学术论文写作：结论
一、结论的构成要素
如果一下内容比较详尽，需要分小节论述
(1) 第一段，即结论部分的开场白， 概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。
(2) 第二——其后几段， 具体地说明：本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。
(3) 启示（这部分可能没有，可能有）
对教学、对语言实践、对翻译等等。
(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。
(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。
二、写作方法：（1）、（2）部分是对“摘要”的扩写。展望是对局限的回答。
范文： A Cognitive Study on Conceptual Metaphor in English and Chinese Sports News
参考摘要
Abstract: This paper, based on Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory and Steen’s five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）, makes a comparative study （总研究方法）of conceptual metaphor in English and Chinese sports news （总研究目标/目的）. By analyzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, we find a distributional （分目标1）similarity of English and Chinese conceptual metaphors （发现/结果）. They fall into the following seven types: war, human, orientation, journey, drama, animal throne metaphors, among which, the occurrence of war metaphor far distinguishes the others （具体/结果1）. But the percentages of the different metaphors are not even in English and Chinese（具体/结果2）. Take the metaphor of war as a case （具体方法2：案例分析法）, the thesis attempts to find the cognitive motivation for sports as wars （分目标2）and discovers the six foundations of mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3).
结论部分
Chapter 5 Conclusion
To understand the conceptual metaphors in English and Chinese sports news (论题)，the research makes a comparative study（总研究方法）based on Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory and Steen’s five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）. The investigation about the distribution of metaphors on sports news was conducted by analyzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, and the exploration into the motivation of metaphors was tackled through a case study. We reach the following findings. (这个开场白非常有必要)
5.1 Findings
Firstly, English and Chinese have the similar typical types of conceptual metaphors of sports（具体/结果1）: war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, throne metaphor, drama metaphor,
animal metaphor and etc. Among them, war metaphor takes up the majority of the conceptual metaphor in both English and Chinese sports news. Chinese data have seven types of metaphors, including war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, drama metaphor, throne metaphor and animal metaphor. However, the English data covers six types of them, with only throne metaphor excluded. This reveals that the cognitive patterns of both Chinese people and the western people have some similarities since different languages with different linguistic forms may convey the same concepts based on similar psychological mentality.
Secondly, uneven percentages of different metaphors are found in English and Chinese sports（具体/结果2）. It is identified in Table 3.1 of Chapter 3, war metaphor with the percentage of 62.59%, orientation metaphor with the percentage of 12.14% and throne metaphor with the percentage of 6.80% are the top three metaphors in Chinese data, among which war metaphor takes up the majority. Compared with Chinese data, war metaphor, human metaphor, and orientation metaphor win the favors of the English journalists, which take up the percentage of 63.11%, 13.93%, and 12.70% respectively. War metaphor is also far more than the other two in English sports news.
Thirdly, the cognitive motivation for sports as wars （分目标2）is mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3).
5.2 Limitations
There are still some limitations in the study.
Firstly, the amount of data is still not enough which may possibly influence the effect of the analysis result. (如果文中涉及到了data, 则谈其数量有限)
Secondly, though the samples are all drawn from the authoritative newspapers or websites in English and Chinese, the writing styles of each published works may be a little different, which may more or less affect the frequencies of the occurrence of metaphors. Hence larger scaled corpus would be of more validity on the selection and the identification of this kind of research. （承上，data收集的来源是否全面，或者有所局限？）
Thirdly, for the limitations of the cognition of metaphor, there might be disagreement on the grouping of some metaphors.
Fourthly, the thesis has found the different occurrences of different metaphors and the major reason for this phenomenon, and there surely are more reasons lying behind the cultural differences. However, this thesis does not go on to dig it more deeply for the limitation of time. （现象背后的理论论证是否充分？现象背后的理据阐述是否全面，因为什么？）
Finally, the time span （由于研究时间、理论认识所引起的不足）that this study covers may not be long enough. Language is dynamic and changing and there are even changes every moment. Further studies may cover a longer time span. However, the author does hope that this paper may serve as a reference for further studies and provide some instructional guidance for sports news readers.
5.3 Suggestions for Further Study
Defined by the purpose of the thesis, the present study can not expound on every issue concerned, thus leaving much space for improvement. As to the limitations stated above, we hope that the future study can collect materials of some different styles （data量和种类） and from different fields （来源）, such as, the daily news, the law, the politics, and so on; or to collect the spoken discourses, such as, the interviews, the speeches, and so on. Also, the future study should be based on two separate corpora of English and other language news (other than Chinese) to make a contrastive study to see whether the metaphorical mapping from the same source domain can show up in the both data, and whether they have any similarities or differences in the conceptual metaphors. (都是针对不足的。)
三、结论部分的语言
1. 总则：结论部分的语言应与结论部分的言语功能相符合。
对象、理论、方法等概括部分，如
This study has taken five steps...,
We have demonstrated that ...,
The methodology described is ....
评价部分，如
Written learner data is able to reveal...,
... provide a rich resource for learning...;
It is possible to identify...
Errors can also be handled...
展望未来，如
... the compilation of a corpus ... can be exploited by ...,
Gain insight into ...,
... better understanding of English language use.
2. 时态
为了以上功能向配合，动词形式主要以现在时态出现，但在某些情况下也可以使用完成时和过去时。
讲座小结：几个统一
1. 题目
2. 开题报告
=题目的扩展
（1）选题=题目
（2）文献综述=对研究对象已有视角或方面的综合描述和评述
（3）研究目标=研究对象（+切入点）+理论视角
（4
题目中明确的、暗含的（英汉就是比较或对比；做实验就是实证方法；用数据说话就是定
量；用理论证明观点，辅之以例子，即定量）
（5）目前研究工作
（6）提纲
（7）参考文献
3. 引言 =开题报告翻译
研究动力 研究基础 研究实施
4. 结语
=引言+结果/结论+不足+展望
(1) 概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。
(2) 研究目标的回答：比较具体地说明本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了
什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。
(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。
(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。
5. 摘要：
=题目+结果/结论
(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；
(2) 研究目的陈述（Purpose statement）；
(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）
(3) 研究方法(Methodology and Data)；
(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；
(5) 研究结论/启示（Conclusions/Implications）。
学术论文写作：结论
一、结论的构成要素
如果一下内容比较详尽，需要分小节论述
(1) 第一段，即结论部分的开场白， 概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。
(2) 第二——其后几段， 具体地说明：本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。
(3) 启示（这部分可能没有，可能有）
对教学、对语言实践、对翻译等等。
(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。
(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。
二、写作方法：（1）、（2）部分是对“摘要”的扩写。展望是对局限的回答。
范文： A Cognitive Study on Conceptual Metaphor in English and Chinese Sports News
参考摘要
Abstract: This paper, based on Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory and Steen’s five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）, makes a comparative study （总研究方法）of conceptual metaphor in English and Chinese sports news （总研究目标/目的）. By analyzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, we find a distributional （分目标1）similarity of English and Chinese conceptual metaphors （发现/结果）. They fall into the following seven types: war, human, orientation, journey, drama, animal throne metaphors, among which, the occurrence of war metaphor far distinguishes the others （具体/结果1）. But the percentages of the different metaphors are not even in English and Chinese（具体/结果2）. Take the metaphor of war as a case （具体方法2：案例分析法）, the thesis attempts to find the cognitive motivation for sports as wars （分目标2）and discovers the six foundations of mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3).
结论部分
Chapter 5 Conclusion
To understand the conceptual metaphors in English and Chinese sports news (论题)，the research makes a comparative study（总研究方法）based on Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory and Steen’s five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）. The investigation about the distribution of metaphors on sports news was conducted by analyzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, and the exploration into the motivation of metaphors was tackled through a case study. We reach the following findings. (这个开场白非常有必要)
5.1 Findings
Firstly, English and Chinese have the similar typical types of conceptual metaphors of sports（具体/结果1）: war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, throne metaphor, drama metaphor,
animal metaphor and etc. Among them, war metaphor takes up the majority of the conceptual metaphor in both English and Chinese sports news. Chinese data have seven types of metaphors, including war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, drama metaphor, throne metaphor and animal metaphor. However, the English data covers six types of them, with only throne metaphor excluded. This reveals that the cognitive patterns of both Chinese people and the western people have some similarities since different languages with different linguistic forms may convey the same concepts based on similar psychological mentality.
Secondly, uneven percentages of different metaphors are found in English and Chinese sports（具体/结果2）. It is identified in Table 3.1 of Chapter 3, war metaphor with the percentage of 62.59%, orientation metaphor with the percentage of 12.14% and throne metaphor with the percentage of 6.80% are the top three metaphors in Chinese data, among which war metaphor takes up the majority. Compared with Chinese data, war metaphor, human metaphor, and orientation metaphor win the favors of the English journalists, which take up the percentage of 63.11%, 13.93%, and 12.70% respectively. War metaphor is also far more than the other two in English sports news.
Thirdly, the cognitive motivation for sports as wars （分目标2）is mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3).
5.2 Limitations
There are still some limitations in the study.
Firstly, the amount of data is still not enough which may possibly influence the effect of the analysis result. (如果文中涉及到了data, 则谈其数量有限)
Secondly, though the samples are all drawn from the authoritative newspapers or websites in English and Chinese, the writing styles of each published works may be a little different, which may more or less affect the frequencies of the occurrence of metaphors. Hence larger scaled corpus would be of more validity on the selection and the identification of this kind of research. （承上，data收集的来源是否全面，或者有所局限？）
Thirdly, for the limitations of the cognition of metaphor, there might be disagreement on the grouping of some metaphors.
Fourthly, the thesis has found the different occurrences of different metaphors and the major reason for this phenomenon, and there surely are more reasons lying behind the cultural differences. However, this thesis does not go on to dig it more deeply for the limitation of time. （现象背后的理论论证是否充分？现象背后的理据阐述是否全面，因为什么？）
Finally, the time span （由于研究时间、理论认识所引起的不足）that this study covers may not be long enough. Language is dynamic and changing and there are even changes every moment. Further studies may cover a longer time span. However, the author does hope that this paper may serve as a reference for further studies and provide some instructional guidance for sports news readers.
5.3 Suggestions for Further Study
Defined by the purpose of the thesis, the present study can not expound on every issue concerned, thus leaving much space for improvement. As to the limitations stated above, we hope that the future study can collect materials of some different styles （data量和种类） and from different fields （来源）, such as, the daily news, the law, the politics, and so on; or to collect the spoken discourses, such as, the interviews, the speeches, and so on. Also, the future study should be based on two separate corpora of English and other language news (other than Chinese) to make a contrastive study to see whether the metaphorical mapping from the same source domain can show up in the both data, and whether they have any similarities or differences in the conceptual metaphors. (都是针对不足的。)
三、结论部分的语言
1. 总则：结论部分的语言应与结论部分的言语功能相符合。
对象、理论、方法等概括部分，如
This study has taken five steps...,
We have demonstrated that ...,
The methodology described is ....
评价部分，如
Written learner data is able to reveal...,
... provide a rich resource for learning...;
It is possible to identify...
Errors can also be handled...
展望未来，如
... the compilation of a corpus ... can be exploited by ...,
Gain insight into ...,
... better understanding of English language use.
2. 时态
为了以上功能向配合，动词形式主要以现在时态出现，但在某些情况下也可以使用完成时和过去时。
讲座小结：几个统一
1. 题目
2. 开题报告
=题目的扩展
（1）选题=题目
（2）文献综述=对研究对象已有视角或方面的综合描述和评述
（3）研究目标=研究对象（+切入点）+理论视角
（4
题目中明确的、暗含的（英汉就是比较或对比；做实验就是实证方法；用数据说话就是定
量；用理论证明观点，辅之以例子，即定量）
（5）目前研究工作
（6）提纲
（7）参考文献
3. 引言 =开题报告翻译
研究动力 研究基础 研究实施
4. 结语
=引言+结果/结论+不足+展望
(1) 概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。
(2) 研究目标的回答：比较具体地说明本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了
什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。
(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。
(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。
5. 摘要：
=题目+结果/结论
(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；
(2) 研究目的陈述（Purpose statement）；
(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）
(3) 研究方法(Methodology and Data)；
(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；
(5) 研究结论/启示（Conclusions/Implications）。