英语语法大全.2

英语语法大全（ 英语语法大全（下）[ 2008-10-16] 3.19 many, much Many，much 都意为的整体，与动词的复数连 用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案：C。由是our as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + of bridge is three times as long as that one. bridge is three times the length of that one. room is twice as large as mine. room is twice the size of mine.4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than You are taller than I. They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is clever than his brother. 2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。 比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.4.10 可修饰比较级的词 1） a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a gre at deal, any, still, even 等 2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词(除 by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 典型例题: 1） ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite 修饰原级，well 的比较级为 better. 2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案：C. much 可修饰比较级，因此 B，C 都说得通，但 easier 本身已是比较 级，不需 more，因此 C 为正确答案。 3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案：D。4.11 many,old 和 far 1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词 many more +可数名词复数 2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和 elder/eldest。elder， eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中，father 表示距离，further 表示进一步。 I have nothing further to say 4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示ch, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意： a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与 much 不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4) well. 她唱得很好。（sing 受主语 she 的限制，故用第三人称单数形式 sings。） She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn 不受主语 she 的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定 动词。 说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动 名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。 5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、 短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如： The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains 是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up 是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of 是动词短语。） 6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式 （Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词 （Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。5.1 系动词 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词， 它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语 （亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、 特征等情况。 说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词， 该动词表达实义时， 有词义， 可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell 是系动词，后跟补足语，说明 主语情况。） He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。 fell 是实义动词， 单独作谓语。 1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。 （is 与补足语一起 说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保 持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词 用来表示he search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终 于成功了。（turn out 表终止性结果）5.2 什么是助动词 1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协 助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 （doesn't 是助动词，无词义；like 是主要动词，有词义) 2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如： He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如： He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如： Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？ Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学 过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词 not 合用，构成否定句，例如： I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚 会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would5.3 助动词 be 的用法 1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如： The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如： He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令，例如： You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公 室。 c. 征求意见，例如： How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？ d. 表示相约、商定，例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨 7 点在校门口集合。5.4 助动词 have 的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 5.5 助动词 do 的用法 1） 构成一般疑问句，例如： Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？ 2） do + not 构成否定句，例如： I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of Englis h. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3) 构成否定祈使句，例如： Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用 do，不用 did 和 does。 4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如： Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5） 用于倒装句，例如： Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有 never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。6） 用作代动词，例如： ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do 用作代动词，代替 like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？ 5.9 非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语 动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1）不定式 时态\语态 一般式 完成式 2）动名词 时态\语态 一般式 完成式 3）分词 时态\语态 一般式 完成式主动 to do to have done被动 to be done to have been done主动 doing having done被动 being done having been done主动 doing having done被动 being done having been done not + 动名词， not + 现在分词否定形式： not +不定式，6. 动名词 6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1）作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2）作宾语a. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + doing sth admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent 阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介 意 miss 想念 postpone 推 迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍 受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继 续 举例： (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接 doing admit to prefer…to devote oneself to object to look forward to(to 为介词）be used to stick tolead to busyno good, no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent … from… 3）作表语 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. 6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1）作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2）作宾语 a. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 complete 完成 consider 认为 认 detest 讨厌 endure escape 逃脱 prevent 阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成doing sth avoid 避免 delay 耽误 忍受 imagine 想象deny 否 enjoy 喜欢 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推 迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍 受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继 续 举例： (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接 doing admit to prefer…to devote oneself to object to look forward to to 为介词）be used to stick tolead to be busyno good, no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent … from… 3）作表语 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.7. 动词不定式 7.1 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertakehope举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need pref er, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都 保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3） 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't mak e up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 7.2 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint command compel consider encourage find forbid imagine impel induce invite judge know persuade remind report send state suppose trust understand urgebelieve declare force inform like request tell warncause challenge drive enable guess hire instruct order permit require select think train例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补， 或先加形式宾语， 再加形容词， 最后加带 to 的 动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有 get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find 的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分 词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事 实，不定式后用原形即可。而 C 为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成 时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。be believed, desire,4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, und rstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有 那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老 师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 7.3 不定式主语 1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给 他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear 等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see 7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1） for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点， 表示客观形式的形容 词， easy, hard, difficult, 如 interesting, impossible 等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对 他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情 或态度的形容词，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我， 你真 是太好了。 for 与 of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语， 造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of，不通则用 for。如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用 of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用 for。)7.9 省 to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let, have, make： 3） 感官动 词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略 to。 注意：在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4） would rather，had better： 5） Why… / why not…： 6） help 可带 to，也可不带 to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but 和 except：but 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词 不定式。 8） 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去： 9） 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可 以省去 to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 举例： He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。D.2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make 后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省 略。.10 动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window… She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假 装没看见。 典型例题 1）Tell him ___ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth.。 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案： warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此 A。 处用的是否定词 never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street， but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to 这个词，而 不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词 do 后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因 此 B，D 不对。5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn 一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为 be warned not to do。 7.11 不定式的特殊句型 too…to… 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢 谢您。 2) 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表 达一种委婉含义，意 为，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动 词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, t aste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性， 真实性； +doing 表示动作的连续性， 进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调

英语语法大全（ 英语语法大全（下）[ 2008-10-16] 3.19 many, much Many，much 都意为的整体，与动词的复数连 用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案：C。由是our as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + of bridge is three times as long as that one. bridge is three times the length of that one. room is twice as large as mine. room is twice the size of mine.4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than You are taller than I. They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is clever than his brother. 2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。 比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.4.10 可修饰比较级的词 1） a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a gre at deal, any, still, even 等 2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词(除 by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 典型例题: 1） ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite 修饰原级，well 的比较级为 better. 2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案：C. much 可修饰比较级，因此 B，C 都说得通，但 easier 本身已是比较 级，不需 more，因此 C 为正确答案。 3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案：D。4.11 many,old 和 far 1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词 many more +可数名词复数 2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和 elder/eldest。elder， eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中，father 表示距离，further 表示进一步。 I have nothing further to say 4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示ch, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意： a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与 much 不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4) well. 她唱得很好。（sing 受主语 she 的限制，故用第三人称单数形式 sings。） She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn 不受主语 she 的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定 动词。 说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动 名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。 5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、 短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如： The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains 是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up 是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of 是动词短语。） 6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式 （Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词 （Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。5.1 系动词 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词， 它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语 （亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、 特征等情况。 说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词， 该动词表达实义时， 有词义， 可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell 是系动词，后跟补足语，说明 主语情况。） He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。 fell 是实义动词， 单独作谓语。 1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。 （is 与补足语一起 说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保 持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词 用来表示he search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终 于成功了。（turn out 表终止性结果）5.2 什么是助动词 1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协 助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 （doesn't 是助动词，无词义；like 是主要动词，有词义) 2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如： He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如： He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如： Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？ Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学 过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词 not 合用，构成否定句，例如： I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚 会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would5.3 助动词 be 的用法 1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如： The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如： He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令，例如： You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公 室。 c. 征求意见，例如： How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？ d. 表示相约、商定，例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨 7 点在校门口集合。5.4 助动词 have 的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 5.5 助动词 do 的用法 1） 构成一般疑问句，例如： Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？ 2） do + not 构成否定句，例如： I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of Englis h. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3) 构成否定祈使句，例如： Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用 do，不用 did 和 does。 4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如： Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5） 用于倒装句，例如： Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有 never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。6） 用作代动词，例如： ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do 用作代动词，代替 like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？ 5.9 非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语 动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1）不定式 时态\语态 一般式 完成式 2）动名词 时态\语态 一般式 完成式 3）分词 时态\语态 一般式 完成式主动 to do to have done被动 to be done to have been done主动 doing having done被动 being done having been done主动 doing having done被动 being done having been done not + 动名词， not + 现在分词否定形式： not +不定式，6. 动名词 6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1）作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2）作宾语a. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + doing sth admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent 阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介 意 miss 想念 postpone 推 迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍 受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继 续 举例： (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接 doing admit to prefer…to devote oneself to object to look forward to(to 为介词）be used to stick tolead to busyno good, no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent … from… 3）作表语 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. 6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1）作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2）作宾语 a. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 complete 完成 consider 认为 认 detest 讨厌 endure escape 逃脱 prevent 阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成doing sth avoid 避免 delay 耽误 忍受 imagine 想象deny 否 enjoy 喜欢 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推 迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍 受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继 续 举例： (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接 doing admit to prefer…to devote oneself to object to look forward to to 为介词）be used to stick tolead to be busyno good, no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent … from… 3）作表语 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.7. 动词不定式 7.1 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertakehope举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need pref er, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都 保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3） 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't mak e up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 7.2 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint command compel consider encourage find forbid imagine impel induce invite judge know persuade remind report send state suppose trust understand urgebelieve declare force inform like request tell warncause challenge drive enable guess hire instruct order permit require select think train例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补， 或先加形式宾语， 再加形容词， 最后加带 to 的 动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有 get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find 的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分 词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事 实，不定式后用原形即可。而 C 为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成 时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。be believed, desire,4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, und rstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有 那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老 师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 7.3 不定式主语 1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给 他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear 等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see 7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1） for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点， 表示客观形式的形容 词， easy, hard, difficult, 如 interesting, impossible 等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对 他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情 或态度的形容词，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我， 你真 是太好了。 for 与 of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语， 造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of，不通则用 for。如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用 of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用 for。)7.9 省 to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let, have, make： 3） 感官动 词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略 to。 注意：在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4） would rather，had better： 5） Why… / why not…： 6） help 可带 to，也可不带 to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but 和 except：but 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词 不定式。 8） 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去： 9） 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可 以省去 to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 举例： He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。D.2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make 后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省 略。.10 动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window… She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假 装没看见。 典型例题 1）Tell him ___ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth.。 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案： warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此 A。 处用的是否定词 never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street， but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to 这个词，而 不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词 do 后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因 此 B，D 不对。5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn 一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为 be warned not to do。 7.11 不定式的特殊句型 too…to… 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢 谢您。 2) 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表 达一种委婉含义，意 为，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动 词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, t aste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性， 真实性； +doing 表示动作的连续性， 进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调