常见高中英语动词时态考点归纳
英语组 叶志灵
时态是高考英语的一个十分重要的考点，是高中英语考纲要求的必考内容——每年必考，每省必考。经常听学生抱怨高中时态太繁杂，针对这一情况，结合多年教学中学生所遇到关于时态的疑难点，笔者参阅各种资料，现将自己的浅薄认识归纳总结，希望对今后教学有一定帮助。综观近年来各省市的时态考题情况，本人发现最重要最常考的时态有两种，它们是现在完成时和过去完成时；次常考的时态有四种，它们是一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时和过去进行时；次次常考的时态有五种，它们是一般将来时、过去将来时、将来完成时、完成进行时等。为帮助同学们复习好时态，本文将结合去年高考试题对几个重要的时态作简单归纳和分析。
一、现在完成时
意义：过去的动作一直延续到现在或者过去的动作造成对现在的影响。
形式：has/have+Ved
用法：现在完成时主要有两种用法，即持续性用法(或叫未完成用法) 和影响性用法(或叫已完成用法) 。 持续性用法表示动作发生于过去，但在过去并未完成，而是从过去一直持续到现在，此时多半会连用表示持续性的时间状语；后者指的是动作发生于过去，且在过去 已经完成，但这个过去发生的动作对现在有影响，而说话者正好要强调的就是这个影响，此时一般没有明显的时间状语，主要通过上下文来理解。
典型范例：
1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
【分析】答案选 B 。由表示对照的Years ago和recent 可知，“以前不知”，但“现在已经证明了”，所以用现在完成时。
2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
【分析】答案选B 。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A 和C ；由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D ，而选B 。
另外，同学们还要特别注意以下这些习惯上要与现在完成时连用的短语和句型：so far(到目前为止) ，since(自从) ，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在过去…年中) ，by now (到现在为止) ，up to [until] now (到现在为止) ，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【分析】答案选 C 。so far(到目前为止) 通常与现在完成时连用。
4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
【分析】答案选 B 。since 1992这类时间状语通常与现在完成时连用。主句主语是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了关系代词that 的定语从句。
二、过去完成时
意义：过去完成时是一种相对时态，即以某一过去时间作参照，过去完成时表示的动
作发生在这一过去时间的更过去，所以我们可以简单地用“过去的过去”这五个字来理解过去完成时态
形式：had +Ved
特殊用法（考点）：1.by/before/until+过去时间
2．No sooner +had sb done+than did
Hardly+ had sb done+when did
3. It/That was the first/second…time that sb had done
4. expect, hope want, suppose, intend 等表示心理活动动词用过去完成时表示“本来……”
典型范例：
1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
【分析】答案选 D 。因为上大学是过去，学了五千个英语单词是在上大学之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
【分析】答案选 A 。根据句意，“开始回房子”发生在过去，“太阳落山”是在“开始回房子”之前，故过去的过去。
3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】答案选 D 。根据“我没见到他”可知，“在我到达”前“父亲已经去伦敦”了，即父亲去伦敦发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
【分析】答案选 C 。因为这个小盒子“被放在部长车下”发生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
5. “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they _________ without me.”
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【分析】答案选D 。因为thought(原以为) 用的是过去时，所以他们“走了”就是“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
三、一般现在时
意义：表示经常性或习惯动作，或者目前存在的状态。
动词形式：do/does或者am/is/are
特殊用法（考点）：（1）客观真理、科学事实或一般理论。
(2)主将从现，即主句用将来时，而从句用一般现在时表将来时。
(3)火车，飞机，客车等按时间表出发。
典型范例：
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
【分析】答案选 B 。因为这是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
2. “What would you do if it _________tomorrow?” “We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.”
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
【分析】答案选 B 。即在条件句中用一般现在时表示将来意义。
3. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _________and see him.
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
【分析】答案选 A 。when 引导的是宾语从句，不是状语从句。
四、一般过去时
意义：陈述过去的一个事实或存在的状态，与现在无关。
形式：V+ed(不规则动词不规则变化)
典型范例：
1. “If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.” “What a pity! Tina _________ here to see you.”
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been
【分析】答案选 B 。尽管上面一句用的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，但后面一句谈的却是发生在过去的一件真实情况，故用一般过去时。
2. Scientists think that the continents _________always where they _________ today.
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
【分析】答案选 C 。句意是：科学家认为各大陆并非一直在它们现在所处的位置。既然过去的位置与现在的位置不同，所以谈论过去情况用一般过去时。
五、现在进行时
意义：1. 表示在某个时间点某个动作正在进行2. 某个时间段某个动作正在进行（说话时未必在做）
形式：am/is /are doing
特殊用法（考点）：（1）be always/constantly/continually/forever doing(表示说话人某种感情色彩)
（2）表示计划或安排要做的事。
（3）表示位移的动词例如come, go, leave, stay, start, begin, arrive等词用进行时表将来。
典型范例：
1. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _________?
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
【分析】答案选 C 。根据Listen to…可知，speak 这一动作正在进行。
2. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _________ to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
【分析】答案选 D 。指赢大奖以来近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。
3. “Are you still busy?” “Yes, I _________ my work and it won’t take long.”
A. just finish B. am just finishing
C. have just finished D. am just going to finish
【分析】答案选 B 。由it won’t take long可知即将做完了，用现在进行时表示即将发生的事；选项D 表示“正打算做完”，与句意不符。
六、过去进行时考点
意义：过去某个时间点或者某个时间段正在做某事。
形式：was/were doing
典型范例：
Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she _________.
A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing
【分析】答案选 C 。用过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作。因 decided 和didn’t want 都是过去式，排除选项A 和D ；因“做”发生在“决定”之后，而不是之前，故不能用过去完成时，排除选项B 。
七、一般将来时考点
意义：表示将要发生的动作或未来会存在的状态。
形式1：will do(表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势)
特殊用法（考点）1, 表示临时决定做某事，表示意愿。
典型范例：
---Mike, the telephone is ringing.
----I_______ answer it.
A, will B, am going to C. am to D. am about to (A)
形式2. be going to (计划或打算做某事)
特殊用法（考点）2. 通过某种迹象表明即将发生的事情
典型范例：There is so much cloud. It is going to rain soon.
形式3.be doing （表示位移的动词，参考现在进行时情况）
典型范例：He is leaving soon.
形式4.be about to do (一般不加时间状语，却可以加when 引导的时间状语从句) 典型范例. The meeting is about to start tomorrow. ( false)
I am about to leave when he comes (true)
形式5. be to do sth
(1) 表示“按计划或安排要做的事”
典型范例She is to be married next month.
(2)表示“应该”
典型范例You are to report it to the police.
(3)表示“想，打算”
典型范例If we are to be there before ten, We’ll have to go now.
(4)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。
典型范例Am I to go on with the work.
(5)用于否定句，表示“禁止”
典型范例You are not to smoke in the reading room.
(6)表示“可以，可能”
典型范例The news is to be found in the evening paper.
在中学英语语法的教学中, 动词的时态语态问题是教学的重点也是难点。笔者通过化难为简，总结概括，希望更容易让学生理解，让学生学得更轻松。
常见高中英语动词时态考点归纳
英语组 叶志灵
时态是高考英语的一个十分重要的考点，是高中英语考纲要求的必考内容——每年必考，每省必考。经常听学生抱怨高中时态太繁杂，针对这一情况，结合多年教学中学生所遇到关于时态的疑难点，笔者参阅各种资料，现将自己的浅薄认识归纳总结，希望对今后教学有一定帮助。综观近年来各省市的时态考题情况，本人发现最重要最常考的时态有两种，它们是现在完成时和过去完成时；次常考的时态有四种，它们是一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时和过去进行时；次次常考的时态有五种，它们是一般将来时、过去将来时、将来完成时、完成进行时等。为帮助同学们复习好时态，本文将结合去年高考试题对几个重要的时态作简单归纳和分析。
一、现在完成时
意义：过去的动作一直延续到现在或者过去的动作造成对现在的影响。
形式：has/have+Ved
用法：现在完成时主要有两种用法，即持续性用法(或叫未完成用法) 和影响性用法(或叫已完成用法) 。 持续性用法表示动作发生于过去，但在过去并未完成，而是从过去一直持续到现在，此时多半会连用表示持续性的时间状语；后者指的是动作发生于过去，且在过去 已经完成，但这个过去发生的动作对现在有影响，而说话者正好要强调的就是这个影响，此时一般没有明显的时间状语，主要通过上下文来理解。
典型范例：
1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
【分析】答案选 B 。由表示对照的Years ago和recent 可知，“以前不知”，但“现在已经证明了”，所以用现在完成时。
2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
【分析】答案选B 。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A 和C ；由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D ，而选B 。
另外，同学们还要特别注意以下这些习惯上要与现在完成时连用的短语和句型：so far(到目前为止) ，since(自从) ，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在过去…年中) ，by now (到现在为止) ，up to [until] now (到现在为止) ，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【分析】答案选 C 。so far(到目前为止) 通常与现在完成时连用。
4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
【分析】答案选 B 。since 1992这类时间状语通常与现在完成时连用。主句主语是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了关系代词that 的定语从句。
二、过去完成时
意义：过去完成时是一种相对时态，即以某一过去时间作参照，过去完成时表示的动
作发生在这一过去时间的更过去，所以我们可以简单地用“过去的过去”这五个字来理解过去完成时态
形式：had +Ved
特殊用法（考点）：1.by/before/until+过去时间
2．No sooner +had sb done+than did
Hardly+ had sb done+when did
3. It/That was the first/second…time that sb had done
4. expect, hope want, suppose, intend 等表示心理活动动词用过去完成时表示“本来……”
典型范例：
1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
【分析】答案选 D 。因为上大学是过去，学了五千个英语单词是在上大学之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
【分析】答案选 A 。根据句意，“开始回房子”发生在过去，“太阳落山”是在“开始回房子”之前，故过去的过去。
3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】答案选 D 。根据“我没见到他”可知，“在我到达”前“父亲已经去伦敦”了，即父亲去伦敦发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
【分析】答案选 C 。因为这个小盒子“被放在部长车下”发生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
5. “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they _________ without me.”
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【分析】答案选D 。因为thought(原以为) 用的是过去时，所以他们“走了”就是“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
三、一般现在时
意义：表示经常性或习惯动作，或者目前存在的状态。
动词形式：do/does或者am/is/are
特殊用法（考点）：（1）客观真理、科学事实或一般理论。
(2)主将从现，即主句用将来时，而从句用一般现在时表将来时。
(3)火车，飞机，客车等按时间表出发。
典型范例：
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
【分析】答案选 B 。因为这是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
2. “What would you do if it _________tomorrow?” “We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.”
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
【分析】答案选 B 。即在条件句中用一般现在时表示将来意义。
3. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _________and see him.
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
【分析】答案选 A 。when 引导的是宾语从句，不是状语从句。
四、一般过去时
意义：陈述过去的一个事实或存在的状态，与现在无关。
形式：V+ed(不规则动词不规则变化)
典型范例：
1. “If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.” “What a pity! Tina _________ here to see you.”
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been
【分析】答案选 B 。尽管上面一句用的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，但后面一句谈的却是发生在过去的一件真实情况，故用一般过去时。
2. Scientists think that the continents _________always where they _________ today.
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
【分析】答案选 C 。句意是：科学家认为各大陆并非一直在它们现在所处的位置。既然过去的位置与现在的位置不同，所以谈论过去情况用一般过去时。
五、现在进行时
意义：1. 表示在某个时间点某个动作正在进行2. 某个时间段某个动作正在进行（说话时未必在做）
形式：am/is /are doing
特殊用法（考点）：（1）be always/constantly/continually/forever doing(表示说话人某种感情色彩)
（2）表示计划或安排要做的事。
（3）表示位移的动词例如come, go, leave, stay, start, begin, arrive等词用进行时表将来。
典型范例：
1. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _________?
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
【分析】答案选 C 。根据Listen to…可知，speak 这一动作正在进行。
2. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _________ to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
【分析】答案选 D 。指赢大奖以来近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。
3. “Are you still busy?” “Yes, I _________ my work and it won’t take long.”
A. just finish B. am just finishing
C. have just finished D. am just going to finish
【分析】答案选 B 。由it won’t take long可知即将做完了，用现在进行时表示即将发生的事；选项D 表示“正打算做完”，与句意不符。
六、过去进行时考点
意义：过去某个时间点或者某个时间段正在做某事。
形式：was/were doing
典型范例：
Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she _________.
A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing
【分析】答案选 C 。用过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作。因 decided 和didn’t want 都是过去式，排除选项A 和D ；因“做”发生在“决定”之后，而不是之前，故不能用过去完成时，排除选项B 。
七、一般将来时考点
意义：表示将要发生的动作或未来会存在的状态。
形式1：will do(表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势)
特殊用法（考点）1, 表示临时决定做某事，表示意愿。
典型范例：
---Mike, the telephone is ringing.
----I_______ answer it.
A, will B, am going to C. am to D. am about to (A)
形式2. be going to (计划或打算做某事)
特殊用法（考点）2. 通过某种迹象表明即将发生的事情
典型范例：There is so much cloud. It is going to rain soon.
形式3.be doing （表示位移的动词，参考现在进行时情况）
典型范例：He is leaving soon.
形式4.be about to do (一般不加时间状语，却可以加when 引导的时间状语从句) 典型范例. The meeting is about to start tomorrow. ( false)
I am about to leave when he comes (true)
形式5. be to do sth
(1) 表示“按计划或安排要做的事”
典型范例She is to be married next month.
(2)表示“应该”
典型范例You are to report it to the police.
(3)表示“想，打算”
典型范例If we are to be there before ten, We’ll have to go now.
(4)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。
典型范例Am I to go on with the work.
(5)用于否定句，表示“禁止”
典型范例You are not to smoke in the reading room.
(6)表示“可以，可能”
典型范例The news is to be found in the evening paper.
在中学英语语法的教学中, 动词的时态语态问题是教学的重点也是难点。笔者通过化难为简，总结概括，希望更容易让学生理解，让学生学得更轻松。