第七节 前后呼应
主谓一致的基本原则
主谓一致有以下三条原则：
1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
例如：The students are very young．This picture looksbeautiful．
2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。
1.The people in that country are fighting for independence．
2.The crowd deeply respect their leader．
3.Three years in a strange land seems a long time．
3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如：
Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we arebusy．
2．主谓一致的用法
根据以上三条原则，主谓一致有如下用法：
1)下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式
a．表示时间、重量、长度、价值的名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：
1.Two hundred miles is a long distance．
2.Ten dollars is a high price for that book．
b．由anyone，anything，anybody，noone，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代词作主语，谓语动词使用单数形式。例如：
1.Someone is knocking at the door．
2.Anything is better than going to the movie tonight．
c．由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of+名词”作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week．
d．由“many a，more than one+单数名词”作主语，尽管意义上表示复数，但谓语动词仍采用单数形式。例如：
Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a longbreak．
There is more than one answer to your question．
e．“名词+and+名词”作主语，表示同一人、同一概念或事物时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
A writer and educator is giving a lecturenow．(这个人既是作家又是教育家)
f．"either (neither) + of+复数名词(或代词)"作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
1.If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able tofinish the work．
2.Neither of them wants to come．
g．在each…and each…，every…andevery…等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Each man and each woman has the right to vote．
h．动词不定式、动名词或分句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：
What I want to say is none of your business．
Listening to the classical music is enjoyable．
i．以-ics结尾的复数名词指一门学科时，如politics(政治学)，mathematics(数学)，statistics(统计学)，acoustics(声学)，linguistics(语言学)等，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Mathematics is what he majors in．
2)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式取决于of后的名词。
a．由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，theremainder+of+名词”等不定代词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：
None of the food is wasted．
None of the students were absent．
The rest of the lecture was dull．
The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday．
b．由"lots of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：
Lots of work is to be done this week.
Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon．
There is loads of milk on the farm．
There are loads of big red apples on the ground．
There is heaps of fun．
c．由“分数或百分数十of+名词或代词”作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后名词或代词的单复数形式。例如：
Three-quarters of the area is cultivated.
Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam．
3)下列结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式根据意义而定。
a．由“the+形容词”这种结构作主语，根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果表示一类人(如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，theyoung，theold)，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The blind are taught trades in special schools． (表示一类人)
The good in him overweighs the bad． (表示抽象概念)
The departed was a good friend of his． (表示个人)
b．family，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式应根据意义而定。例如：
The family like to listen to the music．(thefamily指这家人，用作复数)
The family is small．(the family指这个家庭，用作单数)
The committee has considered your proposal．(thecommittee指委员会，用作单数)
The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave theirvotes． (thecommittee指委员会的委员们，用作复数)
下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般单复数均可。
a.以数词为名词词组中心词作主语时，谓语动词一般单复数均可。例如：
Five and six make／makes eleven．
Seven times ten are seventy．
但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten．
Six sevens are forty-two.
b．由"one in／out of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。例如：
One in ten were／was present．
下列结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
由and或both…and连接两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时，一般谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
A girl and a boy want to go．
Both rice and wheat are grown in that country．
6)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式视具体情况而定。
a．由as well as，together with，besides,like，along with，with but，except，accompanied by，ratherthan，including连接两个名词作主语，谓语单复数形式应由连接词前的名词而定。例如：
The president of the college，together with the deans，is planninga conference for the purpose of laying down certainregulations．
The young mother with her two children is coming now．
The plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced indesigning new products．
b．“名词+of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式跟of前的名词一致。例如：
The picture of the children brings back many memories of my pastexperiences．
The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be extremelyharmful．
c．由not only…butalso，either…or，neither…nor或or连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。例如：
He or you have taken my pen．
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything aboutit．
One or two days are enough to visit the city.
d．therebe句型中的谓语动词单复数形式一般取决于其后的真正主语的单复数形式。例如：
There is a garden in front of the house．
There are two things I'd like to say here．
7)关于几对容易混淆词组的一致用法
a．由"this／that kind／type of+名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由"these／those kind／type of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
1.This kind of apples is highly priced．
2.Those kind(s) of tests are good．
b．由“a number of，a total of，an average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the totalof，the average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
A number of students are waiting for the bus．
The number of the students in this university is increasingyearly.
c．one of，the (only) one of的一致用法
This is one of the books that have been recommended．
This is the (only) one of the books that has beenrecommended．
3．前后呼应的用法
1)当everyone，everybody，noone，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。例如：
If anybody calls，tell him that I'm out．
Something strange happened，didn't it?
Every passenger has to carry his own luggage．
2)人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I (me)，he(him)，she (her)，it (it)都是代替前面的单数名词，而they (them)，we(us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。例如：
If a young person enters a classical music field only for money，heis in the wrong profession．
The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and wheningested can kill them within fifteen hours。
3)物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。例如：
The welfare department，as well as the other social services，willhave its budget cut．
Delphins are warm-blooded；that is，their body temperature alwaysstays about the same，regardless of the surroundings．
4)反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。
Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
Everybody clings to this illusion about himself．
I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea．
5)指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。例如：
She invited all those who had been her former colleagues．
The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column offluid is determined by the height of this column．
6) much和much of后接不可数名词，而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。例如：
There is not much coal left．
A great many of the houses were knocked down by theearthquake．
7)表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。接可数名词的有：anumber of，a range of，a series of十复数名词；接不可数名词的有：agreat deal of，an amountof十不可数名词；既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a varietyof。例如：
1.The government attached a great deal of importance toeducation．
2.Quite a number of women applied for this job．
3.The college library has a variety of books．
4.An apple is a variety of fruit．
5.A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscularsystem．
第七节 前后呼应
主谓一致的基本原则
主谓一致有以下三条原则：
1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
例如：The students are very young．This picture looksbeautiful．
2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。
1.The people in that country are fighting for independence．
2.The crowd deeply respect their leader．
3.Three years in a strange land seems a long time．
3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如：
Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we arebusy．
2．主谓一致的用法
根据以上三条原则，主谓一致有如下用法：
1)下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式
a．表示时间、重量、长度、价值的名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：
1.Two hundred miles is a long distance．
2.Ten dollars is a high price for that book．
b．由anyone，anything，anybody，noone，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代词作主语，谓语动词使用单数形式。例如：
1.Someone is knocking at the door．
2.Anything is better than going to the movie tonight．
c．由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of+名词”作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week．
d．由“many a，more than one+单数名词”作主语，尽管意义上表示复数，但谓语动词仍采用单数形式。例如：
Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a longbreak．
There is more than one answer to your question．
e．“名词+and+名词”作主语，表示同一人、同一概念或事物时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
A writer and educator is giving a lecturenow．(这个人既是作家又是教育家)
f．"either (neither) + of+复数名词(或代词)"作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
1.If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able tofinish the work．
2.Neither of them wants to come．
g．在each…and each…，every…andevery…等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Each man and each woman has the right to vote．
h．动词不定式、动名词或分句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：
What I want to say is none of your business．
Listening to the classical music is enjoyable．
i．以-ics结尾的复数名词指一门学科时，如politics(政治学)，mathematics(数学)，statistics(统计学)，acoustics(声学)，linguistics(语言学)等，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Mathematics is what he majors in．
2)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式取决于of后的名词。
a．由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，theremainder+of+名词”等不定代词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：
None of the food is wasted．
None of the students were absent．
The rest of the lecture was dull．
The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday．
b．由"lots of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：
Lots of work is to be done this week.
Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon．
There is loads of milk on the farm．
There are loads of big red apples on the ground．
There is heaps of fun．
c．由“分数或百分数十of+名词或代词”作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后名词或代词的单复数形式。例如：
Three-quarters of the area is cultivated.
Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam．
3)下列结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式根据意义而定。
a．由“the+形容词”这种结构作主语，根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果表示一类人(如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，theyoung，theold)，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The blind are taught trades in special schools． (表示一类人)
The good in him overweighs the bad． (表示抽象概念)
The departed was a good friend of his． (表示个人)
b．family，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式应根据意义而定。例如：
The family like to listen to the music．(thefamily指这家人，用作复数)
The family is small．(the family指这个家庭，用作单数)
The committee has considered your proposal．(thecommittee指委员会，用作单数)
The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave theirvotes． (thecommittee指委员会的委员们，用作复数)
下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般单复数均可。
a.以数词为名词词组中心词作主语时，谓语动词一般单复数均可。例如：
Five and six make／makes eleven．
Seven times ten are seventy．
但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten．
Six sevens are forty-two.
b．由"one in／out of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。例如：
One in ten were／was present．
下列结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
由and或both…and连接两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时，一般谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
A girl and a boy want to go．
Both rice and wheat are grown in that country．
6)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式视具体情况而定。
a．由as well as，together with，besides,like，along with，with but，except，accompanied by，ratherthan，including连接两个名词作主语，谓语单复数形式应由连接词前的名词而定。例如：
The president of the college，together with the deans，is planninga conference for the purpose of laying down certainregulations．
The young mother with her two children is coming now．
The plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced indesigning new products．
b．“名词+of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式跟of前的名词一致。例如：
The picture of the children brings back many memories of my pastexperiences．
The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be extremelyharmful．
c．由not only…butalso，either…or，neither…nor或or连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。例如：
He or you have taken my pen．
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything aboutit．
One or two days are enough to visit the city.
d．therebe句型中的谓语动词单复数形式一般取决于其后的真正主语的单复数形式。例如：
There is a garden in front of the house．
There are two things I'd like to say here．
7)关于几对容易混淆词组的一致用法
a．由"this／that kind／type of+名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由"these／those kind／type of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
1.This kind of apples is highly priced．
2.Those kind(s) of tests are good．
b．由“a number of，a total of，an average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the totalof，the average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
A number of students are waiting for the bus．
The number of the students in this university is increasingyearly.
c．one of，the (only) one of的一致用法
This is one of the books that have been recommended．
This is the (only) one of the books that has beenrecommended．
3．前后呼应的用法
1)当everyone，everybody，noone，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。例如：
If anybody calls，tell him that I'm out．
Something strange happened，didn't it?
Every passenger has to carry his own luggage．
2)人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I (me)，he(him)，she (her)，it (it)都是代替前面的单数名词，而they (them)，we(us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。例如：
If a young person enters a classical music field only for money，heis in the wrong profession．
The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and wheningested can kill them within fifteen hours。
3)物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。例如：
The welfare department，as well as the other social services，willhave its budget cut．
Delphins are warm-blooded；that is，their body temperature alwaysstays about the same，regardless of the surroundings．
4)反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。
Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
Everybody clings to this illusion about himself．
I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea．
5)指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。例如：
She invited all those who had been her former colleagues．
The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column offluid is determined by the height of this column．
6) much和much of后接不可数名词，而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。例如：
There is not much coal left．
A great many of the houses were knocked down by theearthquake．
7)表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。接可数名词的有：anumber of，a range of，a series of十复数名词；接不可数名词的有：agreat deal of，an amountof十不可数名词；既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a varietyof。例如：
1.The government attached a great deal of importance toeducation．
2.Quite a number of women applied for this job．
3.The college library has a variety of books．
4.An apple is a variety of fruit．
5.A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscularsystem．