非谓语动词(现在分词/过去分词的具体用法)
Step1:分词的语法意义:(1)分词是非谓语动词,不可以单独作谓语.(2)它具有动词、形容词、副词的特征.A:当它具备动词特征时可有自己的宾语,也可带状语构成分词短语.B:当它具备形容词的特点时,可在句中作定语、宾语补足语和状语,还可以构成独立结构.C:当它具有副词特征时,可在句中作状语,也可构成独立结构.
Step2:分类:分词按语法功能可分为现在分词和过去分词两种.
Step3:构成:现在分词v+-ing(即v-ing形式);过去分词:V+-ed(即v-ed形式).
一,分词作定语的用法.
(一)现在分词作定语的用法.
特点:(1)单个现在分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰词的后面.(2)若是现在分词短语作定语时,则放在它所修饰词的后面.(3)现在分词作定语,意思表示“正在----的”或“即将-----的”或“令人------的”.(4)与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系,或者表是表示正在进行的动作. (表示:令人费解/困惑的)
主语 及物动词 定语 宾语
译文:这个学生提出一个令人困惑的问题.
E g: The teacher walked into the classroom.(表示:即将退休的)
定语
译文:这位即将退休的老师步入教室.
E g: The father found it hard to solve this tough problem. (表示:年华正在老去的) 定语
译文:这位日渐年迈的父亲发现很难解决这个棘手的问题.
E g: The man is our English teacher.(表示:主动和正在进行) 现在分词作后置定语
译文:正在和一位谋生人大声交谈的那个人是我们的英语老师.
(二)过去分词作定语的用法.
特点:(1)单个过去分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰词的后面.(2)若是过去分词短语作定语时,则放在它所修饰词的后面.(3)过去分词作定语,意思表示“感到----的”或“受到-----的”.(4)与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,或者表示:已经完成的动作.
E g: The soldier passed away last year. (表示:已经退休的或者动作已经完成) 定语
译文:那个退役的军人上个月去世了.
E g: The soldier was sent to the hospital immediately. (表示:受伤的或者动
定语 经完成).
译文:那位受伤的士兵被立刻送往医院.
water to drink. (表示:已经煮开过的或者动作已经完成) 定语
译文:给我弄点白开水喝.
练习:
(falling; fallen) leaves in the 译文:他在雨中扫落叶.
二,分词作表语的用法.
(一)现在分词作表语的用法.
特点:单个现在分词作表语时,多表示主语所具有的特征.一般放在系动词be/
become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成:“-----------的”.
E g: The English speech contest is really(表示:令人兴奋的)
表语
译文:这次英语演讲比赛很令人兴奋.
(表示:令人累的)
表语
译文:这个调皮的孩子真是累人.
E g: The food smells(表示:令人诱惑的)
表语
译文:这食物闻起来很诱人.
E g: This once-in-a-blue-moon experience is (表示:令人刺激的) 译文:这次难得的经历真扣人心弦.
(二)过去分词作表语的用法.
特点:单个过去分词作表语时,多表示主语所处的状态.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成:“-----------的”.
E g: I was by her endless bragging. (表示:感到枯燥、厌倦的).
译文:她不停地吹嘘,我烦透了.
E g: I’m really in making a speech in English in public. (表示:感到有趣的) 译文:我对在公共场合用英文演讲非常感兴趣.
E g: I felt confused about this matter. (表示:感到费解、迷惑的)
译文:我对这件事情很费解.
总结:并非所有的分词均可当形容词对待.有些分词不能翻译成“--------的”.
Killed:不能译成“感到杀的”
Killing:不能译成“令人杀的”
Writing: 不能译成“令人写的”
Written: 不能译成“感到写的”
此类分词,只能置于be动词之后,不可置于连系动词(become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear)等后面,不可视为是形容词,而视为动词的进行时或被动语态. 表示:一般过去式的被动语态)
译文:他昨晚被谋杀了.
E g: I can’t believe you didn’t译文:我简直不敢相信,你居然没有一份书面合同.
三,分词作宾语补足语的用法.
(一)现在分词作宾语补足语的用法.
特点:现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后,现在分词一般强调动作正在进行,主动,与物有关.
方法:(1)宾补的动词若为及物动词,后面一定接宾语,共同作宾补.(2)宾补的动词为不及物动词,一律用现在分词.(3)宾语与宾补之间为主动关系.(4)宾补的动作在逻辑上是由宾语来完成的.
E g: I heard some girls
宾语补足语
译文:我听到一些女孩子在说你的闲话.
E g: I found him
宾语补足语
译文:我发现他正在杀蟑螂.
E g: I saw him just now.
宾语补足语
译文:我刚才看见他正在从办公室出来.
(二)过去分词作宾语补足语的用法.
特点:现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后,过去分词一般强调被动,完成,与人有关.
方法:(1)宾补的动词为及物动词,后面不可接宾语(2.)宾语与宾补之间为被动关系,宾补与前面的宾语构成动宾关系.(3)宾补的动作不是由宾语自身完成.
E g: I found the cockroaches .(过去分词充当宾语补足语)
译文:我发现那些蟑螂被人杀了.
in the street this morning. (过去分词充当宾语补足语)
译文:今天早上在街上我的钱包被人抢了.
(三)由介词with引导的复合结构中,分词作宾语补足语的用法.
特点:置于句首或句尾,常用来修饰句中的主语,以表示主语所处的状况,通常为大动作附带小动作时,大动作以句子的动词表示,而小动作则使用with复合结构.
(1) with +宾语+宾补(过去分词充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示被动和完成. E g: He stood there
译文:他双臂交叉站在那里.
E g: He sat there
译文:他双眼闭着坐在那儿.
(2) with +宾语+宾补(现在分词充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示主动和正在进行. E g: He talked to me
译文:他和我说话时两腿发抖.
E g: A: Come on, Please give me some ideas about the project.
B: Sorry. I almost break down.
(3) with +宾语+宾补(动词不定式充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示将要发生或没有
完成.
E g: , the manager felt worried all the time.
译文:由于很多的难题没有得到解决,经理一直很担忧.
(4) with +宾语+宾补(介词短语充当).特点:表示宾语所处的状态.
E g: He talked to me
译文:他和我说话时嘴里叼着烟斗.
四,分词作状语的用法.
(一)现在分词作状语的用法.
特点:(1)现在分词短语作状语时刻表示原因、方式、伴随、结果、或条件等.此时它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.(2)现在分词一般式,若现在分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,或者紧接发生,也可在该短语前加上when或while; (3)现在分词的完成时,若现在分词短语表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生.(4)若现在分词短语的逻辑主语(即句子的主语)发出该动作,则就是主动语态.(5)若现在分词短语的逻辑主语
(句子的主语)承受了该动作,那么就用它的被动式.
E g: We often provide our children with toys, footballs or that all children like these things.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语,而且句子的主语是thinking的执行者).
译文:我们考虑到孩子们都喜欢这些东西,通常给孩子提供玩具;足球和篮球.
E g: Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, 现在分词在句中作伴随状语,而且句子的主语we是having的执行者).
译文:只要我们能在一起共享乐趣,爸爸不会介意我们在做什么.
E g: The storm left, a lot of damage to this area.
(说明:分词的逻辑主语为the storm,故用现在分词表示主动,因为是造成破坏之后离开的,所以用现在完成时态,在句中作时间状语从句)
可以改写为:After it had caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.
E g: from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
(说明:separate from 与主句主语有被动的含义,并且先于主句谓语动词,因此用现在分词完成时的被动语态)
E g: Oil prices have risen by 32percent since the start of the year, 57.65 a barrel on April 4. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语)
译文:自从今年开始油价已经上涨了32﹪,在4月份达到每桶$57.65这个记录.
E g: The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.(现在分词的完成时态表示动作发生在主句的动作之前).
E g: Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer careless, always saying the same thing.
译文:无论什么时候他被问到为什么他会上课迟到,他总是粗心地答复,说着同样的话.
E g: He is a student at Oxford University, studying for a degree in computer science. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语)
E g: He was busy writing a story,once in a while to smoke a cigarette. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语)
译文:他那时忙于写一个故事,只是偶尔停下来抽支烟.
E g: around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
译文:我们参观了水立方后,又被带去参观了为2008年奥运会准备的鸟巢.
(主语Eric与realize 构成主动关系,因此用realizing,v-ing形式前加not表示否定)
练习题:
1,in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
A: Waiting B: To wait C: Having waited D: To have waited
2, in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A: To walk B: Walking C: Walked D: Having walked
3, their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A: To throw B: Thrown C: Throwing B: Being thrown
4, We had an anxious couple of weeks for the results of the experiment.
A: wait B: to be waiting C: waited D: waiting.
5, that she was going off to sleep , I asked if she’s like that little doll on her bed. A: Seeing B: To see C: See D: Seen.
the desert.
A: Covering B: Covered C: Cover D: To cover.
(二)过去分词作状语的用法.
特点:(1)过去分词短语作状语修饰谓语动词,说明其发生的情况,可以放在句首其强调作用,也可放在句中、句末,它的逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致.(2)过去分词一般表示动作已完成,只有一般式.(3)过去分词表示被动和完成
E g: in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
说明:当状语从句的主语和主句主语相一致且谓语包含动词be的某种形式时,可省略从句的主语以及动词be. 恢复原句:When he is dressed in a white uniform, -----------. 译文:穿着白色的制服,他看上去更像是个厨师而不像医生.
E g: help, one often says “ Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.”
译文:当被提供了帮助时,人们常说:“谢谢”或“你真好”. with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
说明: be faced with 表示:“面临,面对.”作原因状语.
译文:由于面临很多的困难,我们未能按时完成这项工作.
E g: Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (作原因状语).
练习题:
1,No matter how frequently people all over the world.
A: Performed B: Performing C: to be performed D: being performed
2,every day.
A: watered B: watering C: water D: to water
3, houses.
A: Driven B: Being driven C : To drive D: Having driven
4, as much as we can.
A: speak B: speaking C: spoken D: to speak
5, It is one of the funniest things on the internet so far this year. A: finding B: being found C: to find D: found
(三) 分词结构-----动词变化
1,若一句中有两个动词同时存在,彼此一定要有连接词相连.
E g: He studied very hard failed the exam.
2, 若两个动词没有连接词相连,注意下列变化原则.
(1) 若两个动词所代表的动作时同时发生时,第二个动词一定要变成现在分词;若该动词是be动词,变成现在分词being 之后要省略.
E g: He sat in the corner
read应该变成现在分词)
译文:他坐在角落看书.
E g: Don’t sit there Come and help me with this table.
译文:别坐那儿无所事事,过来帮助我收拾一下桌子.
E g: He came home was tired.
第一步:变成:He came home being tired.
第二步:变成:He came home tired.
(说明:他一面回家,一面感到累,故came与was tired同时发生.由于was是be动词,变成being之后应给予省略)
译文:他回到家感到很累.
E g: He left and came back
译文:他少小离家老大回.
E g: We are born .
译文:我们生而平等.
(2)若两个动词所代表的动作并非同时发生,而是有先后次序时,第二个动词就要变成“to+动词原形)形成的不定式短语,作目的状语.
E g: He stood up
译文:他站起来抽烟.
E g: He rushed here .
译文:他赶到这里来告诉我这个故事.
(3)若有两个动词有逗号隔开,而无连接词时,就不必考虑动词所代表的动作先后发生的次序,第二个动词一定要变成现在分词.
E g: He left home at six in the morning, here about four in the afternoon.
译文:他早上6点离开家,约下午4点抵达此地.
E g: He ran away quickly, as if something terrible had happened.
译文:他很快的跑开了,看起来好像发生了什么可怕的事.
(四) 分词结构-----单句化简法.
两个句子在一起,若无连接词相连时,往往第一个句子要化简,变成分词短语.法则如下:
(1) 两句的主语相同时,被化简的句子的主语要删除,若主语不同时要保留.
(2) 之后的动词要变成现在分词.
(3) 若该动词为be动词时,变成现在分词being之后,可给予省略,但亦可不予省略,
以强调“因为------”的意思.
E g: He has nothing to do, he feels bored.
改正:化简第一个句子
第一步:删除相同的主语he
第二步:其后动词has变成现在分词having.
最简化为:Having nothing to do , he feels bored.
译文:他没有事情可做,所以觉得无聊.
E g: He was sick of studying, he ran away from home.
改正:化简第一个句子
第一步:删除相同的主语he
第二步:其后动词was变成现在分词being,然后给予省略.
最简化为:Sick of studying, he ran away from home.
译文:他厌倦学习,所以离家出走了.
E g: The sun set, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.
改正:化简第一个句子
第一步:因为两个句子的主语不同,故要保留.
第二步:其后动词set变成现在分词setting.
最简化为:The sun setting, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.
译文:夕阳西下,牛仔们刺马回到牧场
(五)使用单句化简法时应注意事项.
(1)变成否定分词结构时,not要置于分词前.
E g: , he decided to try again.
译文:他不满意此结果,决定再试一次.
(2)句中有助动词do/does/did时,可直接删除.
E g: He didn’t intend to see her, he left early.
-----, he left early.
译文:他不打算见她,便提前离开了.
(3) 句中有完成时助动词has /have/had要视为动词而变成现在分词having.
E g: He had done the work, he felt very happy.
-------- , he left happy.
译文:他做完了这个工作,觉得很高兴.
E g: I have not seen her for ages, I miss her very much.
------- I miss her very much.
译文:好久没有见面了,我非常想念她.
(4)主语不同时,所形成的分词短语,成为分词的独立主格结构.所谓分词的独立主格结构,就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构.在句中只能做状语,表示条件;时间;原因;伴随情况. E g: This , you’d better be more careful.
(解释:this being the case原为this is the case,但如此一来,本句与you’d better be more careful 无连接词相连.故将第一个句子化简为分词短语.由于主语不同,故给予保留,之后的动词is变成现在分词being, being the case 独立修饰不同主语this,故称为分词的独立主格结构).
译文:这样的话,你最好多加小心.
E g: All things I decided to major in business administration.
译文:全盘考虑后,我决定主修企业管理.
E g: All the work , you can go home.
译文:所有工作都做完了,你可以回家了.
E g: Weather , we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.
译文:若天气许可,我们明天就去野餐.
(六)分词短语------定语从句化简法.
1,在限定性定语从句中、(即关系代词之前无逗号)中,若关系代词作主语时,可化简成分词短语,法则如下:
(1) 删除关系代词
(2) 其后动词变成现在分词.
(3) 若该动词为be动词,变成现在分词being之后,可给予省略.
E g: The man is my father.
第一步:将who删除
第二步:将who之后的is变成现在分词being
第三步:再将being省略.上句可简化成:
-----------The man is my father.
译文:那边那位正在和玛丽说话的男士是我爸爸.
2,在非限制性的定语从句中(即关系代词之前有逗号)通常不得化简为分词短语. E g: I like Tom, who is talking to Mary.
-------不能变成I like Tom, talking to Mary.
3, 不过在非限制性的定语从句结构为“关系代词+be+名词”时,则仍可化简,从而形成同位语.
E g: John, who is a good friend of mine, studies hard.
------John, , studies hard.
译文:约翰,我的一个好朋友,学习很用功.
(七)分词短语------状语从句化简法.
Once; when; while; if ;unless; though等六个连接词所引导的状语从句中,若主语与主句中的主语相同时,亦可化简为分词结构,法则与单句化简完全相同.
注意:once; if; unless所引导的状语从句若化简为分词短语,多限于“主语+be+分词/形容词”的结构;而when; while; though则不限于此.
E g: If I am free, I’ll go with you.
-------,I’ll go with you.
译文:如果有空,我将和你一起去.
E g: Though he was seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.
----- he was not at all daunted.
译文:虽然受伤很严重,他一点都不畏惧.
E g: Once I am available, I’ll let you know the result.
----- O, I’ll let you know the result.
译文:一旦我有空,我会告诉你结果的.
E g: Once I have money, I’ll buy a new car.
------不能转化为Once having money, I’ll buy a new car.
(八)少数现在分词可当成介词使用.
(1)including 包含/包括=inclusive of ;(2)excluding =exclusive of除外;(3)considering考虑;(4)regarding关于;(5)concerning=about=on关于
E g: 译文:从他的表现来看,他可以当个好老师.
E g: He wrote an article
译文:他写了一篇有关环境污染的文章.
(九)独立分词短语的使用.
特点:某些独立分词短语有副词的功能,通常置于句首,修饰整个句子.
常见的分词短语有:generally speaking(一般来说); judging from(从----判断); frankly speaking(坦率地说); considering everything(把一切考虑在内); strictly speaking(严格地说); talking of (谈到/谈及); according to(根据); seeing that+从句----------(既然);given that+从句---------(考虑到).
E g: , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
E g: , he is not good enough. , he seems to be rich.
E g: , he will appear.
E g: the fire broke out at ten in the morning. E g: , I’ll have Peter replace you. , I think you did very well.
(十)与使役动词有关的重要分词短语的句子.
1,I started the ball rolling. 我给那件事开个头.
2,The news set my heart throbbing.这个消息使我心悸不已 3, I am sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你久等了.
4, I couldn’t make myself understood. 我无法让别人听懂我的话. 5, I had my shoes repaired.我把我的鞋拿去修好了.
6, He got a new suit made.他订做了一套西服.
7, You should leave it unsaid.你应该别提这件事情.
8, I like my eggs half boiled.我喜欢吃煮的半熟的鸡蛋.
9, I had my watch stolen.我的表被偷了.
非谓语动词(现在分词/过去分词的具体用法)
Step1:分词的语法意义:(1)分词是非谓语动词,不可以单独作谓语.(2)它具有动词、形容词、副词的特征.A:当它具备动词特征时可有自己的宾语,也可带状语构成分词短语.B:当它具备形容词的特点时,可在句中作定语、宾语补足语和状语,还可以构成独立结构.C:当它具有副词特征时,可在句中作状语,也可构成独立结构.
Step2:分类:分词按语法功能可分为现在分词和过去分词两种.
Step3:构成:现在分词v+-ing(即v-ing形式);过去分词:V+-ed(即v-ed形式).
一,分词作定语的用法.
(一)现在分词作定语的用法.
特点:(1)单个现在分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰词的后面.(2)若是现在分词短语作定语时,则放在它所修饰词的后面.(3)现在分词作定语,意思表示“正在----的”或“即将-----的”或“令人------的”.(4)与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系,或者表是表示正在进行的动作. (表示:令人费解/困惑的)
主语 及物动词 定语 宾语
译文:这个学生提出一个令人困惑的问题.
E g: The teacher walked into the classroom.(表示:即将退休的)
定语
译文:这位即将退休的老师步入教室.
E g: The father found it hard to solve this tough problem. (表示:年华正在老去的) 定语
译文:这位日渐年迈的父亲发现很难解决这个棘手的问题.
E g: The man is our English teacher.(表示:主动和正在进行) 现在分词作后置定语
译文:正在和一位谋生人大声交谈的那个人是我们的英语老师.
(二)过去分词作定语的用法.
特点:(1)单个过去分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰词的后面.(2)若是过去分词短语作定语时,则放在它所修饰词的后面.(3)过去分词作定语,意思表示“感到----的”或“受到-----的”.(4)与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,或者表示:已经完成的动作.
E g: The soldier passed away last year. (表示:已经退休的或者动作已经完成) 定语
译文:那个退役的军人上个月去世了.
E g: The soldier was sent to the hospital immediately. (表示:受伤的或者动
定语 经完成).
译文:那位受伤的士兵被立刻送往医院.
water to drink. (表示:已经煮开过的或者动作已经完成) 定语
译文:给我弄点白开水喝.
练习:
(falling; fallen) leaves in the 译文:他在雨中扫落叶.
二,分词作表语的用法.
(一)现在分词作表语的用法.
特点:单个现在分词作表语时,多表示主语所具有的特征.一般放在系动词be/
become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成:“-----------的”.
E g: The English speech contest is really(表示:令人兴奋的)
表语
译文:这次英语演讲比赛很令人兴奋.
(表示:令人累的)
表语
译文:这个调皮的孩子真是累人.
E g: The food smells(表示:令人诱惑的)
表语
译文:这食物闻起来很诱人.
E g: This once-in-a-blue-moon experience is (表示:令人刺激的) 译文:这次难得的经历真扣人心弦.
(二)过去分词作表语的用法.
特点:单个过去分词作表语时,多表示主语所处的状态.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成:“-----------的”.
E g: I was by her endless bragging. (表示:感到枯燥、厌倦的).
译文:她不停地吹嘘,我烦透了.
E g: I’m really in making a speech in English in public. (表示:感到有趣的) 译文:我对在公共场合用英文演讲非常感兴趣.
E g: I felt confused about this matter. (表示:感到费解、迷惑的)
译文:我对这件事情很费解.
总结:并非所有的分词均可当形容词对待.有些分词不能翻译成“--------的”.
Killed:不能译成“感到杀的”
Killing:不能译成“令人杀的”
Writing: 不能译成“令人写的”
Written: 不能译成“感到写的”
此类分词,只能置于be动词之后,不可置于连系动词(become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear)等后面,不可视为是形容词,而视为动词的进行时或被动语态. 表示:一般过去式的被动语态)
译文:他昨晚被谋杀了.
E g: I can’t believe you didn’t译文:我简直不敢相信,你居然没有一份书面合同.
三,分词作宾语补足语的用法.
(一)现在分词作宾语补足语的用法.
特点:现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后,现在分词一般强调动作正在进行,主动,与物有关.
方法:(1)宾补的动词若为及物动词,后面一定接宾语,共同作宾补.(2)宾补的动词为不及物动词,一律用现在分词.(3)宾语与宾补之间为主动关系.(4)宾补的动作在逻辑上是由宾语来完成的.
E g: I heard some girls
宾语补足语
译文:我听到一些女孩子在说你的闲话.
E g: I found him
宾语补足语
译文:我发现他正在杀蟑螂.
E g: I saw him just now.
宾语补足语
译文:我刚才看见他正在从办公室出来.
(二)过去分词作宾语补足语的用法.
特点:现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后,过去分词一般强调被动,完成,与人有关.
方法:(1)宾补的动词为及物动词,后面不可接宾语(2.)宾语与宾补之间为被动关系,宾补与前面的宾语构成动宾关系.(3)宾补的动作不是由宾语自身完成.
E g: I found the cockroaches .(过去分词充当宾语补足语)
译文:我发现那些蟑螂被人杀了.
in the street this morning. (过去分词充当宾语补足语)
译文:今天早上在街上我的钱包被人抢了.
(三)由介词with引导的复合结构中,分词作宾语补足语的用法.
特点:置于句首或句尾,常用来修饰句中的主语,以表示主语所处的状况,通常为大动作附带小动作时,大动作以句子的动词表示,而小动作则使用with复合结构.
(1) with +宾语+宾补(过去分词充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示被动和完成. E g: He stood there
译文:他双臂交叉站在那里.
E g: He sat there
译文:他双眼闭着坐在那儿.
(2) with +宾语+宾补(现在分词充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示主动和正在进行. E g: He talked to me
译文:他和我说话时两腿发抖.
E g: A: Come on, Please give me some ideas about the project.
B: Sorry. I almost break down.
(3) with +宾语+宾补(动词不定式充当).特点:宾语与宾补之间表示将要发生或没有
完成.
E g: , the manager felt worried all the time.
译文:由于很多的难题没有得到解决,经理一直很担忧.
(4) with +宾语+宾补(介词短语充当).特点:表示宾语所处的状态.
E g: He talked to me
译文:他和我说话时嘴里叼着烟斗.
四,分词作状语的用法.
(一)现在分词作状语的用法.
特点:(1)现在分词短语作状语时刻表示原因、方式、伴随、结果、或条件等.此时它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.(2)现在分词一般式,若现在分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,或者紧接发生,也可在该短语前加上when或while; (3)现在分词的完成时,若现在分词短语表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生.(4)若现在分词短语的逻辑主语(即句子的主语)发出该动作,则就是主动语态.(5)若现在分词短语的逻辑主语
(句子的主语)承受了该动作,那么就用它的被动式.
E g: We often provide our children with toys, footballs or that all children like these things.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语,而且句子的主语是thinking的执行者).
译文:我们考虑到孩子们都喜欢这些东西,通常给孩子提供玩具;足球和篮球.
E g: Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, 现在分词在句中作伴随状语,而且句子的主语we是having的执行者).
译文:只要我们能在一起共享乐趣,爸爸不会介意我们在做什么.
E g: The storm left, a lot of damage to this area.
(说明:分词的逻辑主语为the storm,故用现在分词表示主动,因为是造成破坏之后离开的,所以用现在完成时态,在句中作时间状语从句)
可以改写为:After it had caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.
E g: from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
(说明:separate from 与主句主语有被动的含义,并且先于主句谓语动词,因此用现在分词完成时的被动语态)
E g: Oil prices have risen by 32percent since the start of the year, 57.65 a barrel on April 4. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语)
译文:自从今年开始油价已经上涨了32﹪,在4月份达到每桶$57.65这个记录.
E g: The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.(现在分词的完成时态表示动作发生在主句的动作之前).
E g: Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer careless, always saying the same thing.
译文:无论什么时候他被问到为什么他会上课迟到,他总是粗心地答复,说着同样的话.
E g: He is a student at Oxford University, studying for a degree in computer science. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语)
E g: He was busy writing a story,once in a while to smoke a cigarette. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语)
译文:他那时忙于写一个故事,只是偶尔停下来抽支烟.
E g: around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
译文:我们参观了水立方后,又被带去参观了为2008年奥运会准备的鸟巢.
(主语Eric与realize 构成主动关系,因此用realizing,v-ing形式前加not表示否定)
练习题:
1,in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
A: Waiting B: To wait C: Having waited D: To have waited
2, in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A: To walk B: Walking C: Walked D: Having walked
3, their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A: To throw B: Thrown C: Throwing B: Being thrown
4, We had an anxious couple of weeks for the results of the experiment.
A: wait B: to be waiting C: waited D: waiting.
5, that she was going off to sleep , I asked if she’s like that little doll on her bed. A: Seeing B: To see C: See D: Seen.
the desert.
A: Covering B: Covered C: Cover D: To cover.
(二)过去分词作状语的用法.
特点:(1)过去分词短语作状语修饰谓语动词,说明其发生的情况,可以放在句首其强调作用,也可放在句中、句末,它的逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致.(2)过去分词一般表示动作已完成,只有一般式.(3)过去分词表示被动和完成
E g: in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
说明:当状语从句的主语和主句主语相一致且谓语包含动词be的某种形式时,可省略从句的主语以及动词be. 恢复原句:When he is dressed in a white uniform, -----------. 译文:穿着白色的制服,他看上去更像是个厨师而不像医生.
E g: help, one often says “ Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.”
译文:当被提供了帮助时,人们常说:“谢谢”或“你真好”. with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
说明: be faced with 表示:“面临,面对.”作原因状语.
译文:由于面临很多的困难,我们未能按时完成这项工作.
E g: Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (作原因状语).
练习题:
1,No matter how frequently people all over the world.
A: Performed B: Performing C: to be performed D: being performed
2,every day.
A: watered B: watering C: water D: to water
3, houses.
A: Driven B: Being driven C : To drive D: Having driven
4, as much as we can.
A: speak B: speaking C: spoken D: to speak
5, It is one of the funniest things on the internet so far this year. A: finding B: being found C: to find D: found
(三) 分词结构-----动词变化
1,若一句中有两个动词同时存在,彼此一定要有连接词相连.
E g: He studied very hard failed the exam.
2, 若两个动词没有连接词相连,注意下列变化原则.
(1) 若两个动词所代表的动作时同时发生时,第二个动词一定要变成现在分词;若该动词是be动词,变成现在分词being 之后要省略.
E g: He sat in the corner
read应该变成现在分词)
译文:他坐在角落看书.
E g: Don’t sit there Come and help me with this table.
译文:别坐那儿无所事事,过来帮助我收拾一下桌子.
E g: He came home was tired.
第一步:变成:He came home being tired.
第二步:变成:He came home tired.
(说明:他一面回家,一面感到累,故came与was tired同时发生.由于was是be动词,变成being之后应给予省略)
译文:他回到家感到很累.
E g: He left and came back
译文:他少小离家老大回.
E g: We are born .
译文:我们生而平等.
(2)若两个动词所代表的动作并非同时发生,而是有先后次序时,第二个动词就要变成“to+动词原形)形成的不定式短语,作目的状语.
E g: He stood up
译文:他站起来抽烟.
E g: He rushed here .
译文:他赶到这里来告诉我这个故事.
(3)若有两个动词有逗号隔开,而无连接词时,就不必考虑动词所代表的动作先后发生的次序,第二个动词一定要变成现在分词.
E g: He left home at six in the morning, here about four in the afternoon.
译文:他早上6点离开家,约下午4点抵达此地.
E g: He ran away quickly, as if something terrible had happened.
译文:他很快的跑开了,看起来好像发生了什么可怕的事.
(四) 分词结构-----单句化简法.
两个句子在一起,若无连接词相连时,往往第一个句子要化简,变成分词短语.法则如下:
(1) 两句的主语相同时,被化简的句子的主语要删除,若主语不同时要保留.
(2) 之后的动词要变成现在分词.
(3) 若该动词为be动词时,变成现在分词being之后,可给予省略,但亦可不予省略,
以强调“因为------”的意思.
E g: He has nothing to do, he feels bored.
改正:化简第一个句子
第一步:删除相同的主语he
第二步:其后动词has变成现在分词having.
最简化为:Having nothing to do , he feels bored.
译文:他没有事情可做,所以觉得无聊.
E g: He was sick of studying, he ran away from home.
改正:化简第一个句子
第一步:删除相同的主语he
第二步:其后动词was变成现在分词being,然后给予省略.
最简化为:Sick of studying, he ran away from home.
译文:他厌倦学习,所以离家出走了.
E g: The sun set, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.
改正:化简第一个句子
第一步:因为两个句子的主语不同,故要保留.
第二步:其后动词set变成现在分词setting.
最简化为:The sun setting, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.
译文:夕阳西下,牛仔们刺马回到牧场
(五)使用单句化简法时应注意事项.
(1)变成否定分词结构时,not要置于分词前.
E g: , he decided to try again.
译文:他不满意此结果,决定再试一次.
(2)句中有助动词do/does/did时,可直接删除.
E g: He didn’t intend to see her, he left early.
-----, he left early.
译文:他不打算见她,便提前离开了.
(3) 句中有完成时助动词has /have/had要视为动词而变成现在分词having.
E g: He had done the work, he felt very happy.
-------- , he left happy.
译文:他做完了这个工作,觉得很高兴.
E g: I have not seen her for ages, I miss her very much.
------- I miss her very much.
译文:好久没有见面了,我非常想念她.
(4)主语不同时,所形成的分词短语,成为分词的独立主格结构.所谓分词的独立主格结构,就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构.在句中只能做状语,表示条件;时间;原因;伴随情况. E g: This , you’d better be more careful.
(解释:this being the case原为this is the case,但如此一来,本句与you’d better be more careful 无连接词相连.故将第一个句子化简为分词短语.由于主语不同,故给予保留,之后的动词is变成现在分词being, being the case 独立修饰不同主语this,故称为分词的独立主格结构).
译文:这样的话,你最好多加小心.
E g: All things I decided to major in business administration.
译文:全盘考虑后,我决定主修企业管理.
E g: All the work , you can go home.
译文:所有工作都做完了,你可以回家了.
E g: Weather , we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.
译文:若天气许可,我们明天就去野餐.
(六)分词短语------定语从句化简法.
1,在限定性定语从句中、(即关系代词之前无逗号)中,若关系代词作主语时,可化简成分词短语,法则如下:
(1) 删除关系代词
(2) 其后动词变成现在分词.
(3) 若该动词为be动词,变成现在分词being之后,可给予省略.
E g: The man is my father.
第一步:将who删除
第二步:将who之后的is变成现在分词being
第三步:再将being省略.上句可简化成:
-----------The man is my father.
译文:那边那位正在和玛丽说话的男士是我爸爸.
2,在非限制性的定语从句中(即关系代词之前有逗号)通常不得化简为分词短语. E g: I like Tom, who is talking to Mary.
-------不能变成I like Tom, talking to Mary.
3, 不过在非限制性的定语从句结构为“关系代词+be+名词”时,则仍可化简,从而形成同位语.
E g: John, who is a good friend of mine, studies hard.
------John, , studies hard.
译文:约翰,我的一个好朋友,学习很用功.
(七)分词短语------状语从句化简法.
Once; when; while; if ;unless; though等六个连接词所引导的状语从句中,若主语与主句中的主语相同时,亦可化简为分词结构,法则与单句化简完全相同.
注意:once; if; unless所引导的状语从句若化简为分词短语,多限于“主语+be+分词/形容词”的结构;而when; while; though则不限于此.
E g: If I am free, I’ll go with you.
-------,I’ll go with you.
译文:如果有空,我将和你一起去.
E g: Though he was seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.
----- he was not at all daunted.
译文:虽然受伤很严重,他一点都不畏惧.
E g: Once I am available, I’ll let you know the result.
----- O, I’ll let you know the result.
译文:一旦我有空,我会告诉你结果的.
E g: Once I have money, I’ll buy a new car.
------不能转化为Once having money, I’ll buy a new car.
(八)少数现在分词可当成介词使用.
(1)including 包含/包括=inclusive of ;(2)excluding =exclusive of除外;(3)considering考虑;(4)regarding关于;(5)concerning=about=on关于
E g: 译文:从他的表现来看,他可以当个好老师.
E g: He wrote an article
译文:他写了一篇有关环境污染的文章.
(九)独立分词短语的使用.
特点:某些独立分词短语有副词的功能,通常置于句首,修饰整个句子.
常见的分词短语有:generally speaking(一般来说); judging from(从----判断); frankly speaking(坦率地说); considering everything(把一切考虑在内); strictly speaking(严格地说); talking of (谈到/谈及); according to(根据); seeing that+从句----------(既然);given that+从句---------(考虑到).
E g: , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
E g: , he is not good enough. , he seems to be rich.
E g: , he will appear.
E g: the fire broke out at ten in the morning. E g: , I’ll have Peter replace you. , I think you did very well.
(十)与使役动词有关的重要分词短语的句子.
1,I started the ball rolling. 我给那件事开个头.
2,The news set my heart throbbing.这个消息使我心悸不已 3, I am sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你久等了.
4, I couldn’t make myself understood. 我无法让别人听懂我的话. 5, I had my shoes repaired.我把我的鞋拿去修好了.
6, He got a new suit made.他订做了一套西服.
7, You should leave it unsaid.你应该别提这件事情.
8, I like my eggs half boiled.我喜欢吃煮的半熟的鸡蛋.
9, I had my watch stolen.我的表被偷了.