高考英语全国卷近三年考点分析

高考英语全国卷试题分析与备考策略

一、高考英语全国卷命题总体特征

高考共向考生提供了15套英语试卷,全国卷2套,用于18个省份;分省命题卷13套,用于本省份高考。这些试卷“稳定中求发展”,继续重视语言运用能力考查,试卷结构、考试内容和试卷难度基本稳定,词汇量要求稍有提高,个别省恢复了听力考试,使英语科考试具有较高的信度和效度,既有利于高等学校选拔优秀人才,又有利于促进中学英语教学改革的深化。

1、坚持既定命题原则,试题研发语境化全国高考卷经多年实践,形成了以下命题原则:“突出强调应用,注重交际”,在注重交际方面尽管目前高考英语实际上体现有限,但命题人在试题中尽量体现一些交际原则,尽量融合语言的真实性等。试题设计融汇语境化原则,语境化试题设计在各题型都可体现,主要体现在语法知识测试、完形填空题和书面表达题等。

2、素材贴近生活,贴近时代从完形填空、阅读理解、语法填空、短文改错到书面表达等,命题素材与学生生活和学习经验相关,体现时代感,这有利于引导学生积累文化生活知识以及人文和科学素养。尤其是语篇类试题如完形填空和阅读理解部分的素材,题材多样化。

3、试题体现开放性试题开放性全国课标卷主要体现在书面表达部分,以考查考生思维和语言表达能力,提示尽量简洁以避免学生直接翻译提示信息,且给考生留下思维空间,让大部分学生有话可写,较好地检测学生自由表达思想的能力。

二、全国卷高考英语命题历年分析

(一)阅读理解

英语阅读技能是我国基础英语教育重点培养的语言技能,阅读理解在全国卷中占总分值37%。阅读理解考查考生对书面英语的理解、推断和鉴赏等综合能力,要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般话题的简短文章。阅读命题选材遵循语言真实、贴近时代和生活的原则,部分语篇融会思想性和教育性,传递正能量。素材语篇体裁多样化,一般含记叙文、说明文和议论文等。两节的阅读量相对稳定,5篇语篇词数合计1000余词。

1、分析(见阅读理解表1)

纵观近三年全国卷高考试题,阅读理解的命题趋势如下:

一 从文章体裁来看:近年高考以说明文为主,应用文、记叙文和议论文为辅。说明文文章生词量大,内容新颖但题目比较简单。应用文短小精悍,题目简单,学生喜欢做。记叙文内容有趣,文章易懂但题目难度较大,需要仔细推敲并弄清楚隐含意义。

二 从阅读理解题目类型来看:

1、阅读理解对细节理解题方面的考查所占比例在50%以上,考查难度稍有增加,表现在:(1) 答案跨段落搜集;(2)题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致;(3)需将几个信息综合才能得出答案。所以今后阅读课中以细节理解题为重。

2、在近几年高考中,推理判断题量稳定,在5个左右,题目数量分布均匀,设题往往和细节理解相连,但推理判断题是阅读理解题目中难度较大的一类,因此需要加大学生英语综合运用能力的培养。

3、词义猜测题目比例虽小,但要注意对短语的考查。(如2015新课标2卷考查短语“signed off”)

4、主旨大意题每年都有1-2:小题,但对于学生而言却是难点,在主旨大意题目中注意不能直接根据主题句判断,需要学生整体把握,通过判断、归纳、推理得出。

2、英语阅读理解备考策略:

(1)在阅读课型问题设计时,能多设计“who,where,when,what,why,how”引导的特殊疑问句。

(2)从高一或高二开始,应该让学生多接触英语课外读物,创造多种条件让学生了解英美文化及相关知识,缩小文化知识差距,从知识层面做好准备。(近几年高考阅读题材多次涉及英国和美国的风土人情及科技发明。如,:2015新课标2卷“间隔年”,去伦敦旅游都是关于英国“学校和文化”的材料)

(3)丰富阅读材料,充实阅读内容,设计多种练习类型,让阅读课变得更有魅力。

(4)通过让学生在阅读材料中发现、总结、记忆生词来扩充学生词汇量;分析长难句,让学生学会破句,猜测、理解句意。

(5)指导学生背诵一定数量的原汁原味的英美文章,如,心灵鸡汤等美文,增强语感,扩大词汇量,提高阅读理解能力。

(二)阅读七选五

近年来,高考的阅读理解增加了信息匹配的 7 选 5 题型,主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。其命题体现了《新课标》“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力;逐步获取用英语思维的能力。”的阅读学习和教学理念。《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。

1.具体分析(见七选五表2)

2.复习建议

从题型和内容我们可以看出,题备选项可分为.a.主旨概括句(文章整体内容)、b.过渡性句子(文章结构)c.注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置,如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题,过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构,注释性句子与上文脱节等。

3、题型分析

分析篇章结构,把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键。分析文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,也就是段落,另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。

语篇与段落是有区别的,语段是篇章结构的中间层次,是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式,段落是在某些语体(如说明文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子,一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种,一是靠句际间意义的结合,二是靠句际间的关联词,逻辑性插入语来连接,在分析语段层次时,可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断,但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系,把握作者的思路,从语序上去发现断续点,理清层次,好文章的层次非常清晰,只有层层入手,才能真正理解文章。

4、解题策略

(1)理清句际间意义的关系

文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成,各个层次,各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致,但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的,各句之间都有一定的语脉,从逻辑意义上来看,语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此,理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉,理清句际间的关系,进而理解语段或全文的内容。

(2)找出句子之间的连接性的词语

文章的语句间的组合,除了从语句间的意义关系分析外,还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握,因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系有承接关系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)平列关系(如first, second, third„ ; firstly, secondly, thirdly„; first, next, then„; in the first place, in the second place„; for one thing, for another thing„;to begin with, to conclude 等)。转折关系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。层递关系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not „ but „, not only„but also 等)。

5、实施步骤

对一个语段或语篇的分析,可以按以下步骤进行:

(1)通读全文对文章进行快速浏览,寻找主题句,抓住文章结构及文章的写作内容。

在阅读过程中,要注意文章的开始与结束段落,尤其是文章的首段及末段末句,因为“开门见山”与

“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式,首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在,说明本文将探讨哪些内容,并简要指出文章的写作思路,有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义,如果它是文章的主题句,就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开,并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句,则需要继续寻找。这时,可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式,如两者均可排除,则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句,但要注意,首段与末段的提示作用。

(2)详读段落在短时间内,找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。

文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开,对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词,明确其描述内容,为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。

(3)定位选项明确各备选选项的含义,抓住其关键词语,根据文章整体结构与具体内容,将选项填入文中,填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。

在定位选项时,要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容,以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。将所选项放入空白处,看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系,是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。

(4)通读复检将所选答案代入文中,再次通读全文,重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。

在完成选项定位后,应通读全文,检查文章内容是否完整,语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑,写作思路是否清晰明了,格式以及用语是否恰当贴切,从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时,我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析,个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性,这时就需要我们认真分析,仔细甄别,排除干扰,从而得出正确选项。

要特别注意,除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择,否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入了精力,动了脑筋,第一印象往往可信度很高。

(5)确定排除研究多余选项,确定排除理由,最终确定答案。

(三)完形填空

完形填空目的是考查考生阅读短文基础上的词法知识,要求考生通读短文后掌握大意,结合语境,综用词法知识等,要求考生从所给四个选项中选出最佳选项,使短文意思通顺、结构完整。命题要求大多数考点应让考生逾越句子层面选择答案,该题能较好地测试英语综合运用能力特别是词汇运用能力。

1.具体分析(见完型填空表3)

2. 以下是近年高考完形填空的常考词汇表:

动词类:

1“看” look看的动作/ see看的结果; watch观察/observe为了研究进行的观察;

Notice注意catch sight of看见/ stare好奇地看/ glare瞪着看

Glance瞅见/glimpse瞥见 see a film watch TV

2“说” telll sth to sb.=tell sb sth告诉的内容 talk with sb about sth强调说话者之间的交流 Say sth诉说的内容 speak in English说的语言 whisper sth to sb 耳语 Inform sb of sth 通知某人某事 reason /talk/persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 Bargain讨价还价 chat聊天 repeat重复 explain解释 warn警告 remind提醒 Discuss 讨论debate辩论 figure 指出declare宣布 claim自称 mention 提起 admit 承认deny 否绝 describe描述 announce 公布 introduce 介绍complain抱怨 3“叫” cry哭叫 call叫 shout大喊 scream尖叫 moan呻吟 sigh叹气 quarrel大吵

4“问” ask 询问 interview 采访 express表达 question审问

5“答” answer回答 respond回应(用其他方式回应) reply回复

6 “听” listen to听的动作 hear听的结果 pick up收听 overhear无意听到

7“写” dictate听写 write sth 写 describe描写 drop a line 写信 draw画

take down/write down写下,记下

8“拿/放” take拿走 bring拿来 hold举着 carry扛,挑 (无方向性) fetch拿来拿去 lift举 put放 lay 铺/放置 pull拉/push推

9“抓” take hold of 抓着 seize紧抓 grasp 握住 scratch 抠

10“打” hit一次性的打击 beat不间断的打击 strike突然的击打/突然想到 blow吹刮

attack攻击

11“扔” throw扔 drop掉 放弃 错过 fall 倒下无意掉下来 wave 招手 shake摇

12“送” send寄送 deliver递送 give给 offer 主动给予 see off给某人送行

13“摸/抱” touch摸 /fold折叠 /embrace拥抱 / hug抱/hold 握 in one’s arms

14“踢/碰” kick踢/knock敲/ tip 轻敲

15“行” walk run climb jump skip 单腿跳 slip溜 come/go enter进入

move搬迁 drive开车 ride 骑fly crawl 匍匐前进

16“坐” sit down be seated seat oneself take a seat/ stand站,耸立/ lean斜靠

17“睡/休息” lie /on one’s back/ on one side/ on one’s stomach stay in bed have a rest take a nap打盹 be asleep bend turn over翻身 rest

18“笑” smile 微笑(不出声) laugh burst into laughter burst out laughing

19“哭” cry shed tears 留泪 weep呜咽地哭 sob抽泣 burst into tears /burst out crying

20“找/查” find找到 look for正在找过程 find out查明 discover/explore 发现/探索

hunt for search for seek / seek for in search of寻找 Search sb 搜身 search sp. for sth 为某物而搜寻某地

Check检查,核实 examine 考察发现问题/体检 test检测,检验 inspect视察

21“穿” put on 动作 wear穿戴 have on试穿 be dressed in 穿的状态 make-up化装

get changed换衣服 be in red Take off 脱 remove 去除

22“吃/喝” eat/drink sip吮吸 have a meal have supper toast taste

treat sb to请某人吃 help oneself to 随便吃

23“得” get obtain acquire获得知识和技能 gain possess

24“失” lose 丢了 be lost /be missing人错过失踪,不见 gone不见(物) great loss die die off相继死去 die away 逐渐消失

25“有” have 有 own是自己的 conquer征服 occupy占有=possess

26“无” nothing left the remaining thing disappear be missing /gone

27“增/减” rise / go up /drop

人主动抬价 raise /bring down /reduce increase/decrease

28“买/卖” buy purchase afford pay pay off pay for sell on sale bargain

Bill / cheque / cash/ credit card notes/ coins discounts

29“存在/消失”come into being exist appear survive live show turn up

Disappear die die out pass away be out of sight

30“变化” develop improve become grow go+ bad /wrong/ sour /without( negative adj.) turn + color change /change into reform

31“认识的过程”feel sense guess suppose wonder doubt know /learn realize

Understand remember be familiar with recall recite

32“成功/失败”make it succeed make progress come true realize one’s dream win

Lose fail to do failure defeat suffer loss beat turn sth. Into reality

33“努力” try /manage make efforts attempt do ones best do as much as one can to do

34祝贺 congratulate celebrate observe 庆祝 get together 聚会

35赞美/批评 praise think highly of /

blame sb for sth/ sb is to blame criticize /scold sb. for sth. have a low opinion of sb Speak ill of

36喜/恶 like love be fond of be keen on be crazy about adore be into prefer enjoy in favor of Dislike hate be awful/disgusting ignore turn off

37判断 think believe consider find feel conclude infer doubt

38到达 arrive at reach return to get to stay in sp visit leave leave for

on one’s way to upon one’s arrival on doing sth

39受伤 hurt injured wound cut kill drown bleed get burnt suffer from

suffer a loss

40损坏 damage destroy ruin break down be broken crash

41修复 repair rebuild restore fix recover oneself

42支持/反对 agree disagree accept receive refuse turn down

be against elect vote for/ against

43 做饭 cook wash cut chop boil fry steam make mix clean brush cover uncover cooker 44 建议 advise suggest recommend urge propose demand persuade 说服

45 花费 sth/doing sth+cost sb+spend+ in doing sth Sb+afford +n/to do sth

It +take some time/ money/energy +to do sth sb+ pay+$ for sth. at one’s expense

46 省/存钱 save /save up set aside put away spare no effort/ time

47 参加 take part in join /join in attend compete in/ for/against

48控告 accuse sb. of charge sb. With

49 救治 help /help out save /rescue sb from sth. Treat过程 / cure 结果sb. Of sth

Aid sb in doing sth / to do sth help sb with sth assist sb in doing sth

50敬佩 admire respect show respect for/to adore envy /be jealousy in honor of

51逃避 ran away escape from flee hide

52 阻止/禁止 prevent / keep/ stop sb. from doing sth forbid doing sth. ban prohibit

53 对付/处理 handle / do with / deal with /tackle /overcome sth solve settle

54 效仿 copy imitate learn from learn

54 爆发/发生 come about happen to take place break out burst out go off explosion

55安装/装备 fasten fix set equip

be armed with 用什么武装 be equipped with装备有

56 追求 pursuit ran after seek after chase catch up with赶上 keep up with跟上

57 想/考虑 think of 考虑/+as把什么看成 think about想起 consider

think over仔细考虑 be concerned 担心 be considerate towards sb.

58 打算 plan / intend / design to do be going to do /be about to do /will do

59 似乎/好象 seem appear look like as if as though

60 开办/关闭 open start set up close/close up end close down

名词类:

1假期vacation holiday spring break ask for leave be on holiday have two days off

2旅游 trip journey tour voyage travel tourist passenger go camping/picnicking/hiking

3职务人员 clerk secretary passer-by friend minister manager waitress guest host hostess

Assistant customer adult neighbor relative patient /vet staff crew nurse teacher

Conductor tailor sailor inventor gardener guard

4餐馆/定餐/就餐 inn restaurant kitchen menu bill order tip fork and knife reserve /book table

blame sb for sth/ sb is to blame criticize /scold sb. for sth. have a low opinion of sb Speak ill of

36喜/恶 like love be fond of be keen on be crazy about adore be into prefer enjoy in favor of Dislike hate be awful/disgusting ignore turn off

37判断 think believe consider find feel conclude infer doubt

38到达 arrive at reach return to get to stay in sp visit leave leave for

on one’s way to upon one’s arrival on doing sth

39受伤 hurt injured wound cut kill drown bleed get burnt suffer from

suffer a loss

40损坏 damage destroy ruin break down be broken crash

41修复 repair rebuild restore fix recover oneself

42支持/反对 agree disagree accept receive refuse turn down

be against elect vote for/ against

43 做饭 cook wash cut chop boil fry steam make mix clean brush cover uncover cooker 44 建议 advise suggest recommend urge propose demand persuade 说服

45 花费 sth/doing sth+cost sb+spend+ in doing sth Sb+afford +n/to do sth

It +take some time/ money/energy +to do sth sb+ pay+$ for sth. at one’s expense

46 省/存钱 save /save up set aside put away spare no effort/ time

47 参加 take part in join /join in attend compete in/ for/against

48控告 accuse sb. of charge sb. With

49 救治 help /help out save /rescue sb from sth. Treat过程 / cure 结果sb. Of sth

Aid sb in doing sth / to do sth help sb with sth assist sb in doing sth

50敬佩 admire respect show respect for/to adore envy /be jealousy in honor of

51逃避 ran away escape from flee hide

52 阻止/禁止 prevent / keep/ stop sb. from doing sth forbid doing sth. ban prohibit

53 对付/处理 handle / do with / deal with /tackle /overcome sth solve settle

54 效仿 copy imitate learn from learn

54 爆发/发生 come about happen to take place break out burst out go off explosion

55安装/装备 fasten fix set equip

be armed with 用什么武装 be equipped with装备有

56 追求 pursuit ran after seek after chase catch up with赶上 keep up with跟上

57 想/考虑 think of 考虑/+as把什么看成 think about想起 consider

think over仔细考虑 be concerned 担心 be considerate towards sb.

58 打算 plan / intend / design to do be going to do /be about to do /will do

59 似乎/好象 seem appear look like as if as though

60 开办/关闭 open start set up close/close up end close down

名词类:

1假期vacation holiday spring break ask for leave be on holiday have two days off

2旅游 trip journey tour voyage travel tourist passenger go camping/picnicking/hiking

3职务人员 clerk secretary passer-by friend minister manager waitress guest host hostess

Assistant customer adult neighbor relative patient /vet staff crew nurse teacher

Conductor tailor sailor inventor gardener guard

4餐馆/定餐/就餐 inn restaurant kitchen menu bill order tip fork and knife reserve /book table

Taste delicious salad dash vegetables fruit tray napkin

5诊所/看病/服药 clinic hospital take one’s temperature take medicine/pills have a fever/flu/headache doctor physician surgeon specialist patient

6车站/机场 airport on board miss the train/bus catch a train meet sb.

7身体部位 arm head hair brain waist back shoulder pulse wrist

8意志 will courage patience determination faith effort confidence ambition energy

9才能/品质 talent gift ability potential intelligent promising smart stupid careful proud

Strict honest cold serious easy-going learned knowledgeable

10优缺点 advantage disadvantage strength weakness

11目标 aim goal intention purpose belief faith

12方式 means method way manner approach

13身体素质 strong weak pale sick ill be well keep slim/ fit cut weight/put on weight

14图表 photo picture graph drawing table line/bar graph pie chart draw a sketch 划草图

15文章 reading translation essay poem paper novel/fiction article magazine newspaper journal 日志 diary日记 Files form make a list of

16课堂class course lecture example reason message notes words phrase scholarship degree

Subject question trouble difficulty grades read comment marks

17 学校活动 match game activity hold a meeting /debate /speech/ ceremony

18建议/观点 advice suggestion idea proposal view recommendation

19气候/天气 climate weather storm windy cloudy rainy snow hot/cold/freezing/heat/warmth

20交通 by train/bus /boat bike on the train/bus /a bike drive a car ride a bike

give sb. a lift/ride

21习惯 habit custom get used to regular有规律的(形容词) practice惯例(名词)

22感觉 sight hearing touch smell sense

23情感 feeling emotion anger delight sadness sorrow

24 财富 money possessions wealth belongings fortunes treasure diamond be rich/well-off

25 运动比赛 on the playground on the track and filed pitch event game match sports player Coach judge jogging weightlifting play volleyball/soccer/

26衣服 clothes, cloth, clothing clothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数, cloth指布,为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of

27事件 incident, accident incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故

形容词、副词类:

1人的各种感受

乐happy delighted to one’s joy pleased amused

悲 sad unhappy painful bitter

平静 calm quiet silent/still peaceful

烦bother bored be fed up with

震惊 surprised astonished shocked /amazed

怕 in fear be frightened /scared /afraid

失望desperate disappointed hopeless be depressed

满意be satisfied with /be content to do

生气 Annoyed angry disgusting burst into rage

2 表程度的副词类

narrowly/ Nearly/ almost hardly/ hard extremely/ very very/ quite

Accidently/ once in a while occasionally/ once far / by far

Farther/ further better/ worse be well/ good however/ therefore/so/thus

易考的近义词组:

Run/ manage grow/ plant leave/remain fit/ suit/ match

Hit/ beat/strike meet/ satisfy touch /feel play /performer

Contain/ hold /seat/ fill lie/sit/locate help/work/ do

Fall/ sink/ drop matter/ problem /trouble/ money/ account

Cause/ reason that’s why/ that’s because because / since, as/ for

Last/ continue keep/ stay/ treat/ cure/ operate separate/ divide

Stand/ bear/tolerate/hold turn/become/go change/vary/range

Provide/supply/offer/ give/send

3..完型填空备考策略:

近年高考完形填空题型特点

1. 以叙为主, 叙议结合;

2. 篇章短小, 意义完整;

3. 首句完整, 主题明确;

4. 结构清晰, 层次分明;

5. 考查语境, 侧重辨析;

6. 实词为主, 虚词为辅;

7. 逻辑推理, 隐于语篇;

8. 常识语法, 每年出现。

英语的完型填空是很多学生丢分最多的一个题型,这个题型可能出现的丢分原因有: 1、学生对文章理解不深刻;2、做题方法不正确;3、训练方法不得当。很多同学在做完形填空时没有先读懂文章,或者理解不深刻之前就开始填空,甚至没读完一遍就直接填空。这是出错的主要原因。要保证有较高的正确率,考生就必须深刻地理解短文。要深刻地理解短文,考生就必须保证有足够的时间阅读文章。

(四)语法填空

这从2014年就有变革,其目的是考查学生运用语法知识的能力,完全撇除了过去“蒙答案”的可能性。2015的题涉及了时态、介词、代词等词形的变换,整体突出实词的考查和运用。对那些语法基础不错的考生来说,接近于送分题;但对于完全不懂语法的考生来说是丢分重地。短文改错题也是类似情况,命题人专挑考生容易错的地方设错。如果没有一点的语法基础,丢分率也会很高。

1.具体分析(见语法填空表4)

2.复习建议

建议教师和考生可以将此题型结合语法填空并行教与学,互相呼应,彼此促进。找出它们共同的解题技巧,让学生多做练习,争取短文改错和语法填空都能提高。短文改错对考生的要求较高,是对语言知识综合运用能力的考查,考生在该项上往往失分较多,那么如何做好改错题,结合对考题的如上表的总结,要想在短文改错上取得理想的成绩,除了平时打好基础外,在应考时还要做到以下几点:

一、先通读全文。认真阅读短文,在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。根据短文大意和上下文逻辑关系,对文章进行逐字逐句的分析,检查句子的结构是否完整,语气是否连贯,启承转合是否符合文意等。

二.综合运用所学语言知识,根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题(即改词、加词或减词)。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类:

1. 名词:单复数用错,可数与不可数名词的混用。大多数短文改错都会有此类的错误。

2. 动词:时态和语态,常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时,中间杂有不适的另一时态的现象;或是及物动词后无宾语,或是不及物动词后加了宾语;需要接ing形式的接了to,或相反等。

3. 形容词副词:常出现需形容词的地方用了副词或相反;关系副词where, when, why等的缺失或错

用。

4. 介词:主要是介词的多余或缺失,错用。这一部分需要平时多多积累,弄清常用介词的搭配。

5. 主谓一致性:第三人称单数漏掉s,或主语为复数,谓语动词用了单数;再就是就近原则对主语的影响。

6. 冠词:定冠词the的多余或缺失,如季节,月份,星期,球类及三餐活动,称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the,或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏税掉了the;a, an的混用,特别注意:hour, honest等虽然首字母不是元音字母,但其发音却是以元音素开头,故用an,而useful, university, European, one-hour等虽然首字母是元音字母,但却以辅音音素开头,故用a。

7. 数词:主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用,如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等,基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of,几千thousands of漏掉了s,或是当其前有具体数字或several时加了复数,如seven hundred,写作seven hundreds。

8. 连词:不合句中的逻辑关系。如需转折连词(如but)的时候用了承接连词(so),或相反等等。

9. 代词:主要是代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词,单数用了复数代词或相反;应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格,主格或相反,关系代词的错用或缺失。如只能用that引导的用了其它,或在不能用that的地方却用了that,或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。

10. 常用固定短语或固定用法用错。

三、验证答案。改完后,要回过头来重读一遍全文,查看改过后是否能使语气通顺,时态一致,合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力,仔细推敲,使答案更加准确。因为有时就一个句子来看可能在两个地方修改都说地过去,但在上下文中可能只能在一处修改才正确。

(五)短文改错

较去年相比、难度较小。词汇上生词较少,学生基本都能读懂,而且改错点都非常明显,所涉及到的改错点也基本趋于稳定。

1..具体分析(见短文改错表5)

2.复习建议

语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考察语法知识的运用能力,我们在解题前应快速浏览短文掌握大意,有把握的空格可以先进行填写。在读懂短文的基础上,再结合短文提供的特定的语言环境去逐句分析,逐题解答。下面按题型设计分三种情况:

一、纯空格试题的解题技巧

纯空格填空题主要是填冠词、介词、代词、连接词(含从属连词和并列连词)等虚词。

首先,分析句子结构,根据句子所缺成分确定填哪类词。然后,根据句子意思,确定具体填什么词;或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。共有以下7个技巧:

技巧1:在简单句和并列句中,若句子缺主语或宾语,一定是填代词。

例1:I can’t send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and __1__ gets there almost in a second.

技巧2:名词前面,若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词等),很可能是填限定词。 例2:It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty was very anxious to help___2___ rice crop grow up quickly.

技巧3:名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面,一定是填介词。

例3:„who should have the honor of receiving me ___3___ a guest in their house.

技巧4: 若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,可能是填连词。

例4:„two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso 4 Cabdido Poitinari, which are worth millions of dollars.

技巧5:若两个句子(即两个主谓结构)之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填并列连词(连接并列的句子)或从属连词(连接定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句)。

例5:The greatest magician of all time was Harry Houdini ___5 _died in 1926.

例6:He was very tired after doing thus foe a whole day, ___6___he felt very happy.

技巧6: 由特殊句式结构来判断空格应填的词。

(1) 由it is „ that„ 强调结构的形式,判断it 还是that。判断方法:去掉it is „ that„结构,句子还是一个完整的句子就是强调句型。

(2) 由it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断,空格是否填it.

例7:„and ___7__ was only after I heard she become sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG (味精). 例8:„ as ___8__ took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two words-famous artists.. 例9:Dating sites also makes___9__ easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in.

(3) 在倒装句式中通常填only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not„until等词。

例10:__10___ with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.

(4) so / such „that„句型

例11:This made the goat so jealous ___11___ it began plotting against the donkey.

(5) more „than„(与其说„„不如说„„,比„„更„„)句型。

例12:Cynthia’s story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares ___12____ how much he pays.

二、给出了动词的试题解题技巧

首先,判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按照以下两点进行思考。

技巧7:若句子没有别的谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词;若是谓语动词,就要考虑时态语态。

例13:When I die, I 13 (give) everything to you.

例14:That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, 14__(close) my book and walked away.

例15:In Loganm three people _15_(take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic.

例16:Being too anxious to help an event develop often 16 (result) the contrary to our intention.(2008年广东高考语法填空)

例17:Now, Valentine’s Day is 17 (celebrate) in many countries around the world.

技巧8: 若句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定是v-ing形式,-ed形式,还是不定式,确定的方法主要有:

(1) 作主语或宾语,通常用v-ing 形式表示习惯或一般情况,用不定式表示具体情况。

例18:„but it is not enough only _18_(memorize) rules from a grammar book.

例19: 19 _(speak) out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed, on the contrary„

(2) 作目的状语或在形容词后作状语,一般用不定式。

例20:_20_(complete) the project as planed, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.

(3) 作伴随状语,通常用分词,若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词(v-ing);若是被动关系,用过去分词(-ed)。

例21:He saw the stone, __21_(say) to himself: “the night will be very dark.”

例22:The headmaster went into the lab, _22_(follow) by the foreign guests.

技巧9: 动词的词类转换主要做主语、宾语和定语。

例23:There are 23 (comfort) feelings often as any kind of physical pain.

例24:They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 24 (equip) to dig holes

例25:These people have made great _ 25 (contribute) to China with their work.

三、词类转换题的解题技巧

这类题主要是考查名词、形容词和副词,根据该词在句中所作句子成分确定用那种形式,具体技巧有以下三种。

技巧10: 作表语(在系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾补(表性质状态),通常用形容词形式。 例26:The youngster immediately fell _26_(silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes.

例27:Teachers must try their best to make most of their students _27_(interest) in the subject.

技巧11: 修饰动词、形容词、副词,或整个句子,作状语,用副词形式。

例28:As I looked _28 (close) at this girl, I found that„

例29: 29 (fortune),the guest escaped unharmed.

技巧12: 有的词义转换题,词类或词性不一定要变,主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词,需要句子意思及前后逻辑关系,在词根前加un-, im-, in-等,在词根后加-less等。

例30: People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is _30_(use).

例31:Your mistake caused a lot of _31_(necessary) work in the office.

技巧13: 括号中所给词若是形容词或副词,有可能考查其比较级或最高级。

例32:The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could„ he jumped even _32_(hard) and nearly made himself out.

例33:The _33_(bad) damage was reported in the towns of Logan and Clovis, which are about 80 miles apart, police said.

例34:„, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” 34 (high)

以上仅对语法填空中的主要情况进行了概括,在做语法填空题时,还应注意英语中的固定句型、固定搭配等,这就要在平时的教学和学习过程中多积累。

(六)作文

文体还是以书信为主,提供的要点不如去年多,所以要求的灵活性、自由性增加、难度也随之增加。部分考生容易刹不住笔,致使所写的文章内容容易脱离写信的目的。故对考生的逻辑能力以及文结构能力要求较高,总而言之,相关话题考生经常练习,故难度并不大。

1.具体分析(见作文表6)

2.通过上表的分析,我们可以看出:

1.体裁相对稳定。

2. 题材始终贴近社会、贴近现代生活,是中学生所熟知的热点话题。

3.所采用的提示形式是提纲或书信,提示内容简洁明了,难度适中,能考查出考生的实际写作水平。

4.近几年书面表达部分还要求考生写出自己的态度、看法或观点,适当提高了对考生的要求。

5.体现新课标要求。书面表达在稳步地接近或达到“新课标”对写作九级目标的描述要求:能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知、公务信函等(强调实用性);能比较详细和省的运用英语描述情景、态度或情感(利用图表提示、增加字数等来加大交际难度);能阐述自己的观点、评述他人的观点,文体恰当、用词准确(对交际的准确性和得体性要求提高)。

3.备考建议

1.审题 ①.认真审题,明确要求。审文体:首先要弄清写何种体裁的文章。审人称:即要弄清书面表达要用第一人称,第二人称,还是第三人称。审时态:记叙文尤其日记多以一般过去时为主,说明文和议论文多以一般现在时为主。

②.紧扣主题,组织要点。书面表达评分的主要依据是内容,因此在认真审题,弄清题意的基础上,要逐个地完整无缺地把内容要点列出来,对于以图画或图表为内容的提示,更要仔细观察。写作时必要的细节要紧扣主题,发挥要适度,不要太随意。

③.选词造句,表达准确。一篇好的文章,要尽可能使用较多的词语和句式结构,如:从句、非谓语动词结构、插入语、谚语、倒装句、强调句、被动结构和其他常见句型。

④.整理成篇,行文连贯。一篇好的书面表达要有合理的段落层次,让人感觉条理清晰。每一段落要有一个主题句和几个支撑句。一般文章有三段:主题段——提出问题或论点;发展段——围绕主题讨论、

论据或列举;结尾段——得出结论,即论证。为了使文章结构紧凑,自然流畅,段落之间要使用适当的过渡语;句子之间要使用合理的逻辑衔接词。

⑤.书面表达注意事项。卷面要干净,字迹要工整。阅卷者首先是凭印象归档,看你的作文够得上什么等级,所以第一印象最为重要,因此开头几句和结尾几句特别重要。此外,书面表达不同于翻译,遇到生词、难句要善于换个角度思考,绕道而行。

2.重视语言的准确性

①名词、动词、形容词要分清。例如:wealth wealthy;health healthy;have difficulty in doing。 ②注意名词的单复数及不可数。例如:equipment;facility

③主谓一致问题。例如:If you have some old clothes, donate them to the people who needs it. ④字母大小写。

⑤使用正确的标点符号。

⑥使用较高级的词汇。例如:very (extremely, greatly, quite, pretty);good(wonderful, excellent, perfect, terrific);big(large, huge, vast, enormous, gigantic)。

3.重视遣词造句

A.要刻意摆好语言关,要用自己最熟悉的句型结构和词组书写,力求为例通顺,语言准确,切勿发生一下错误。

①缺胳膊少腿Some students against it.

②画蛇添足There are 60%of the students are against the idea.

③张冠李戴I jumped into the river without thought.

④乱点鸳鸯Our school has taken place great changes in the past 3 years.

⑤生搬硬套The price of food is very expensive.

⑥瞻前不顾后On one hand, 60% of the students are against the idea, but 40%of the students think it is reasonable.

⑦头重脚轻Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer are the main subjects.

B.高考鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的语言结构,所以要学会使用复杂句,如:句中含有定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。使用变化多样的句式,如:倒装句、省略句、强调句、祈使句、感叹句。 ①句子要正确

( 1) Do you know where is the People's Park?

→Do you know where the People's Park is?

(2) There are many visitors enjoy the dish.

→Many visitors enjoy the dish.

→There are many visitors who enjoy the dish.

②句式要多样化

●用状语开头

A. The house was dark and empty. So it looked very different from the way I remembered it.

B. Dark and empty, the house looked very different from the way I remembered it.

●用表语开头

A. Intense interest plus persistent effort are equally essential to the highest success in learning a language.

B. Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort ●以介词短语开头

A. I'm interested in the news but it bores my wife.

B. Tome the new was very interesting, but to my wife very boring.

●以分词短语开头

A. Since he was disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades, Manchester took flight for the

pacific islands.

B. Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades, Manchester took flight for the pacific islands.

●以动词不定式短语开头

A. If you want to pass the exam, you should work very hard.

B. To pass the exam, you should work very hard.

③句子要避免头重脚轻

Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer are the main subjects.

→The main subjects are Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer.

④长短句交替使用,体现表达节奏美

We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. There are many trees along the streets. There is a clean river in the city.

There are many fishes in the river. There are willow trees on the one side. There are some pieces of grassland on the other side.There are many flowers on them.

文中七个句子都是简单句,句型结构单一,而且句子长短同一,都在七八词左右,十分单调。下面是修改后的段落:

Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. Green trees line the streets. A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. On the one side stand rows of willow trees. On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.

改写后的这段文字。有长句,也有短句,一长一短,抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交叉,而且句型结构变化也很大,使文章流畅自然,生动活泼。

4.重视组织语篇

如果直接把句子生硬地拼凑在一起,不管句中使用的词汇多么高级,句式多么丰富,也只是句子的简单堆砌,还称不上是文章。我们应该安排好段落或层次,分清主题句(topic sentence)和辅助句(supporting sentence),对有关要点用具体的事实或细节来说明,注意内容表达的顺序和条理,然后注意用好关联词,使行文连贯。

写作中常能用到的关联词有:

(1)表示并列关系:and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only... but also, both... and, either... or, neither... nor;

(2)表示转折对比的过渡词:but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, though, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, otherwise;

(3) 表示递进关系的过渡词:besides, in addition, moreover, what's more, what's worse;

(4)表示原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to;

(5)表示结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so... that, such... that;

(6)表示条件的过渡词:if, unless, on addition that, as/so long as;

(7)表示时间顺序的过渡词:first, second, then, finally, at last, immediately, suddenly, soon;

(8)表示换一种方式表达的过渡词:in other words, that is to say, to put it another way;

(9)表示举例说明的过渡词:for instance, for example, like, such as;

(10)表示总结的过渡词:in a word, in general, in short above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, last but not least;

(11)过渡性的插入语:I think, I'm afraid, you know, As we all know。

5.写好开头和结尾

由于评卷人的主观性,好的开头与结尾往往给人以好的印象。一般开头不要写得太罗嗦,要找着恰当的切入点,快速入题,简洁明快。结尾同样不拖泥带水,最好还能适当评论,写出点睛之笔。如:苏州市

一模试卷:最近,教育部规定,在中小学增加京剧为必修内容,对此大家反应不一,你的看法如何。 参考范文的结尾:I share the view of the second group. Besides their reasons, I also worry whether there are enough qualified teachers for the task. In addition, we have so many traditional arts in history that it's impossible to learn the mall in classroom.

我们学生的观点:In my opinion, the intention of the new regulation is good. However, not everyone is suitable for acting in Peking Opera and not all are interested in it. We can promote it to the public, but acception is another story. The promotion of culture needs a free atmosphere.

附表1

近三年全国卷全国卷阅读理解分析表

附表2

近三年全国卷卷完型填空分析表

介词

代连及短词 词 语

年份/项目/文体及内容 名词 动词及短语 形容词 副词

记叙文,作者通42、43、36、过使用轮椅体44、45、39、201验残疾人的生746、52、37、42、49、50、40、24 活 个 55 8个 51、54 5个 47、53 个 38、48

41、42、

说明文,各种形

44、49、

式活动如果按

50、51、

常规做都会厌201952、57、48、

倦 5 个 60 4个 43、54、55、59 3个 53、58

记叙文,作者带42、43、领孩子帮助失47、49、

一201业者的一些感852、55、41、45、46、51、48、344、50、卷 6 受 个 58、59、 5个 56 3个 53、60 个 57

记叙文,18、22、16、21、24、20、17、201Michael赠送手525、33、1123、27、28、29、19、4 套人物事迹 个 34 个 30、31 4个 32、35

41、44、

记叙文,Joe和201345、47、48、46、52、53、42、551、56、

Simon的经历 5 个 50 8个 54、55、57、60 3个 49、58 个 59

夹叙夹议,观看女儿所在的足23、24、21、

二201球队,感悟经验628、31、22、25、29、32、26、327、33、卷 6 是最好的老师 个 35、39 6个 34、37 4个 38、40 个 36

1个、54

1个、48

1个、30

附表4

近三年语法填空考点分析

附表5

附表6

近三年新课标作文分析表

高考英语全国卷试题分析与备考策略

一、高考英语全国卷命题总体特征

高考共向考生提供了15套英语试卷,全国卷2套,用于18个省份;分省命题卷13套,用于本省份高考。这些试卷“稳定中求发展”,继续重视语言运用能力考查,试卷结构、考试内容和试卷难度基本稳定,词汇量要求稍有提高,个别省恢复了听力考试,使英语科考试具有较高的信度和效度,既有利于高等学校选拔优秀人才,又有利于促进中学英语教学改革的深化。

1、坚持既定命题原则,试题研发语境化全国高考卷经多年实践,形成了以下命题原则:“突出强调应用,注重交际”,在注重交际方面尽管目前高考英语实际上体现有限,但命题人在试题中尽量体现一些交际原则,尽量融合语言的真实性等。试题设计融汇语境化原则,语境化试题设计在各题型都可体现,主要体现在语法知识测试、完形填空题和书面表达题等。

2、素材贴近生活,贴近时代从完形填空、阅读理解、语法填空、短文改错到书面表达等,命题素材与学生生活和学习经验相关,体现时代感,这有利于引导学生积累文化生活知识以及人文和科学素养。尤其是语篇类试题如完形填空和阅读理解部分的素材,题材多样化。

3、试题体现开放性试题开放性全国课标卷主要体现在书面表达部分,以考查考生思维和语言表达能力,提示尽量简洁以避免学生直接翻译提示信息,且给考生留下思维空间,让大部分学生有话可写,较好地检测学生自由表达思想的能力。

二、全国卷高考英语命题历年分析

(一)阅读理解

英语阅读技能是我国基础英语教育重点培养的语言技能,阅读理解在全国卷中占总分值37%。阅读理解考查考生对书面英语的理解、推断和鉴赏等综合能力,要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般话题的简短文章。阅读命题选材遵循语言真实、贴近时代和生活的原则,部分语篇融会思想性和教育性,传递正能量。素材语篇体裁多样化,一般含记叙文、说明文和议论文等。两节的阅读量相对稳定,5篇语篇词数合计1000余词。

1、分析(见阅读理解表1)

纵观近三年全国卷高考试题,阅读理解的命题趋势如下:

一 从文章体裁来看:近年高考以说明文为主,应用文、记叙文和议论文为辅。说明文文章生词量大,内容新颖但题目比较简单。应用文短小精悍,题目简单,学生喜欢做。记叙文内容有趣,文章易懂但题目难度较大,需要仔细推敲并弄清楚隐含意义。

二 从阅读理解题目类型来看:

1、阅读理解对细节理解题方面的考查所占比例在50%以上,考查难度稍有增加,表现在:(1) 答案跨段落搜集;(2)题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致;(3)需将几个信息综合才能得出答案。所以今后阅读课中以细节理解题为重。

2、在近几年高考中,推理判断题量稳定,在5个左右,题目数量分布均匀,设题往往和细节理解相连,但推理判断题是阅读理解题目中难度较大的一类,因此需要加大学生英语综合运用能力的培养。

3、词义猜测题目比例虽小,但要注意对短语的考查。(如2015新课标2卷考查短语“signed off”)

4、主旨大意题每年都有1-2:小题,但对于学生而言却是难点,在主旨大意题目中注意不能直接根据主题句判断,需要学生整体把握,通过判断、归纳、推理得出。

2、英语阅读理解备考策略:

(1)在阅读课型问题设计时,能多设计“who,where,when,what,why,how”引导的特殊疑问句。

(2)从高一或高二开始,应该让学生多接触英语课外读物,创造多种条件让学生了解英美文化及相关知识,缩小文化知识差距,从知识层面做好准备。(近几年高考阅读题材多次涉及英国和美国的风土人情及科技发明。如,:2015新课标2卷“间隔年”,去伦敦旅游都是关于英国“学校和文化”的材料)

(3)丰富阅读材料,充实阅读内容,设计多种练习类型,让阅读课变得更有魅力。

(4)通过让学生在阅读材料中发现、总结、记忆生词来扩充学生词汇量;分析长难句,让学生学会破句,猜测、理解句意。

(5)指导学生背诵一定数量的原汁原味的英美文章,如,心灵鸡汤等美文,增强语感,扩大词汇量,提高阅读理解能力。

(二)阅读七选五

近年来,高考的阅读理解增加了信息匹配的 7 选 5 题型,主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。其命题体现了《新课标》“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力;逐步获取用英语思维的能力。”的阅读学习和教学理念。《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。

1.具体分析(见七选五表2)

2.复习建议

从题型和内容我们可以看出,题备选项可分为.a.主旨概括句(文章整体内容)、b.过渡性句子(文章结构)c.注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置,如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题,过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构,注释性句子与上文脱节等。

3、题型分析

分析篇章结构,把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键。分析文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,也就是段落,另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。

语篇与段落是有区别的,语段是篇章结构的中间层次,是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式,段落是在某些语体(如说明文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子,一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种,一是靠句际间意义的结合,二是靠句际间的关联词,逻辑性插入语来连接,在分析语段层次时,可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断,但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系,把握作者的思路,从语序上去发现断续点,理清层次,好文章的层次非常清晰,只有层层入手,才能真正理解文章。

4、解题策略

(1)理清句际间意义的关系

文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成,各个层次,各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致,但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的,各句之间都有一定的语脉,从逻辑意义上来看,语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此,理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉,理清句际间的关系,进而理解语段或全文的内容。

(2)找出句子之间的连接性的词语

文章的语句间的组合,除了从语句间的意义关系分析外,还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握,因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系有承接关系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)平列关系(如first, second, third„ ; firstly, secondly, thirdly„; first, next, then„; in the first place, in the second place„; for one thing, for another thing„;to begin with, to conclude 等)。转折关系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。层递关系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not „ but „, not only„but also 等)。

5、实施步骤

对一个语段或语篇的分析,可以按以下步骤进行:

(1)通读全文对文章进行快速浏览,寻找主题句,抓住文章结构及文章的写作内容。

在阅读过程中,要注意文章的开始与结束段落,尤其是文章的首段及末段末句,因为“开门见山”与

“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式,首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在,说明本文将探讨哪些内容,并简要指出文章的写作思路,有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义,如果它是文章的主题句,就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开,并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句,则需要继续寻找。这时,可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式,如两者均可排除,则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句,但要注意,首段与末段的提示作用。

(2)详读段落在短时间内,找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。

文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开,对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词,明确其描述内容,为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。

(3)定位选项明确各备选选项的含义,抓住其关键词语,根据文章整体结构与具体内容,将选项填入文中,填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。

在定位选项时,要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容,以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。将所选项放入空白处,看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系,是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。

(4)通读复检将所选答案代入文中,再次通读全文,重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。

在完成选项定位后,应通读全文,检查文章内容是否完整,语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑,写作思路是否清晰明了,格式以及用语是否恰当贴切,从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时,我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析,个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性,这时就需要我们认真分析,仔细甄别,排除干扰,从而得出正确选项。

要特别注意,除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择,否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入了精力,动了脑筋,第一印象往往可信度很高。

(5)确定排除研究多余选项,确定排除理由,最终确定答案。

(三)完形填空

完形填空目的是考查考生阅读短文基础上的词法知识,要求考生通读短文后掌握大意,结合语境,综用词法知识等,要求考生从所给四个选项中选出最佳选项,使短文意思通顺、结构完整。命题要求大多数考点应让考生逾越句子层面选择答案,该题能较好地测试英语综合运用能力特别是词汇运用能力。

1.具体分析(见完型填空表3)

2. 以下是近年高考完形填空的常考词汇表:

动词类:

1“看” look看的动作/ see看的结果; watch观察/observe为了研究进行的观察;

Notice注意catch sight of看见/ stare好奇地看/ glare瞪着看

Glance瞅见/glimpse瞥见 see a film watch TV

2“说” telll sth to sb.=tell sb sth告诉的内容 talk with sb about sth强调说话者之间的交流 Say sth诉说的内容 speak in English说的语言 whisper sth to sb 耳语 Inform sb of sth 通知某人某事 reason /talk/persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 Bargain讨价还价 chat聊天 repeat重复 explain解释 warn警告 remind提醒 Discuss 讨论debate辩论 figure 指出declare宣布 claim自称 mention 提起 admit 承认deny 否绝 describe描述 announce 公布 introduce 介绍complain抱怨 3“叫” cry哭叫 call叫 shout大喊 scream尖叫 moan呻吟 sigh叹气 quarrel大吵

4“问” ask 询问 interview 采访 express表达 question审问

5“答” answer回答 respond回应(用其他方式回应) reply回复

6 “听” listen to听的动作 hear听的结果 pick up收听 overhear无意听到

7“写” dictate听写 write sth 写 describe描写 drop a line 写信 draw画

take down/write down写下,记下

8“拿/放” take拿走 bring拿来 hold举着 carry扛,挑 (无方向性) fetch拿来拿去 lift举 put放 lay 铺/放置 pull拉/push推

9“抓” take hold of 抓着 seize紧抓 grasp 握住 scratch 抠

10“打” hit一次性的打击 beat不间断的打击 strike突然的击打/突然想到 blow吹刮

attack攻击

11“扔” throw扔 drop掉 放弃 错过 fall 倒下无意掉下来 wave 招手 shake摇

12“送” send寄送 deliver递送 give给 offer 主动给予 see off给某人送行

13“摸/抱” touch摸 /fold折叠 /embrace拥抱 / hug抱/hold 握 in one’s arms

14“踢/碰” kick踢/knock敲/ tip 轻敲

15“行” walk run climb jump skip 单腿跳 slip溜 come/go enter进入

move搬迁 drive开车 ride 骑fly crawl 匍匐前进

16“坐” sit down be seated seat oneself take a seat/ stand站,耸立/ lean斜靠

17“睡/休息” lie /on one’s back/ on one side/ on one’s stomach stay in bed have a rest take a nap打盹 be asleep bend turn over翻身 rest

18“笑” smile 微笑(不出声) laugh burst into laughter burst out laughing

19“哭” cry shed tears 留泪 weep呜咽地哭 sob抽泣 burst into tears /burst out crying

20“找/查” find找到 look for正在找过程 find out查明 discover/explore 发现/探索

hunt for search for seek / seek for in search of寻找 Search sb 搜身 search sp. for sth 为某物而搜寻某地

Check检查,核实 examine 考察发现问题/体检 test检测,检验 inspect视察

21“穿” put on 动作 wear穿戴 have on试穿 be dressed in 穿的状态 make-up化装

get changed换衣服 be in red Take off 脱 remove 去除

22“吃/喝” eat/drink sip吮吸 have a meal have supper toast taste

treat sb to请某人吃 help oneself to 随便吃

23“得” get obtain acquire获得知识和技能 gain possess

24“失” lose 丢了 be lost /be missing人错过失踪,不见 gone不见(物) great loss die die off相继死去 die away 逐渐消失

25“有” have 有 own是自己的 conquer征服 occupy占有=possess

26“无” nothing left the remaining thing disappear be missing /gone

27“增/减” rise / go up /drop

人主动抬价 raise /bring down /reduce increase/decrease

28“买/卖” buy purchase afford pay pay off pay for sell on sale bargain

Bill / cheque / cash/ credit card notes/ coins discounts

29“存在/消失”come into being exist appear survive live show turn up

Disappear die die out pass away be out of sight

30“变化” develop improve become grow go+ bad /wrong/ sour /without( negative adj.) turn + color change /change into reform

31“认识的过程”feel sense guess suppose wonder doubt know /learn realize

Understand remember be familiar with recall recite

32“成功/失败”make it succeed make progress come true realize one’s dream win

Lose fail to do failure defeat suffer loss beat turn sth. Into reality

33“努力” try /manage make efforts attempt do ones best do as much as one can to do

34祝贺 congratulate celebrate observe 庆祝 get together 聚会

35赞美/批评 praise think highly of /

blame sb for sth/ sb is to blame criticize /scold sb. for sth. have a low opinion of sb Speak ill of

36喜/恶 like love be fond of be keen on be crazy about adore be into prefer enjoy in favor of Dislike hate be awful/disgusting ignore turn off

37判断 think believe consider find feel conclude infer doubt

38到达 arrive at reach return to get to stay in sp visit leave leave for

on one’s way to upon one’s arrival on doing sth

39受伤 hurt injured wound cut kill drown bleed get burnt suffer from

suffer a loss

40损坏 damage destroy ruin break down be broken crash

41修复 repair rebuild restore fix recover oneself

42支持/反对 agree disagree accept receive refuse turn down

be against elect vote for/ against

43 做饭 cook wash cut chop boil fry steam make mix clean brush cover uncover cooker 44 建议 advise suggest recommend urge propose demand persuade 说服

45 花费 sth/doing sth+cost sb+spend+ in doing sth Sb+afford +n/to do sth

It +take some time/ money/energy +to do sth sb+ pay+$ for sth. at one’s expense

46 省/存钱 save /save up set aside put away spare no effort/ time

47 参加 take part in join /join in attend compete in/ for/against

48控告 accuse sb. of charge sb. With

49 救治 help /help out save /rescue sb from sth. Treat过程 / cure 结果sb. Of sth

Aid sb in doing sth / to do sth help sb with sth assist sb in doing sth

50敬佩 admire respect show respect for/to adore envy /be jealousy in honor of

51逃避 ran away escape from flee hide

52 阻止/禁止 prevent / keep/ stop sb. from doing sth forbid doing sth. ban prohibit

53 对付/处理 handle / do with / deal with /tackle /overcome sth solve settle

54 效仿 copy imitate learn from learn

54 爆发/发生 come about happen to take place break out burst out go off explosion

55安装/装备 fasten fix set equip

be armed with 用什么武装 be equipped with装备有

56 追求 pursuit ran after seek after chase catch up with赶上 keep up with跟上

57 想/考虑 think of 考虑/+as把什么看成 think about想起 consider

think over仔细考虑 be concerned 担心 be considerate towards sb.

58 打算 plan / intend / design to do be going to do /be about to do /will do

59 似乎/好象 seem appear look like as if as though

60 开办/关闭 open start set up close/close up end close down

名词类:

1假期vacation holiday spring break ask for leave be on holiday have two days off

2旅游 trip journey tour voyage travel tourist passenger go camping/picnicking/hiking

3职务人员 clerk secretary passer-by friend minister manager waitress guest host hostess

Assistant customer adult neighbor relative patient /vet staff crew nurse teacher

Conductor tailor sailor inventor gardener guard

4餐馆/定餐/就餐 inn restaurant kitchen menu bill order tip fork and knife reserve /book table

blame sb for sth/ sb is to blame criticize /scold sb. for sth. have a low opinion of sb Speak ill of

36喜/恶 like love be fond of be keen on be crazy about adore be into prefer enjoy in favor of Dislike hate be awful/disgusting ignore turn off

37判断 think believe consider find feel conclude infer doubt

38到达 arrive at reach return to get to stay in sp visit leave leave for

on one’s way to upon one’s arrival on doing sth

39受伤 hurt injured wound cut kill drown bleed get burnt suffer from

suffer a loss

40损坏 damage destroy ruin break down be broken crash

41修复 repair rebuild restore fix recover oneself

42支持/反对 agree disagree accept receive refuse turn down

be against elect vote for/ against

43 做饭 cook wash cut chop boil fry steam make mix clean brush cover uncover cooker 44 建议 advise suggest recommend urge propose demand persuade 说服

45 花费 sth/doing sth+cost sb+spend+ in doing sth Sb+afford +n/to do sth

It +take some time/ money/energy +to do sth sb+ pay+$ for sth. at one’s expense

46 省/存钱 save /save up set aside put away spare no effort/ time

47 参加 take part in join /join in attend compete in/ for/against

48控告 accuse sb. of charge sb. With

49 救治 help /help out save /rescue sb from sth. Treat过程 / cure 结果sb. Of sth

Aid sb in doing sth / to do sth help sb with sth assist sb in doing sth

50敬佩 admire respect show respect for/to adore envy /be jealousy in honor of

51逃避 ran away escape from flee hide

52 阻止/禁止 prevent / keep/ stop sb. from doing sth forbid doing sth. ban prohibit

53 对付/处理 handle / do with / deal with /tackle /overcome sth solve settle

54 效仿 copy imitate learn from learn

54 爆发/发生 come about happen to take place break out burst out go off explosion

55安装/装备 fasten fix set equip

be armed with 用什么武装 be equipped with装备有

56 追求 pursuit ran after seek after chase catch up with赶上 keep up with跟上

57 想/考虑 think of 考虑/+as把什么看成 think about想起 consider

think over仔细考虑 be concerned 担心 be considerate towards sb.

58 打算 plan / intend / design to do be going to do /be about to do /will do

59 似乎/好象 seem appear look like as if as though

60 开办/关闭 open start set up close/close up end close down

名词类:

1假期vacation holiday spring break ask for leave be on holiday have two days off

2旅游 trip journey tour voyage travel tourist passenger go camping/picnicking/hiking

3职务人员 clerk secretary passer-by friend minister manager waitress guest host hostess

Assistant customer adult neighbor relative patient /vet staff crew nurse teacher

Conductor tailor sailor inventor gardener guard

4餐馆/定餐/就餐 inn restaurant kitchen menu bill order tip fork and knife reserve /book table

Taste delicious salad dash vegetables fruit tray napkin

5诊所/看病/服药 clinic hospital take one’s temperature take medicine/pills have a fever/flu/headache doctor physician surgeon specialist patient

6车站/机场 airport on board miss the train/bus catch a train meet sb.

7身体部位 arm head hair brain waist back shoulder pulse wrist

8意志 will courage patience determination faith effort confidence ambition energy

9才能/品质 talent gift ability potential intelligent promising smart stupid careful proud

Strict honest cold serious easy-going learned knowledgeable

10优缺点 advantage disadvantage strength weakness

11目标 aim goal intention purpose belief faith

12方式 means method way manner approach

13身体素质 strong weak pale sick ill be well keep slim/ fit cut weight/put on weight

14图表 photo picture graph drawing table line/bar graph pie chart draw a sketch 划草图

15文章 reading translation essay poem paper novel/fiction article magazine newspaper journal 日志 diary日记 Files form make a list of

16课堂class course lecture example reason message notes words phrase scholarship degree

Subject question trouble difficulty grades read comment marks

17 学校活动 match game activity hold a meeting /debate /speech/ ceremony

18建议/观点 advice suggestion idea proposal view recommendation

19气候/天气 climate weather storm windy cloudy rainy snow hot/cold/freezing/heat/warmth

20交通 by train/bus /boat bike on the train/bus /a bike drive a car ride a bike

give sb. a lift/ride

21习惯 habit custom get used to regular有规律的(形容词) practice惯例(名词)

22感觉 sight hearing touch smell sense

23情感 feeling emotion anger delight sadness sorrow

24 财富 money possessions wealth belongings fortunes treasure diamond be rich/well-off

25 运动比赛 on the playground on the track and filed pitch event game match sports player Coach judge jogging weightlifting play volleyball/soccer/

26衣服 clothes, cloth, clothing clothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数, cloth指布,为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of

27事件 incident, accident incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故

形容词、副词类:

1人的各种感受

乐happy delighted to one’s joy pleased amused

悲 sad unhappy painful bitter

平静 calm quiet silent/still peaceful

烦bother bored be fed up with

震惊 surprised astonished shocked /amazed

怕 in fear be frightened /scared /afraid

失望desperate disappointed hopeless be depressed

满意be satisfied with /be content to do

生气 Annoyed angry disgusting burst into rage

2 表程度的副词类

narrowly/ Nearly/ almost hardly/ hard extremely/ very very/ quite

Accidently/ once in a while occasionally/ once far / by far

Farther/ further better/ worse be well/ good however/ therefore/so/thus

易考的近义词组:

Run/ manage grow/ plant leave/remain fit/ suit/ match

Hit/ beat/strike meet/ satisfy touch /feel play /performer

Contain/ hold /seat/ fill lie/sit/locate help/work/ do

Fall/ sink/ drop matter/ problem /trouble/ money/ account

Cause/ reason that’s why/ that’s because because / since, as/ for

Last/ continue keep/ stay/ treat/ cure/ operate separate/ divide

Stand/ bear/tolerate/hold turn/become/go change/vary/range

Provide/supply/offer/ give/send

3..完型填空备考策略:

近年高考完形填空题型特点

1. 以叙为主, 叙议结合;

2. 篇章短小, 意义完整;

3. 首句完整, 主题明确;

4. 结构清晰, 层次分明;

5. 考查语境, 侧重辨析;

6. 实词为主, 虚词为辅;

7. 逻辑推理, 隐于语篇;

8. 常识语法, 每年出现。

英语的完型填空是很多学生丢分最多的一个题型,这个题型可能出现的丢分原因有: 1、学生对文章理解不深刻;2、做题方法不正确;3、训练方法不得当。很多同学在做完形填空时没有先读懂文章,或者理解不深刻之前就开始填空,甚至没读完一遍就直接填空。这是出错的主要原因。要保证有较高的正确率,考生就必须深刻地理解短文。要深刻地理解短文,考生就必须保证有足够的时间阅读文章。

(四)语法填空

这从2014年就有变革,其目的是考查学生运用语法知识的能力,完全撇除了过去“蒙答案”的可能性。2015的题涉及了时态、介词、代词等词形的变换,整体突出实词的考查和运用。对那些语法基础不错的考生来说,接近于送分题;但对于完全不懂语法的考生来说是丢分重地。短文改错题也是类似情况,命题人专挑考生容易错的地方设错。如果没有一点的语法基础,丢分率也会很高。

1.具体分析(见语法填空表4)

2.复习建议

建议教师和考生可以将此题型结合语法填空并行教与学,互相呼应,彼此促进。找出它们共同的解题技巧,让学生多做练习,争取短文改错和语法填空都能提高。短文改错对考生的要求较高,是对语言知识综合运用能力的考查,考生在该项上往往失分较多,那么如何做好改错题,结合对考题的如上表的总结,要想在短文改错上取得理想的成绩,除了平时打好基础外,在应考时还要做到以下几点:

一、先通读全文。认真阅读短文,在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。根据短文大意和上下文逻辑关系,对文章进行逐字逐句的分析,检查句子的结构是否完整,语气是否连贯,启承转合是否符合文意等。

二.综合运用所学语言知识,根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题(即改词、加词或减词)。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类:

1. 名词:单复数用错,可数与不可数名词的混用。大多数短文改错都会有此类的错误。

2. 动词:时态和语态,常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时,中间杂有不适的另一时态的现象;或是及物动词后无宾语,或是不及物动词后加了宾语;需要接ing形式的接了to,或相反等。

3. 形容词副词:常出现需形容词的地方用了副词或相反;关系副词where, when, why等的缺失或错

用。

4. 介词:主要是介词的多余或缺失,错用。这一部分需要平时多多积累,弄清常用介词的搭配。

5. 主谓一致性:第三人称单数漏掉s,或主语为复数,谓语动词用了单数;再就是就近原则对主语的影响。

6. 冠词:定冠词the的多余或缺失,如季节,月份,星期,球类及三餐活动,称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the,或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏税掉了the;a, an的混用,特别注意:hour, honest等虽然首字母不是元音字母,但其发音却是以元音素开头,故用an,而useful, university, European, one-hour等虽然首字母是元音字母,但却以辅音音素开头,故用a。

7. 数词:主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用,如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等,基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of,几千thousands of漏掉了s,或是当其前有具体数字或several时加了复数,如seven hundred,写作seven hundreds。

8. 连词:不合句中的逻辑关系。如需转折连词(如but)的时候用了承接连词(so),或相反等等。

9. 代词:主要是代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词,单数用了复数代词或相反;应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格,主格或相反,关系代词的错用或缺失。如只能用that引导的用了其它,或在不能用that的地方却用了that,或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。

10. 常用固定短语或固定用法用错。

三、验证答案。改完后,要回过头来重读一遍全文,查看改过后是否能使语气通顺,时态一致,合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力,仔细推敲,使答案更加准确。因为有时就一个句子来看可能在两个地方修改都说地过去,但在上下文中可能只能在一处修改才正确。

(五)短文改错

较去年相比、难度较小。词汇上生词较少,学生基本都能读懂,而且改错点都非常明显,所涉及到的改错点也基本趋于稳定。

1..具体分析(见短文改错表5)

2.复习建议

语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考察语法知识的运用能力,我们在解题前应快速浏览短文掌握大意,有把握的空格可以先进行填写。在读懂短文的基础上,再结合短文提供的特定的语言环境去逐句分析,逐题解答。下面按题型设计分三种情况:

一、纯空格试题的解题技巧

纯空格填空题主要是填冠词、介词、代词、连接词(含从属连词和并列连词)等虚词。

首先,分析句子结构,根据句子所缺成分确定填哪类词。然后,根据句子意思,确定具体填什么词;或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。共有以下7个技巧:

技巧1:在简单句和并列句中,若句子缺主语或宾语,一定是填代词。

例1:I can’t send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and __1__ gets there almost in a second.

技巧2:名词前面,若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词等),很可能是填限定词。 例2:It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty was very anxious to help___2___ rice crop grow up quickly.

技巧3:名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面,一定是填介词。

例3:„who should have the honor of receiving me ___3___ a guest in their house.

技巧4: 若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,可能是填连词。

例4:„two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso 4 Cabdido Poitinari, which are worth millions of dollars.

技巧5:若两个句子(即两个主谓结构)之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填并列连词(连接并列的句子)或从属连词(连接定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句)。

例5:The greatest magician of all time was Harry Houdini ___5 _died in 1926.

例6:He was very tired after doing thus foe a whole day, ___6___he felt very happy.

技巧6: 由特殊句式结构来判断空格应填的词。

(1) 由it is „ that„ 强调结构的形式,判断it 还是that。判断方法:去掉it is „ that„结构,句子还是一个完整的句子就是强调句型。

(2) 由it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断,空格是否填it.

例7:„and ___7__ was only after I heard she become sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG (味精). 例8:„ as ___8__ took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two words-famous artists.. 例9:Dating sites also makes___9__ easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in.

(3) 在倒装句式中通常填only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not„until等词。

例10:__10___ with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.

(4) so / such „that„句型

例11:This made the goat so jealous ___11___ it began plotting against the donkey.

(5) more „than„(与其说„„不如说„„,比„„更„„)句型。

例12:Cynthia’s story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares ___12____ how much he pays.

二、给出了动词的试题解题技巧

首先,判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按照以下两点进行思考。

技巧7:若句子没有别的谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词;若是谓语动词,就要考虑时态语态。

例13:When I die, I 13 (give) everything to you.

例14:That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, 14__(close) my book and walked away.

例15:In Loganm three people _15_(take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic.

例16:Being too anxious to help an event develop often 16 (result) the contrary to our intention.(2008年广东高考语法填空)

例17:Now, Valentine’s Day is 17 (celebrate) in many countries around the world.

技巧8: 若句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定是v-ing形式,-ed形式,还是不定式,确定的方法主要有:

(1) 作主语或宾语,通常用v-ing 形式表示习惯或一般情况,用不定式表示具体情况。

例18:„but it is not enough only _18_(memorize) rules from a grammar book.

例19: 19 _(speak) out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed, on the contrary„

(2) 作目的状语或在形容词后作状语,一般用不定式。

例20:_20_(complete) the project as planed, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.

(3) 作伴随状语,通常用分词,若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词(v-ing);若是被动关系,用过去分词(-ed)。

例21:He saw the stone, __21_(say) to himself: “the night will be very dark.”

例22:The headmaster went into the lab, _22_(follow) by the foreign guests.

技巧9: 动词的词类转换主要做主语、宾语和定语。

例23:There are 23 (comfort) feelings often as any kind of physical pain.

例24:They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 24 (equip) to dig holes

例25:These people have made great _ 25 (contribute) to China with their work.

三、词类转换题的解题技巧

这类题主要是考查名词、形容词和副词,根据该词在句中所作句子成分确定用那种形式,具体技巧有以下三种。

技巧10: 作表语(在系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾补(表性质状态),通常用形容词形式。 例26:The youngster immediately fell _26_(silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes.

例27:Teachers must try their best to make most of their students _27_(interest) in the subject.

技巧11: 修饰动词、形容词、副词,或整个句子,作状语,用副词形式。

例28:As I looked _28 (close) at this girl, I found that„

例29: 29 (fortune),the guest escaped unharmed.

技巧12: 有的词义转换题,词类或词性不一定要变,主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词,需要句子意思及前后逻辑关系,在词根前加un-, im-, in-等,在词根后加-less等。

例30: People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is _30_(use).

例31:Your mistake caused a lot of _31_(necessary) work in the office.

技巧13: 括号中所给词若是形容词或副词,有可能考查其比较级或最高级。

例32:The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could„ he jumped even _32_(hard) and nearly made himself out.

例33:The _33_(bad) damage was reported in the towns of Logan and Clovis, which are about 80 miles apart, police said.

例34:„, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” 34 (high)

以上仅对语法填空中的主要情况进行了概括,在做语法填空题时,还应注意英语中的固定句型、固定搭配等,这就要在平时的教学和学习过程中多积累。

(六)作文

文体还是以书信为主,提供的要点不如去年多,所以要求的灵活性、自由性增加、难度也随之增加。部分考生容易刹不住笔,致使所写的文章内容容易脱离写信的目的。故对考生的逻辑能力以及文结构能力要求较高,总而言之,相关话题考生经常练习,故难度并不大。

1.具体分析(见作文表6)

2.通过上表的分析,我们可以看出:

1.体裁相对稳定。

2. 题材始终贴近社会、贴近现代生活,是中学生所熟知的热点话题。

3.所采用的提示形式是提纲或书信,提示内容简洁明了,难度适中,能考查出考生的实际写作水平。

4.近几年书面表达部分还要求考生写出自己的态度、看法或观点,适当提高了对考生的要求。

5.体现新课标要求。书面表达在稳步地接近或达到“新课标”对写作九级目标的描述要求:能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知、公务信函等(强调实用性);能比较详细和省的运用英语描述情景、态度或情感(利用图表提示、增加字数等来加大交际难度);能阐述自己的观点、评述他人的观点,文体恰当、用词准确(对交际的准确性和得体性要求提高)。

3.备考建议

1.审题 ①.认真审题,明确要求。审文体:首先要弄清写何种体裁的文章。审人称:即要弄清书面表达要用第一人称,第二人称,还是第三人称。审时态:记叙文尤其日记多以一般过去时为主,说明文和议论文多以一般现在时为主。

②.紧扣主题,组织要点。书面表达评分的主要依据是内容,因此在认真审题,弄清题意的基础上,要逐个地完整无缺地把内容要点列出来,对于以图画或图表为内容的提示,更要仔细观察。写作时必要的细节要紧扣主题,发挥要适度,不要太随意。

③.选词造句,表达准确。一篇好的文章,要尽可能使用较多的词语和句式结构,如:从句、非谓语动词结构、插入语、谚语、倒装句、强调句、被动结构和其他常见句型。

④.整理成篇,行文连贯。一篇好的书面表达要有合理的段落层次,让人感觉条理清晰。每一段落要有一个主题句和几个支撑句。一般文章有三段:主题段——提出问题或论点;发展段——围绕主题讨论、

论据或列举;结尾段——得出结论,即论证。为了使文章结构紧凑,自然流畅,段落之间要使用适当的过渡语;句子之间要使用合理的逻辑衔接词。

⑤.书面表达注意事项。卷面要干净,字迹要工整。阅卷者首先是凭印象归档,看你的作文够得上什么等级,所以第一印象最为重要,因此开头几句和结尾几句特别重要。此外,书面表达不同于翻译,遇到生词、难句要善于换个角度思考,绕道而行。

2.重视语言的准确性

①名词、动词、形容词要分清。例如:wealth wealthy;health healthy;have difficulty in doing。 ②注意名词的单复数及不可数。例如:equipment;facility

③主谓一致问题。例如:If you have some old clothes, donate them to the people who needs it. ④字母大小写。

⑤使用正确的标点符号。

⑥使用较高级的词汇。例如:very (extremely, greatly, quite, pretty);good(wonderful, excellent, perfect, terrific);big(large, huge, vast, enormous, gigantic)。

3.重视遣词造句

A.要刻意摆好语言关,要用自己最熟悉的句型结构和词组书写,力求为例通顺,语言准确,切勿发生一下错误。

①缺胳膊少腿Some students against it.

②画蛇添足There are 60%of the students are against the idea.

③张冠李戴I jumped into the river without thought.

④乱点鸳鸯Our school has taken place great changes in the past 3 years.

⑤生搬硬套The price of food is very expensive.

⑥瞻前不顾后On one hand, 60% of the students are against the idea, but 40%of the students think it is reasonable.

⑦头重脚轻Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer are the main subjects.

B.高考鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的语言结构,所以要学会使用复杂句,如:句中含有定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。使用变化多样的句式,如:倒装句、省略句、强调句、祈使句、感叹句。 ①句子要正确

( 1) Do you know where is the People's Park?

→Do you know where the People's Park is?

(2) There are many visitors enjoy the dish.

→Many visitors enjoy the dish.

→There are many visitors who enjoy the dish.

②句式要多样化

●用状语开头

A. The house was dark and empty. So it looked very different from the way I remembered it.

B. Dark and empty, the house looked very different from the way I remembered it.

●用表语开头

A. Intense interest plus persistent effort are equally essential to the highest success in learning a language.

B. Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort ●以介词短语开头

A. I'm interested in the news but it bores my wife.

B. Tome the new was very interesting, but to my wife very boring.

●以分词短语开头

A. Since he was disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades, Manchester took flight for the

pacific islands.

B. Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades, Manchester took flight for the pacific islands.

●以动词不定式短语开头

A. If you want to pass the exam, you should work very hard.

B. To pass the exam, you should work very hard.

③句子要避免头重脚轻

Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer are the main subjects.

→The main subjects are Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer.

④长短句交替使用,体现表达节奏美

We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. There are many trees along the streets. There is a clean river in the city.

There are many fishes in the river. There are willow trees on the one side. There are some pieces of grassland on the other side.There are many flowers on them.

文中七个句子都是简单句,句型结构单一,而且句子长短同一,都在七八词左右,十分单调。下面是修改后的段落:

Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. Green trees line the streets. A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. On the one side stand rows of willow trees. On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.

改写后的这段文字。有长句,也有短句,一长一短,抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交叉,而且句型结构变化也很大,使文章流畅自然,生动活泼。

4.重视组织语篇

如果直接把句子生硬地拼凑在一起,不管句中使用的词汇多么高级,句式多么丰富,也只是句子的简单堆砌,还称不上是文章。我们应该安排好段落或层次,分清主题句(topic sentence)和辅助句(supporting sentence),对有关要点用具体的事实或细节来说明,注意内容表达的顺序和条理,然后注意用好关联词,使行文连贯。

写作中常能用到的关联词有:

(1)表示并列关系:and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only... but also, both... and, either... or, neither... nor;

(2)表示转折对比的过渡词:but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, though, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, otherwise;

(3) 表示递进关系的过渡词:besides, in addition, moreover, what's more, what's worse;

(4)表示原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to;

(5)表示结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so... that, such... that;

(6)表示条件的过渡词:if, unless, on addition that, as/so long as;

(7)表示时间顺序的过渡词:first, second, then, finally, at last, immediately, suddenly, soon;

(8)表示换一种方式表达的过渡词:in other words, that is to say, to put it another way;

(9)表示举例说明的过渡词:for instance, for example, like, such as;

(10)表示总结的过渡词:in a word, in general, in short above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, last but not least;

(11)过渡性的插入语:I think, I'm afraid, you know, As we all know。

5.写好开头和结尾

由于评卷人的主观性,好的开头与结尾往往给人以好的印象。一般开头不要写得太罗嗦,要找着恰当的切入点,快速入题,简洁明快。结尾同样不拖泥带水,最好还能适当评论,写出点睛之笔。如:苏州市

一模试卷:最近,教育部规定,在中小学增加京剧为必修内容,对此大家反应不一,你的看法如何。 参考范文的结尾:I share the view of the second group. Besides their reasons, I also worry whether there are enough qualified teachers for the task. In addition, we have so many traditional arts in history that it's impossible to learn the mall in classroom.

我们学生的观点:In my opinion, the intention of the new regulation is good. However, not everyone is suitable for acting in Peking Opera and not all are interested in it. We can promote it to the public, but acception is another story. The promotion of culture needs a free atmosphere.

附表1

近三年全国卷全国卷阅读理解分析表

附表2

近三年全国卷卷完型填空分析表

介词

代连及短词 词 语

年份/项目/文体及内容 名词 动词及短语 形容词 副词

记叙文,作者通42、43、36、过使用轮椅体44、45、39、201验残疾人的生746、52、37、42、49、50、40、24 活 个 55 8个 51、54 5个 47、53 个 38、48

41、42、

说明文,各种形

44、49、

式活动如果按

50、51、

常规做都会厌201952、57、48、

倦 5 个 60 4个 43、54、55、59 3个 53、58

记叙文,作者带42、43、领孩子帮助失47、49、

一201业者的一些感852、55、41、45、46、51、48、344、50、卷 6 受 个 58、59、 5个 56 3个 53、60 个 57

记叙文,18、22、16、21、24、20、17、201Michael赠送手525、33、1123、27、28、29、19、4 套人物事迹 个 34 个 30、31 4个 32、35

41、44、

记叙文,Joe和201345、47、48、46、52、53、42、551、56、

Simon的经历 5 个 50 8个 54、55、57、60 3个 49、58 个 59

夹叙夹议,观看女儿所在的足23、24、21、

二201球队,感悟经验628、31、22、25、29、32、26、327、33、卷 6 是最好的老师 个 35、39 6个 34、37 4个 38、40 个 36

1个、54

1个、48

1个、30

附表4

近三年语法填空考点分析

附表5

附表6

近三年新课标作文分析表


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