简单句的五种基本类型
简单句就是指只含有一个主谓结构的句子。简单句中有五种常见的基本结构,而且在实际运用的过程中,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰,给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰,给句子加上状语进行修饰等,以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变,都只有一个主谓结构。如(划线部分都是句子的附加成份) :
初学写作的时候,应注意把握句子的基本类型,以便写出符合英语语法和表达习惯的句子。句子的基本结构有如下几类:
1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy ),主格代词(如you ),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般
在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America. He made a speech.
Two and two is four. To be a teacher is my dream.
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.
2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi. )没有宾语,形成主谓结构, 及物动词和不及物动词的区别 eg:We come.
Many changes took place in my home town.
注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等)
3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me ,him ,them 等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。
eg :I will do it tomorrow.
The boy needs a pen. I like swimming.
I like to swim this afternoon.
1. 主语+不及物动词
不及物动词的后面不接宾语,但很多时候,这个不及物动词有副词或别的状语修饰。有的动词如果不加状语修饰,句子的意思就可能不完整。如:
Mr. Li stayed. → Mr. Li stayed until the meeting was over.
She lived. → She lived in the country. (from www.nmet168.com)
2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
谓语:联系动词(Link verb):be 动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become 成为,turn 变成,go 变和感官动词如:feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
表语:(1)当联系动词不是be ,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last.
His face turned red.
(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well.他面色好。
It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。
在这类结构中,可用作表语的有分词、形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等。如: She was too tired.
Mr. Li is a middle school teacher.
It’s me.
The light was out.
Your father is in his office.
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语
可以用作宾语的通常有名词、代词等。如:
I saw a film yesterday.
I didn’t meet him at the meeting.
4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语:
这类结构中的间接宾语和直接宾语又统称为双宾语。常接双宾语的动词有:give, pass, send, teach, buy, bring, show等。直接宾语和间接宾语的位置通常可以互相交换。当直接宾语(指物的宾语) 位于间接宾语(指人的宾语) 前面时,间接宾语的前面通常有一个介词for 或to 。如(from www.nmet168.com):
Mother bought me a watch. →Mother bought a watch for me.
She showed us her new dress. →She showed her new dress to us.
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
(一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.
(二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
(三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.
(四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.
(五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
其它句子成分分析:
A. 定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no 构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something 、nothing );或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
(一)形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
(二)数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom 的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom 家的两个男孩。
(四)介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
(五)名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
(六)分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
(七) 定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
B. 状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目
的等
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,
通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often )或程度(如:almost )的副词状语通常位于be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl 的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.
(一)副词(短语)作状语:
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
(二)介词短语作状语:
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前, 汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天, 教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
(三)分词(短语)作状语:
He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)
(四)不定式作状语:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
(五)名词作状语:
Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)
(六)状语从句:
时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,比较状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句
C. 同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:
We students should study hard. (students是we 的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. (all是we 的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构) 。
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah, 等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句
中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.
情态词, 表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe 大概,acturely 实际上,certainly 当然,等。
八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。
例:错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析:错句中分词studying 没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study 的应是人,不应是your score (分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语, 使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study 的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如: Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with 、without 引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如:With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做,他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose 不可省略!)
英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语,修饰动词worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语,修饰名词student) Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother. (划线部分在句中作状语,修饰整个句子)
并列句就是由并列连词所连接起来的两个简单句。常用的并列连词有:and, or, but, so, while, when 等。and 用作并列连词,连接两个并列句时,可表示并列关系、递进关系、因果关系。or 可以表示并列关系,也可表示因果关系,but 表示转折关系,so 可表示因果关系。while 可表示比较或对比,when 则表示时间,相当于and at that time(就在那时) 。如:
Work hard, and you will succeed. (and表示因果关系)
Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. (or表示因果关系)
He is old, but he still works as hard as young people. (but表示转折关系)
Mr. Li is generous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. (so表示因果关系)
I earn only 50 dollars a week, while she earns 80 dollars. 我一个星期只赚50美元,而她却赚80美元。(while表示比较、对比) (from www.nmet168.com)
I was going to leave home when the telephone rang. (when表示时间,相当于and at that time) 复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中,必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分,而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分,即从句部分。常见的从句有:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。从句部分一般都有引导词引导这个从句。如:
As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引导一个定语从句)
What he says doesn’t suit what he does. (本句包含两个名词性从句:What he says 是一个主语从句;what he does 是一个宾语从句)
Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引导一个表地点的状语从句)
简单句的五种基本类型
简单句就是指只含有一个主谓结构的句子。简单句中有五种常见的基本结构,而且在实际运用的过程中,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰,给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰,给句子加上状语进行修饰等,以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变,都只有一个主谓结构。如(划线部分都是句子的附加成份) :
初学写作的时候,应注意把握句子的基本类型,以便写出符合英语语法和表达习惯的句子。句子的基本结构有如下几类:
1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy ),主格代词(如you ),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般
在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America. He made a speech.
Two and two is four. To be a teacher is my dream.
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.
2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi. )没有宾语,形成主谓结构, 及物动词和不及物动词的区别 eg:We come.
Many changes took place in my home town.
注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等)
3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me ,him ,them 等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。
eg :I will do it tomorrow.
The boy needs a pen. I like swimming.
I like to swim this afternoon.
1. 主语+不及物动词
不及物动词的后面不接宾语,但很多时候,这个不及物动词有副词或别的状语修饰。有的动词如果不加状语修饰,句子的意思就可能不完整。如:
Mr. Li stayed. → Mr. Li stayed until the meeting was over.
She lived. → She lived in the country. (from www.nmet168.com)
2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
谓语:联系动词(Link verb):be 动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become 成为,turn 变成,go 变和感官动词如:feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
表语:(1)当联系动词不是be ,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last.
His face turned red.
(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well.他面色好。
It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。
在这类结构中,可用作表语的有分词、形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等。如: She was too tired.
Mr. Li is a middle school teacher.
It’s me.
The light was out.
Your father is in his office.
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语
可以用作宾语的通常有名词、代词等。如:
I saw a film yesterday.
I didn’t meet him at the meeting.
4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语:
这类结构中的间接宾语和直接宾语又统称为双宾语。常接双宾语的动词有:give, pass, send, teach, buy, bring, show等。直接宾语和间接宾语的位置通常可以互相交换。当直接宾语(指物的宾语) 位于间接宾语(指人的宾语) 前面时,间接宾语的前面通常有一个介词for 或to 。如(from www.nmet168.com):
Mother bought me a watch. →Mother bought a watch for me.
She showed us her new dress. →She showed her new dress to us.
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
(一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.
(二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
(三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.
(四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.
(五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
其它句子成分分析:
A. 定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no 构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something 、nothing );或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
(一)形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
(二)数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom 的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom 家的两个男孩。
(四)介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
(五)名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
(六)分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
(七) 定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
B. 状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目
的等
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,
通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often )或程度(如:almost )的副词状语通常位于be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl 的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.
(一)副词(短语)作状语:
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
(二)介词短语作状语:
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前, 汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天, 教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
(三)分词(短语)作状语:
He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)
(四)不定式作状语:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
(五)名词作状语:
Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)
(六)状语从句:
时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,比较状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句
C. 同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:
We students should study hard. (students是we 的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. (all是we 的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构) 。
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah, 等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句
中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.
情态词, 表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe 大概,acturely 实际上,certainly 当然,等。
八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。
例:错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析:错句中分词studying 没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study 的应是人,不应是your score (分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语, 使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study 的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如: Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with 、without 引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如:With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做,他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose 不可省略!)
英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语,修饰动词worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语,修饰名词student) Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother. (划线部分在句中作状语,修饰整个句子)
并列句就是由并列连词所连接起来的两个简单句。常用的并列连词有:and, or, but, so, while, when 等。and 用作并列连词,连接两个并列句时,可表示并列关系、递进关系、因果关系。or 可以表示并列关系,也可表示因果关系,but 表示转折关系,so 可表示因果关系。while 可表示比较或对比,when 则表示时间,相当于and at that time(就在那时) 。如:
Work hard, and you will succeed. (and表示因果关系)
Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. (or表示因果关系)
He is old, but he still works as hard as young people. (but表示转折关系)
Mr. Li is generous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. (so表示因果关系)
I earn only 50 dollars a week, while she earns 80 dollars. 我一个星期只赚50美元,而她却赚80美元。(while表示比较、对比) (from www.nmet168.com)
I was going to leave home when the telephone rang. (when表示时间,相当于and at that time) 复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中,必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分,而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分,即从句部分。常见的从句有:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。从句部分一般都有引导词引导这个从句。如:
As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引导一个定语从句)
What he says doesn’t suit what he does. (本句包含两个名词性从句:What he says 是一个主语从句;what he does 是一个宾语从句)
Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引导一个表地点的状语从句)