. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean.(NMET2000)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
2
练习：翻译（用状语从句以及现在分词翻译）
1.我走在街上的时候，遇见了我一个朋友。
2.听到这个好消息，他高兴得跳起来了。
he jumped with joy.
3.作出决定后，我们立即开始了工作。（come to a decision）
2． 相当于原因状语：
a. Not knowing English, he couldn’t understand the film.
由于不懂英语，他看不懂这部电影。
如果现在分词表示的动作如果在谓语表示的动作之前发生，就需要用完成时形式。
b. Having lived in Shanghai many years, he knows the place very well.
他多年住在上海，所以熟悉这个地方。
练习：
1. ___in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET95)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
2.因为没有收到回信，我又给他写了信。（receive an answer）
3． 相当于条件状语：
a. Working hard, you will do well in your exams.
你如果努力学习，就会在考试中取得好成绩。
b. Turning to the left, you will see the post office.
向左转，你就会看见邮局。
练习：
1.往右转，你就会找到你要找的地方了。（条件句与现在分词作条件状语）
2.努力工作，你就会成功。
4． 相当于结果状语从句：
a. His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在战中死了，他成了孤儿。
b. It snowed heavily last night, thus causing the traffic problems today.
昨夜下了大雪，以致引起了今天的交通问题。
c. European football is played in 80 countries ,____it the most popular sport in the world.(NMET98)
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
练习：1969年她母亲死了，抛下她和4四个弟妹。（brothers and sisters）
5． 相当于让步状语从句：
a. Weighing almost one hundred kilo, the box was lifted by him with one hand.
那箱子将近100斤重， 但还是被他一直手拎了起来。
6． 相当于方式或伴随状语从句；
3
a. The six blind men stood all day long by the road side ,begging for money.
这六个盲人终日站在马路边乞讨。
b. He went out, slamming the door.
他走出去，砰的一声把门带上。
PS：此时现在分词表示的动作必须是主语的一个动作，或是谓语所表示的动作与状态同时发生. 练习：
1. They secretary worked late into the night ,_____a long speech for the president
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
2. She’s upstairs ___letters.
A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing
3.. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _____to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
4.. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks,_____
that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C . adding D. added
5.他坐在桌子旁边看《中国日报》
6.他们又说又笑地走进房间。
7.请把这份表填一下，写下你的姓名，住址等。（fill this form, give your name, address,etc）
注意：
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构形式来表达。
Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. （ ）
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. ( )
现在分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式是在其前面加not; 现在分词完成式的否定式是“not+having+过去分词”。如 a. Not having been informed, we were completely in the dark.
因为没人告诉我们，我们完全被蒙在鼓里。
b.. _____a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
练习：由于不知道他的电话号码，我无法打电话给他。（ring him up）
用现在分词短语改写下列句子。
1.Look around when you cross the street.
2.As it was a wet day, we could not go for a walk.
3.Because he did not know how to do it, he went to her for help.
4.Li Ming sat at the desk and wrote an article in English.
4
现在分词
一、现在分词的句法作用
现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、补语、状语等句子成分。
现在分词的时态变化
（一） 作定语
作定语用的现在分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语。如：
a. China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
b. The ________ child disturbed him. 哭闹的孩子使他心烦意乱。
c. The girl ________ there is my sister. 站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
d. All the people _______ in the restaurant were tourists.
所有正在这个餐馆吃饭的人都是旅游者。
作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先后发生，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
值得一说的是，现在分词的被动式一般不能作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应注意。如： We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
练习;
1.你看到了和你弟弟跳舞的那个姑娘吗？（翻译成定语从句与判断能否用现在分词翻译）
2.那个正在和我妈妈说话的人是律师。（同上）
3.今天早上来的那个人是他父亲。
4.有人会开汽车吗？
（二） 作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。一般跟在be,get,become,look,sound,feel,keep,remain,grow,seem等连系动词后面。如：
a. The story sounds very moving. 那故事听起来很感人。
b. The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。
1
有些做定语和表语的现在分词实际上已经被看作形容词，常见的有：exciting , interesting, disappointing , discouraging, encouraging, puzzling, missing, surprising, confusing, amusing, charming , shocking, inviting等。这些现在分词常可用very修饰。
练习：（译）
1.那消息令人失望。
2.这消息真有趣。
3.这篇文章很有趣。
4.我对这篇文章很感兴趣。
(三) 作宾语补足语
在表示感觉或心理状态的动词如see, hear, watch, notice, feel, smell, find ,listen to look at, observe 等后面作宾语补足语。如：
a. I saw people coming and going. 我看见人们来来往往，
b. We heard her laughing just now. 我们刚才听见她放声大笑。
在表示使役的动词，如set , keep, start, get , have 等后面作宾语补足语。如：
c.They kept me waiting for a long time.他们让我等了好久。
上述句子结构变为被动语态，原来的宾语变成主语，现在分词的位置保持不动，但变成了主语补足语。如上面句子变成
a.People were seen coming and going.
b.
c.
练习：(翻译并变为被动句)
1. 他看见几个小孩在公园玩耍。
2.我们听见他在房间唱歌。
（四）作状语
现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式等意义。 这时，现在分词相当与一个状语从句。如；
1． 相当于时间状语：
如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when 或while,也可以省略。 a. Crossing the road , he was run over by a car. 他在穿马路时，被一轿车从身边辗过。
When crossing the road , he was run over by a car.
.
如果现在分词表示的动作如果在谓语表示的动作之前发生，就需要用完成时形式。
b. Having done their homework, the students left the classroom.
=After they did their homework, the …
学生们做完后便离开了教室。
c. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean.(NMET2000)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
2
练习：翻译（用状语从句以及现在分词翻译）
1.我走在街上的时候，遇见了我一个朋友。
2.听到这个好消息，他高兴得跳起来了。
he jumped with joy.
3.作出决定后，我们立即开始了工作。（come to a decision）
2． 相当于原因状语：
a. Not knowing English, he couldn’t understand the film.
由于不懂英语，他看不懂这部电影。
如果现在分词表示的动作如果在谓语表示的动作之前发生，就需要用完成时形式。
b. Having lived in Shanghai many years, he knows the place very well.
他多年住在上海，所以熟悉这个地方。
练习：
1. ___in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET95)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
2.因为没有收到回信，我又给他写了信。（receive an answer）
3． 相当于条件状语：
a. Working hard, you will do well in your exams.
你如果努力学习，就会在考试中取得好成绩。
b. Turning to the left, you will see the post office.
向左转，你就会看见邮局。
练习：
1.往右转，你就会找到你要找的地方了。（条件句与现在分词作条件状语）
2.努力工作，你就会成功。
4． 相当于结果状语从句：
a. His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在战中死了，他成了孤儿。
b. It snowed heavily last night, thus causing the traffic problems today.
昨夜下了大雪，以致引起了今天的交通问题。
c. European football is played in 80 countries ,____it the most popular sport in the world.(NMET98)
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
练习：1969年她母亲死了，抛下她和4四个弟妹。（brothers and sisters）
5． 相当于让步状语从句：
a. Weighing almost one hundred kilo, the box was lifted by him with one hand.
那箱子将近100斤重， 但还是被他一直手拎了起来。
6． 相当于方式或伴随状语从句；
3
a. The six blind men stood all day long by the road side ,begging for money.
这六个盲人终日站在马路边乞讨。
b. He went out, slamming the door.
他走出去，砰的一声把门带上。
PS：此时现在分词表示的动作必须是主语的一个动作，或是谓语所表示的动作与状态同时发生. 练习：
1. They secretary worked late into the night ,_____a long speech for the president
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
2. She’s upstairs ___letters.
A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing
3.. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _____to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
4.. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks,_____
that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C . adding D. added
5.他坐在桌子旁边看《中国日报》
6.他们又说又笑地走进房间。
7.请把这份表填一下，写下你的姓名，住址等。（fill this form, give your name, address,etc）
注意：
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构形式来表达。
Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. （ ）
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. ( )
现在分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式是在其前面加not; 现在分词完成式的否定式是“not+having+过去分词”。如 a. Not having been informed, we were completely in the dark.
因为没人告诉我们，我们完全被蒙在鼓里。
b.. _____a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
练习：由于不知道他的电话号码，我无法打电话给他。（ring him up）
用现在分词短语改写下列句子。
1.Look around when you cross the street.
2.As it was a wet day, we could not go for a walk.
3.Because he did not know how to do it, he went to her for help.
4.Li Ming sat at the desk and wrote an article in English.
4