阅读理解
Reading Comprehension
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Introduction
∙ 大纲要求
领会式掌握4500词
复用式掌握2500词
常用词组
Introduction
∙ Whole Paper Structure
Reading Part consists: 1/3 time 35%
Fast reading 15 minutes
Read in depth 10minutes
Careful reading 15 minutes
快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning)
时间：15分钟。
文章：1000~1200单词
题目：1—7 Multiple Choice
8-10 complete the sentences with
the information given in the passage
快速阅读的一些规律：
1。题目都是原文中一些细节性的信息，所以做题时
一定要先阅读题干，然后根据题干中的关键词快
速定位到原文相关信息处与原文做比较，一般来说
通过比照原文就可直接得出答案，不需要推理。
2。题目的顺序与文章的顺序是一致的，在查找文章
相关信息时要特别注意这一点。
3。简短回答仍然要定位到原文具体细节处，然后用
文中的原话来补全句子，这一点比较简单。
建议：每日一篇，训练自己快速定位的能力
快速阅读高分技巧?
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∙ 浏览大意 读问题，找关键信息（标点符号，时间，数字，大写字母等 回归原文定位
仔细阅读解题步骤：篇章语境的词汇理解
∙ 跳读全文，抓住中心
根据首段原则及首末句原则，抓主题。
∙ 阅读选项，词性分类
根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳。
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∙ 瞻前顾后，灵活选择 根据空格中应填入的词性，缩小选择范围；根据上下文的内在逻辑结构选择合适的选项。 复读全文，谨慎调整
填空完后，再次复读全文，自我感觉上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯。如有问题，谨慎作调整。
仔细阅读解题步骤：篇章语境的词汇理解
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∙ 选项中出现一组反义词时，有一个是干扰选项。理解文章框架结构的，理解整篇文章的语境色彩。 选项中出现一组近义词时，有一个是干扰选项。精确理解词汇，分析清楚其细微的区别。 选项为连词时，关注上下句内在的逻辑关系。常见逻辑关系有：因果，并列平行，递进，强对比，前后意思一致等。 不必按顺序作题。最有把握的词选出，删除该选项，为吃不准的选项缩小选择范围。
仔细阅读之选词填空（banked close)
Section A 选词填空（1篇，10个空）
∙扫描词汇库，进行词库分类
∙∙通读文章
∙∙填充
∙∙检查
选择题型阅读理解：主题和定位能力
判定文章主题技巧：
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∙ 重点关注文章的首段和首末句。据统计，每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20% 。 关注文章重复出现的词或词组、黑体字斜体字。通常是文章的核心概念。 问句不会是主题句。是过渡或者是引子，应忽略，真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。
选择题型阅读理解：主题和定位能力
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∙ 关注强转折关系的连词， “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed, practically, virtually”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词，如 “in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, to sum”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。 如果主题句含有show 和suggest 等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。 掌握一些词组强调的重点，如 “not only…, but also ***, *** as well as …, more ***
than …, less …, than *** (***为强调的重点)”。
仔细阅读之篇章理解
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∙ Section B 篇章阅读理解（2篇，10个选择题） 浏览 +定位+ 选题 建议：做历年真题
推断题: 根据词义关系推断具体细节
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∙ 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点； 准确找到推理的根据 直接事实题 抓住题干文字信息，采用回归原文，定位答案。 间接事实题 结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。 词义理解题
利用生词所在的上下文来猜测词义，即利用熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠常识和经验。
篇章阅读对策与技巧
一、细节题
细节题的提问方式灵活多变，对象涉及短文的各种具体细节，如时间、地点、原因、结果、方式等。这类题目的共同点是，答案一般都能在文章中直接找到。但有时出题人为了增加题目的难度，会有意避开文中所用词汇，而用这些词的同义词。在这种情况下，考生需要依据题干涉及的细节，定位文中相关出处，再对比选项作答。
二、推断题
要求考生根据自己从文中获取的信息进行推理判断。它要求考生不但要掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要有一定的逻辑判断能力，从文章表面推出更深层的含义。
1、针对文章内容，结构等进行判断推理；
From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ＿
It is implied / indicated / suggested that ＿＿＿
What conclusions can be drawn from the passage?
It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ＿
What does the paragraph preceding / following this one probably discuss? We can infer from the paragraph that ＿＿
The report seems to conclude that ＿＿
Paragraph …indicates that ＿＿
What’s implied but not stated by the author is that ＿
2、针对作者的观点、态度、语气等进行判断推理（此部分单列为观点态度题）。
三、主旨题
主旨题主要测试考生对整篇文章的理解能力。解答主旨题时，最有效的办法是找到并仔细研究文章的主题句。主题句大多数情况下出现在比较重要的位置，如文章的开头或结尾。如果一篇文章包括多个段落，一般来说每个自然段的首句也是本段的主题句。文章主题句之外的其他内容一般都是对主题句的解释、补充说明或列举事实等。另外，有些阅读材料的主题思想不是十分明确，需要通读全文，抓住主要论点或论题来归纳出中心思想。应该注意的是，在归纳中心思想时，要从文章实际内容出发，在事实依据的基础上进行判断、推论和归纳。 根据问题内容的不同，这类问题可分为主题型、标题型、和目的型。主题型一目了然就是找中心思想（main idea），标题型是为文章选择标题，目的型就是推断作者的写作意图（purpose ）。
提问方式
What is the main idea/ subject of this passage?
What does this passage mainly/ primarily concern?
The main theme of this passage is＿＿＿
The main point of the passage is ＿＿
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is＿＿
四、语义题
语义题也就是对一个生词或短语句进行提问，一般需要考生知道或推断出该生词的同义词或短语句的引申意义或另一种表达方式。它是四级考试的常考题型。
提问方式
According to the author, the word “…” means ＿＿
Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “…”
The term “…” in paragraph … can be best replaced by ＿＿＿
What’s the meaning of “…” ( line…paragraph…)
As used in the line … the word “…” refers to ＿＿＿
五观点态度题
阅读理解中常会问到作者对某一问题的态度、全文的基调及对文章前后接续内容的判断等，这类问题可被统称为观点态度题。观点态度题的回答应从篇章的体裁入手，一般而言，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的中立的；而在议论文中，作者的观点就会有多种多样。 提问方式
What’s the writer’s attitude to …?
What’s the tone of the passage?
Te author’s view is ＿＿＿
The writer’s attitude of this passage is apparently ＿
How does the author feel about…?
表示褒义的词一般有：
Positive 赞成的
Supporting 支持的
Praising 赞扬的
Optimistic 乐观的
Admiring 羡慕的
Interesting 有趣的
Humorous 幽默的
Serious 严肃的
Enthusiastic 热情的
Pleasant 愉快的
Polite 礼貌的
Concerned 关切的
Sober 冷静的
表示中性的词一般有
Uninterested 不感兴趣的
Impassive 不动感情的
Indifferent 不关心的
Neutral 中立的
Subjective 主观的
Objective 客观的
Informative 提供信息的
Impartial 不偏袒的
Apathetic 漠不关心的
Impersonal 不带个人感情的
表示贬义的词一般有
Disgusted 厌恶的 Critical 批评的
Negative 否定的 Suspicious 怀疑的
Tolerant 容忍的 Worried 担忧的
Pessimistic 悲观的 Depressed 沮丧的
Disappointed 失望的 Ironic 讽刺的
Sarcastic 挖苦的 Bitter 痛苦的
Cynical 玩世不恭的 Sentimental 感伤的
Emotional 激动的 Angry 气愤的
Vocabulary
∙ How to memorize words/phrases
Fall asleep
Half-hearted
For instance
Small Talk
重点语法归纳
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∙ 时态、语态 虚拟语气: 条件式和命令式 非谓语动词: 不定式、动名词和分词 各类从句 倒装、一致关系
虚拟语气
∙ if 引导的虚拟条件句的用法如下：
时间 if条件句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
现在 过去时 would (could, might)
+ 动词原形)
过去 过去完成时 would(could, might)
+现在完成式
将来 were to +动词原形 would (could, might)
(should) +动词原形
虚拟语气
∙ 命令式虚拟语气可归纳如下
1）wish 后宾语从句的虚拟语气
William wishes now that he ____ English instead of French when he was in high school.
A. have studied C. had studied
B. studies D. studied
答案是C 。
命令式虚拟语气
2）在 if only 感叹句中
If only I ____ what you wanted!
A. knew C. had known
B. know D. have known
答案是C 。
命令式虚拟语气
3）在 would rather (sooner) 后的 that 从句中
I’d rather you ____ those important documents with you.
A. don’t take C. won’t take
B. didn’t take D. not take
答案是B 。
命令式虚拟语气
4）在as if / as though 从句中
She acts as if she ____ the only person affected by the ruling.
A. is C. would be
B. were D. will be
答案是B 。
命令式虚拟语气
5）在 It’s (high, about) time 后的 that 从句中, 谓语动词一般用过去式。
“Isn’t it about time you ____ to do some work?”
A. begin C. should began
B. have begun D. began
答案是D 。
命令式虚拟语气
6）在 suggest 等动词及其相应名词之后的 that 从句中
advise, agree, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, rule, suggest, urge, etc. 命令式虚拟语气
The doctor suggested that your brother ____ his right hand.
A. avoid to use
B. has avoided using
C. avoid using
D.avoided to use
答案是C 。
命令式虚拟语气
常见的相应名词有：advice, command, agreement, decision, demand, desire, motion, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, idea, order, plan, policy, wish, etc.
命令式虚拟语气
Our demand is that another experiment ____.
A.shall be made
C. must be made
B. will be made
D. be made
命令式虚拟语气
7）在It is / was + 形容词后的 that 从句中
这类形容词有：advisable, appropriate, essential, necessary, possible, preferable, proper, 等。
命令式虚拟语气
It’s advisable that the Sport Meets ____ owing to the bad weather.
A. must be put off
B. be put off
C. could be put off
D. ought to put off
命令式虚拟语气
8）用在以 lest, for fear that 和 in case 所引导的目的状语从句中，这时谓语动词多用should 加动词原形构成。如：
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. 带上雨伞吧，以防下雨。 其他情况的虚拟语气
1）公式化的句子中的虚拟语气：用动词原形（不和主语保持人称、时态和数的一致）或“may+动词原形”（经常倒装）构成的谓语来体现。如：
公式化的句子
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∙ God bless you! May you enjoy your holiday! Long live peace! Come what may, we’ll go ahead with our plan.
其他情况的虚拟语气
2）错综时间非真实条件中的虚拟语气：
If we had set out earlier, we wouldn't be walling in the rain.
其他情况的虚拟语气
3）在带有but for 引出的短语的句子中：
We would have been in real trouble but for your help.
其他情况的虚拟语气
4）在带有but that从句的句子中: but that从句中用陈述语气，主句中用虚拟语气。如: But that you helped him, he would have failed.(=if you hadn’t helped him…) 其他情况的虚拟语气
5）With 或without 引出的短语有时表示和事实相反的情况，此时句子中的动词要用虚拟语气。
We would never have got there without the guide.(=if we hadn’t had the guide…)
其他情况的虚拟语气
6）在otherwise 或 or 引出的分句中，动词根据情况可用陈述语气或虚拟语气。如：
6）在otherwise 或 or 引出的分句中
Hurry up, otherwise/or you will be late.
I used a computer, otherwise/or it would have taken me much longer to finish the work.(otherwise/or = if I hadn’t used a computer)
其他情况的虚拟语气
7）在假设情况由上下文或其他方式表现出来的句子中，如：
He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy.
He would have done better under more favorable conditions.
重点语法归纳
非谓语动词：不定式，动名词和分词
动词不定式
有些动词可用不定式作宾语：afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg, begin, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, help, hesitate, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, plan, prefer, refuse, remember, start, want, wish 等。
动名词
有些动词只能用动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, postpone, practice, suggest, spend, quit, recall, resist 等。
动名词
常见的后接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：approve of, count on, depend on, give up, insist on, keep on, succeed in, think about, put off, persist in, rely on, can’t help, be used to, better off, feel like, leave off, look forward to, 等。
Quiz
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower____
A. to erect C. erecting
B. be erected D. being erected
2. The speaker, ___ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A Having known B. being known
C. Knowing D. known
3. I was asked if I would consider ____ the invitation. (accept )
4. I have no objection to ____your story again.
A. hearing B. hear C. to hear D. heard
5. ___ the joke before, I did not find it funny the second time.
A. Hearing B. Heard
C. to hear D. Having heard
6. They preferred to stay at home ____.
A. than go to the movies
B. than to go to the movies
C. rather than go to the movies
D. rather than to go to the movies
7. He said the table wanted ____.
A. to repair B. repairing
C. repaired D. being repaired
8. If the maid comes today, please have her ___ my shirts.
A. washed B. washing
C. to wash D. wash
9.The teacher doesn’t permit ____ in class.
A. smoke B. smoking
C. to smoke D. to have smoke
10. ___ with the earnings of the past three years, the income of the company was greater than ever before. (compare )
To be compared / comparing/ compared/
Keys:
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∙ 1~5 DD accepting AD 6~10 CBDBC
名词从句
主语从句
That the noon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.
What they are after is profit.
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.
Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.
Which way is more effective is still a question.
主语从句
∙ 按照英语的习惯，有些句子可以把it 放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。
It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.
It has not yet been decided when the meeting is to be held.
It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.
It is still a question which way is more effective.
表语从句
My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.
This was just when our company was being formed.
That’s why we decided to put the discussion off.
同位语从句
主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如belief, doubt, evidence, idea, fact, hope,
possibility, thought等，可以用that 或连接代（副）词引出的从句作同位语，叫作同位语从句。
There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery. There is the news that some British customers will visit our company. We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.
重点语法归纳
∙ 倒装句
1）否定意义的词位于句首引起的倒装，如：
barely, hardly, scarcely, seldom, never, nowhere, little 等。
倒装句
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∙ Little did I think a year ago that I could work for your company. Never before has our country been so rapidly developing as it is today.
倒装句
2）否定意义的短语位于句首于引起的倒装
at no time 从不，从来没有
by no means 决不，决不是
in no case 决不
in no way 决不
under no circumstance 决不
倒装句
in vain 徒劳
no longer 不再，已不
no more 不再，也不
not even then 甚至连……也不
not for a moment 从不
not until 直到……才
on no account 决不
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倒装句
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∙ Under no circumstances shall we discontinue the work we’ve begun. In no way can theory be separated from practice.
倒装句
3）一些短语性连词引起的倒装
not only … but (also)
不仅……而且
no sooner … than
hardly (scarcely)…when
一……就……
倒装句
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∙ Hardly had he said anything before he left. Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her. No sooner had Anne arrived there than he fell in.
倒装句
4）only + 状语位于句首引起的倒装，如：
Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed money.
Only when you adjust down your price to some extent can we conclude the business.
倒装句
5）so, nor, neither 引起的倒装，如：
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∙ Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister. He didn’t say anything. Nor (Neither) did his assistant.
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倒装句
7）强调性倒装：如 so, hence, nowhere, thus 等副词位于句首以示强调时。 ∙
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∙ Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. Then follows the fashion show.
倒装句
7）句子成分前提引起的倒装
为强调句子中的某一成分（如表语、宾语或状语等），常将该成分提前置于句首，造成倒装。如：
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
倒装句
8）as 引导的让步状语从句
Try as I might, I couldn' lift the stone.
倒装句
9）省略连词 if 的虚拟条件句中的倒装
若虚拟条件句中含有were 或had, should 等助动词或情态动词时，连词 if 可被省略。省略后，主句不变，if 从句的主谓要颠倒，将 were 之类的词提至句首，形成倒装。 倒装句
Had they not been working so hard, they would not have achieved so much. ????????
Vocabulary
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∙ 考点分析 词类相同词义不同的词或词组。 多义词、同义词、近义词、近形词。 短语动词，即动词+小品词。 固定搭配，包括名词+介词、名词+形容词、动词+名词等。
Vocabulary
∙ 应试技巧
1. 根据词的固定搭配选择答案（记住介、副词的本意是关键）
2．通过区别同义或近义词。（本质区别最重要）
Vocabulary
∙ 应试技巧
3．根据上下文的逻辑含义以及主从句之间的关系选择答案
The night was so ____ that not a sound could be heard.
A quiet B. dark
C. beautiful D. dangerous
Vocabulary
∙ 应试技巧
4．采用排除法选择答案
When he found that his car was stolen, he was mad with ____.
A. delight B wrath
C.indifference D. hope
如何记忆词汇
借助上下文
借助上下文
1）根据生词前后出现的其他词语的意思或整个句子的意思猜测词义。
He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.
借助上下文
2）利用信号词 is, is called, means, that is, i.e., or, defined as, refer to 等对某一词汇的定义、解释或说明猜测词义。如：
The word biotechnology (生物工程)refers to a combination of biology and technology.
3）利用信号词 in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet,
although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to 等判断反义词的意思。如： My sister Marie is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.
4）根据举例猜测词义。
Condiments调味品
e.g. pepper and salt make food taste better.
5）根据标点符号猜测词义。
The principal ?money he put in his savings account to earn interest ? was safe even though the bank was closed by the police.
6）根据定语从句猜测词义。
The type of meter is called multimeter(万用表), which is used to measure electricity.
7）根据同位语猜测词义。
The invention of snorkel（通气管）, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarine to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.
8）根据上下文的逻辑关系猜测词义。
You should cut out this paragraph in order to make the essay succinct（brief ）.
9）根据常识猜测词义。
Fish breathe with gill（鳃）.
Conclusion
Good Luck
阅读理解
Reading Comprehension
??????????
??
Introduction
∙ 大纲要求
领会式掌握4500词
复用式掌握2500词
常用词组
Introduction
∙ Whole Paper Structure
Reading Part consists: 1/3 time 35%
Fast reading 15 minutes
Read in depth 10minutes
Careful reading 15 minutes
快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning)
时间：15分钟。
文章：1000~1200单词
题目：1—7 Multiple Choice
8-10 complete the sentences with
the information given in the passage
快速阅读的一些规律：
1。题目都是原文中一些细节性的信息，所以做题时
一定要先阅读题干，然后根据题干中的关键词快
速定位到原文相关信息处与原文做比较，一般来说
通过比照原文就可直接得出答案，不需要推理。
2。题目的顺序与文章的顺序是一致的，在查找文章
相关信息时要特别注意这一点。
3。简短回答仍然要定位到原文具体细节处，然后用
文中的原话来补全句子，这一点比较简单。
建议：每日一篇，训练自己快速定位的能力
快速阅读高分技巧?
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∙
∙ 浏览大意 读问题，找关键信息（标点符号，时间，数字，大写字母等 回归原文定位
仔细阅读解题步骤：篇章语境的词汇理解
∙ 跳读全文，抓住中心
根据首段原则及首末句原则，抓主题。
∙ 阅读选项，词性分类
根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳。
∙
∙ 瞻前顾后，灵活选择 根据空格中应填入的词性，缩小选择范围；根据上下文的内在逻辑结构选择合适的选项。 复读全文，谨慎调整
填空完后，再次复读全文，自我感觉上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯。如有问题，谨慎作调整。
仔细阅读解题步骤：篇章语境的词汇理解
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∙
∙
∙ 选项中出现一组反义词时，有一个是干扰选项。理解文章框架结构的，理解整篇文章的语境色彩。 选项中出现一组近义词时，有一个是干扰选项。精确理解词汇，分析清楚其细微的区别。 选项为连词时，关注上下句内在的逻辑关系。常见逻辑关系有：因果，并列平行，递进，强对比，前后意思一致等。 不必按顺序作题。最有把握的词选出，删除该选项，为吃不准的选项缩小选择范围。
仔细阅读之选词填空（banked close)
Section A 选词填空（1篇，10个空）
∙扫描词汇库，进行词库分类
∙∙通读文章
∙∙填充
∙∙检查
选择题型阅读理解：主题和定位能力
判定文章主题技巧：
∙
∙
∙ 重点关注文章的首段和首末句。据统计，每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20% 。 关注文章重复出现的词或词组、黑体字斜体字。通常是文章的核心概念。 问句不会是主题句。是过渡或者是引子，应忽略，真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。
选择题型阅读理解：主题和定位能力
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∙
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∙ 关注强转折关系的连词， “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed, practically, virtually”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词，如 “in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, to sum”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。 如果主题句含有show 和suggest 等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。 掌握一些词组强调的重点，如 “not only…, but also ***, *** as well as …, more ***
than …, less …, than *** (***为强调的重点)”。
仔细阅读之篇章理解
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∙
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∙ Section B 篇章阅读理解（2篇，10个选择题） 浏览 +定位+ 选题 建议：做历年真题
推断题: 根据词义关系推断具体细节
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙ 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点； 准确找到推理的根据 直接事实题 抓住题干文字信息，采用回归原文，定位答案。 间接事实题 结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。 词义理解题
利用生词所在的上下文来猜测词义，即利用熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠常识和经验。
篇章阅读对策与技巧
一、细节题
细节题的提问方式灵活多变，对象涉及短文的各种具体细节，如时间、地点、原因、结果、方式等。这类题目的共同点是，答案一般都能在文章中直接找到。但有时出题人为了增加题目的难度，会有意避开文中所用词汇，而用这些词的同义词。在这种情况下，考生需要依据题干涉及的细节，定位文中相关出处，再对比选项作答。
二、推断题
要求考生根据自己从文中获取的信息进行推理判断。它要求考生不但要掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要有一定的逻辑判断能力，从文章表面推出更深层的含义。
1、针对文章内容，结构等进行判断推理；
From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ＿
It is implied / indicated / suggested that ＿＿＿
What conclusions can be drawn from the passage?
It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ＿
What does the paragraph preceding / following this one probably discuss? We can infer from the paragraph that ＿＿
The report seems to conclude that ＿＿
Paragraph …indicates that ＿＿
What’s implied but not stated by the author is that ＿
2、针对作者的观点、态度、语气等进行判断推理（此部分单列为观点态度题）。
三、主旨题
主旨题主要测试考生对整篇文章的理解能力。解答主旨题时，最有效的办法是找到并仔细研究文章的主题句。主题句大多数情况下出现在比较重要的位置，如文章的开头或结尾。如果一篇文章包括多个段落，一般来说每个自然段的首句也是本段的主题句。文章主题句之外的其他内容一般都是对主题句的解释、补充说明或列举事实等。另外，有些阅读材料的主题思想不是十分明确，需要通读全文，抓住主要论点或论题来归纳出中心思想。应该注意的是，在归纳中心思想时，要从文章实际内容出发，在事实依据的基础上进行判断、推论和归纳。 根据问题内容的不同，这类问题可分为主题型、标题型、和目的型。主题型一目了然就是找中心思想（main idea），标题型是为文章选择标题，目的型就是推断作者的写作意图（purpose ）。
提问方式
What is the main idea/ subject of this passage?
What does this passage mainly/ primarily concern?
The main theme of this passage is＿＿＿
The main point of the passage is ＿＿
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is＿＿
四、语义题
语义题也就是对一个生词或短语句进行提问，一般需要考生知道或推断出该生词的同义词或短语句的引申意义或另一种表达方式。它是四级考试的常考题型。
提问方式
According to the author, the word “…” means ＿＿
Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “…”
The term “…” in paragraph … can be best replaced by ＿＿＿
What’s the meaning of “…” ( line…paragraph…)
As used in the line … the word “…” refers to ＿＿＿
五观点态度题
阅读理解中常会问到作者对某一问题的态度、全文的基调及对文章前后接续内容的判断等，这类问题可被统称为观点态度题。观点态度题的回答应从篇章的体裁入手，一般而言，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的中立的；而在议论文中，作者的观点就会有多种多样。 提问方式
What’s the writer’s attitude to …?
What’s the tone of the passage?
Te author’s view is ＿＿＿
The writer’s attitude of this passage is apparently ＿
How does the author feel about…?
表示褒义的词一般有：
Positive 赞成的
Supporting 支持的
Praising 赞扬的
Optimistic 乐观的
Admiring 羡慕的
Interesting 有趣的
Humorous 幽默的
Serious 严肃的
Enthusiastic 热情的
Pleasant 愉快的
Polite 礼貌的
Concerned 关切的
Sober 冷静的
表示中性的词一般有
Uninterested 不感兴趣的
Impassive 不动感情的
Indifferent 不关心的
Neutral 中立的
Subjective 主观的
Objective 客观的
Informative 提供信息的
Impartial 不偏袒的
Apathetic 漠不关心的
Impersonal 不带个人感情的
表示贬义的词一般有
Disgusted 厌恶的 Critical 批评的
Negative 否定的 Suspicious 怀疑的
Tolerant 容忍的 Worried 担忧的
Pessimistic 悲观的 Depressed 沮丧的
Disappointed 失望的 Ironic 讽刺的
Sarcastic 挖苦的 Bitter 痛苦的
Cynical 玩世不恭的 Sentimental 感伤的
Emotional 激动的 Angry 气愤的
Vocabulary
∙ How to memorize words/phrases
Fall asleep
Half-hearted
For instance
Small Talk
重点语法归纳
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∙
∙
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∙ 时态、语态 虚拟语气: 条件式和命令式 非谓语动词: 不定式、动名词和分词 各类从句 倒装、一致关系
虚拟语气
∙ if 引导的虚拟条件句的用法如下：
时间 if条件句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
现在 过去时 would (could, might)
+ 动词原形)
过去 过去完成时 would(could, might)
+现在完成式
将来 were to +动词原形 would (could, might)
(should) +动词原形
虚拟语气
∙ 命令式虚拟语气可归纳如下
1）wish 后宾语从句的虚拟语气
William wishes now that he ____ English instead of French when he was in high school.
A. have studied C. had studied
B. studies D. studied
答案是C 。
命令式虚拟语气
2）在 if only 感叹句中
If only I ____ what you wanted!
A. knew C. had known
B. know D. have known
答案是C 。
命令式虚拟语气
3）在 would rather (sooner) 后的 that 从句中
I’d rather you ____ those important documents with you.
A. don’t take C. won’t take
B. didn’t take D. not take
答案是B 。
命令式虚拟语气
4）在as if / as though 从句中
She acts as if she ____ the only person affected by the ruling.
A. is C. would be
B. were D. will be
答案是B 。
命令式虚拟语气
5）在 It’s (high, about) time 后的 that 从句中, 谓语动词一般用过去式。
“Isn’t it about time you ____ to do some work?”
A. begin C. should began
B. have begun D. began
答案是D 。
命令式虚拟语气
6）在 suggest 等动词及其相应名词之后的 that 从句中
advise, agree, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, rule, suggest, urge, etc. 命令式虚拟语气
The doctor suggested that your brother ____ his right hand.
A. avoid to use
B. has avoided using
C. avoid using
D.avoided to use
答案是C 。
命令式虚拟语气
常见的相应名词有：advice, command, agreement, decision, demand, desire, motion, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, idea, order, plan, policy, wish, etc.
命令式虚拟语气
Our demand is that another experiment ____.
A.shall be made
C. must be made
B. will be made
D. be made
命令式虚拟语气
7）在It is / was + 形容词后的 that 从句中
这类形容词有：advisable, appropriate, essential, necessary, possible, preferable, proper, 等。
命令式虚拟语气
It’s advisable that the Sport Meets ____ owing to the bad weather.
A. must be put off
B. be put off
C. could be put off
D. ought to put off
命令式虚拟语气
8）用在以 lest, for fear that 和 in case 所引导的目的状语从句中，这时谓语动词多用should 加动词原形构成。如：
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. 带上雨伞吧，以防下雨。 其他情况的虚拟语气
1）公式化的句子中的虚拟语气：用动词原形（不和主语保持人称、时态和数的一致）或“may+动词原形”（经常倒装）构成的谓语来体现。如：
公式化的句子
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∙ God bless you! May you enjoy your holiday! Long live peace! Come what may, we’ll go ahead with our plan.
其他情况的虚拟语气
2）错综时间非真实条件中的虚拟语气：
If we had set out earlier, we wouldn't be walling in the rain.
其他情况的虚拟语气
3）在带有but for 引出的短语的句子中：
We would have been in real trouble but for your help.
其他情况的虚拟语气
4）在带有but that从句的句子中: but that从句中用陈述语气，主句中用虚拟语气。如: But that you helped him, he would have failed.(=if you hadn’t helped him…) 其他情况的虚拟语气
5）With 或without 引出的短语有时表示和事实相反的情况，此时句子中的动词要用虚拟语气。
We would never have got there without the guide.(=if we hadn’t had the guide…)
其他情况的虚拟语气
6）在otherwise 或 or 引出的分句中，动词根据情况可用陈述语气或虚拟语气。如：
6）在otherwise 或 or 引出的分句中
Hurry up, otherwise/or you will be late.
I used a computer, otherwise/or it would have taken me much longer to finish the work.(otherwise/or = if I hadn’t used a computer)
其他情况的虚拟语气
7）在假设情况由上下文或其他方式表现出来的句子中，如：
He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy.
He would have done better under more favorable conditions.
重点语法归纳
非谓语动词：不定式，动名词和分词
动词不定式
有些动词可用不定式作宾语：afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg, begin, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, help, hesitate, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, plan, prefer, refuse, remember, start, want, wish 等。
动名词
有些动词只能用动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, postpone, practice, suggest, spend, quit, recall, resist 等。
动名词
常见的后接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：approve of, count on, depend on, give up, insist on, keep on, succeed in, think about, put off, persist in, rely on, can’t help, be used to, better off, feel like, leave off, look forward to, 等。
Quiz
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower____
A. to erect C. erecting
B. be erected D. being erected
2. The speaker, ___ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A Having known B. being known
C. Knowing D. known
3. I was asked if I would consider ____ the invitation. (accept )
4. I have no objection to ____your story again.
A. hearing B. hear C. to hear D. heard
5. ___ the joke before, I did not find it funny the second time.
A. Hearing B. Heard
C. to hear D. Having heard
6. They preferred to stay at home ____.
A. than go to the movies
B. than to go to the movies
C. rather than go to the movies
D. rather than to go to the movies
7. He said the table wanted ____.
A. to repair B. repairing
C. repaired D. being repaired
8. If the maid comes today, please have her ___ my shirts.
A. washed B. washing
C. to wash D. wash
9.The teacher doesn’t permit ____ in class.
A. smoke B. smoking
C. to smoke D. to have smoke
10. ___ with the earnings of the past three years, the income of the company was greater than ever before. (compare )
To be compared / comparing/ compared/
Keys:
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∙ 1~5 DD accepting AD 6~10 CBDBC
名词从句
主语从句
That the noon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.
What they are after is profit.
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.
Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.
Which way is more effective is still a question.
主语从句
∙ 按照英语的习惯，有些句子可以把it 放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。
It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.
It has not yet been decided when the meeting is to be held.
It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.
It is still a question which way is more effective.
表语从句
My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.
This was just when our company was being formed.
That’s why we decided to put the discussion off.
同位语从句
主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如belief, doubt, evidence, idea, fact, hope,
possibility, thought等，可以用that 或连接代（副）词引出的从句作同位语，叫作同位语从句。
There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery. There is the news that some British customers will visit our company. We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.
重点语法归纳
∙ 倒装句
1）否定意义的词位于句首引起的倒装，如：
barely, hardly, scarcely, seldom, never, nowhere, little 等。
倒装句
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∙ Little did I think a year ago that I could work for your company. Never before has our country been so rapidly developing as it is today.
倒装句
2）否定意义的短语位于句首于引起的倒装
at no time 从不，从来没有
by no means 决不，决不是
in no case 决不
in no way 决不
under no circumstance 决不
倒装句
in vain 徒劳
no longer 不再，已不
no more 不再，也不
not even then 甚至连……也不
not for a moment 从不
not until 直到……才
on no account 决不
?
倒装句
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∙ Under no circumstances shall we discontinue the work we’ve begun. In no way can theory be separated from practice.
倒装句
3）一些短语性连词引起的倒装
not only … but (also)
不仅……而且
no sooner … than
hardly (scarcely)…when
一……就……
倒装句
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∙ Hardly had he said anything before he left. Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her. No sooner had Anne arrived there than he fell in.
倒装句
4）only + 状语位于句首引起的倒装，如：
Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed money.
Only when you adjust down your price to some extent can we conclude the business.
倒装句
5）so, nor, neither 引起的倒装，如：
∙
∙ Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister. He didn’t say anything. Nor (Neither) did his assistant.
?
倒装句
7）强调性倒装：如 so, hence, nowhere, thus 等副词位于句首以示强调时。 ∙
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∙ Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. Then follows the fashion show.
倒装句
7）句子成分前提引起的倒装
为强调句子中的某一成分（如表语、宾语或状语等），常将该成分提前置于句首，造成倒装。如：
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
倒装句
8）as 引导的让步状语从句
Try as I might, I couldn' lift the stone.
倒装句
9）省略连词 if 的虚拟条件句中的倒装
若虚拟条件句中含有were 或had, should 等助动词或情态动词时，连词 if 可被省略。省略后，主句不变，if 从句的主谓要颠倒，将 were 之类的词提至句首，形成倒装。 倒装句
Had they not been working so hard, they would not have achieved so much. ????????
Vocabulary
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∙ 考点分析 词类相同词义不同的词或词组。 多义词、同义词、近义词、近形词。 短语动词，即动词+小品词。 固定搭配，包括名词+介词、名词+形容词、动词+名词等。
Vocabulary
∙ 应试技巧
1. 根据词的固定搭配选择答案（记住介、副词的本意是关键）
2．通过区别同义或近义词。（本质区别最重要）
Vocabulary
∙ 应试技巧
3．根据上下文的逻辑含义以及主从句之间的关系选择答案
The night was so ____ that not a sound could be heard.
A quiet B. dark
C. beautiful D. dangerous
Vocabulary
∙ 应试技巧
4．采用排除法选择答案
When he found that his car was stolen, he was mad with ____.
A. delight B wrath
C.indifference D. hope
如何记忆词汇
借助上下文
借助上下文
1）根据生词前后出现的其他词语的意思或整个句子的意思猜测词义。
He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.
借助上下文
2）利用信号词 is, is called, means, that is, i.e., or, defined as, refer to 等对某一词汇的定义、解释或说明猜测词义。如：
The word biotechnology (生物工程)refers to a combination of biology and technology.
3）利用信号词 in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet,
although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to 等判断反义词的意思。如： My sister Marie is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.
4）根据举例猜测词义。
Condiments调味品
e.g. pepper and salt make food taste better.
5）根据标点符号猜测词义。
The principal ?money he put in his savings account to earn interest ? was safe even though the bank was closed by the police.
6）根据定语从句猜测词义。
The type of meter is called multimeter(万用表), which is used to measure electricity.
7）根据同位语猜测词义。
The invention of snorkel（通气管）, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarine to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.
8）根据上下文的逻辑关系猜测词义。
You should cut out this paragraph in order to make the essay succinct（brief ）.
9）根据常识猜测词义。
Fish breathe with gill（鳃）.
Conclusion
Good Luck