定语从句
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was.请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：
（1） Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.
A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are
（2） The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
（3） Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？”
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？
3. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。
【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：
_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
此题答案选 A，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。
再比较下面一组题，其中第（1）题选 B，第（2）题选 D：
（1） ______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
（2） ______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
4. David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such … that …句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。
【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such … that … （如此……以至……）结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that.比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：
David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
请再做以下试题（答案选D）：
It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A. like B. that C. which D. as
5. The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses.
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses.类似地，以下各题也选D：
（1） His house, for _______ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
（2） Ashdown forest, through _______ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
（3） This I did at nine o’clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：
（4） George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.
A. that B. him C. them D. whom
（5） Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
（6） I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
6. He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students.
【分析】最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field 为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of… 的前面加上连词and，则选答案B.比较以下各题（答案均选A）：
（1） He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
（2） He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. them B. which C. what D. that
（3） He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
（4） He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. them B. whom C. which D. who
7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A.比较：
（1） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。
（2） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were.
（3） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。
8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是A.与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：
（1） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B.whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated.
（2） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A.因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。
（3） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A.their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。
（4） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sat together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B.whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat.
（5） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B.whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting.
9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：
（1） If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
（2） If you want a double room, _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
（3） Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
（4） When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
10. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
【陷阱】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where.
【分析】正确答案为A.在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that.比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when： She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
请再做一组试题（答案均选A）：
（1） Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
选A，which 在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。
（2） Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
选A，which 在定语从句中用作主语。
（3） Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
选A，where 在定语从句中用作状语。
3.6介词+which/whom/whose
考点1 简单介词+关系代词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom, 指物时只能用which；介词选择的依据主要是根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定；或者以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定，并且含有介词的短语动词不能拆开，介词仍然放在动词之后。 高考考例：
1. (2004全国卷) The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _______ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
解析：关系代词which指代the journey, 定语从句恢复为独立的句子是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.故答案选A。
2. (2004全国卷) The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
解析：本句主句部分应是The English play at the New Year's party was a great success.从句补全为独立的句子是:My students acted in the play. 故答案选C。
3. (2004上海卷) American women usually identify their best friend as someone _______ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
解析：先行词为someone,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语，介词with 可以放在关系代词之前，identify...as...意为"把……当作……"，故答案选D。
考点2 复杂介词+关系代词
知识归纳： 用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front
of, in case of, on account of等。例如：
①We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.
②Is there a certain test by means of which the No. 1 will be decided?
考点3 简单介词+关系代词+名词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词有which, whose。介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义。
高考考例：
(1995上海) In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. _______ time many people have gone home.
A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which
解析：介词by表示时间的意思是"到那时为止"。这句话的意思是"在办公室里，我似乎直到下午5：30才有空，那时许多人都已经回家了"。故答案选D。 This is the boss in whose company his elder sister is working.
考点4 the+ 名词+of+关系代词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系, 口语中常用"whose + 名词"代替。非正式文体中可以用"of which the +名词"。
高考考例：
(2000上海) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
解析：答案选B。本题就是一个考查the+ 名词+of+关系代词结构的一个典型例子。这里the price of which指代the price of the vase, 答案也可以是whose price。 考点5 表示部分的词语＋of＋关系代词
知识归纳：此时，指人的关系代词只能是whom, 指事物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any；数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词+名词；the +最高级/比较级；以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter等。 高考考例：
1. (2004湖北卷) There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings; B选项缺少一个连词。
2. (2004辽宁卷) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
解析：答案为A。80% of which指代的是80% of the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的50万双鞋子有80%都是销往国外的。
3.7 定语从句和同位语从句之间的区别
3.7.1定语从句的先行词是名词和代词，定语从句起限制、修饰先行词的作用，而同位语从句的先行词一般是抽象名词，它解释、说明先行词的具体内容： ①The news that our team has won is true. （同位语从句）
②The news that he told me is true. (定语从句)
3.7.2引导词在从句中作成分是定语从句，引导词在从句中不作成分是同位语从句
①The news (that) he told me is exciting.（作宾语可省）
②The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true. （引导同位语从句不可省）
3.8 先行词是 reason，关系词在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，用which/that/as，作状语用why或for + which。
①This is the reason that he told me yesterday.
②This is the reason why he was late for the meeting.
3.9 先行词是"地点名词"，如在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，关系词用which/that/as，作状语用where或介词+ which。
①That is the factory which/that produces 100,000TV sets a year.
②That is the factory where/in which his father once worked.
3.10 先行词是"时间名词" 如在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，关系词用which/that/as，作状语用when或介词+ which。
①I'll never forget the days which/that we spent on that lonely island.
②I'll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.
3.11 两个特殊的关系代词。
3.11.1 but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。 ①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。
*3.11.2 than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。）
①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。
②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。
运用上述知识翻译下列句子：
1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。（but）
2．我们大家都想去桂林。（but）
3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。（but）
4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。（but）
5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅（but）
6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。（than）
7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。（than）
8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。（than）
9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。（than）
10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。（than）
答案：
1．There is no one but likes to be praised．
2．There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin．
3．There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．
4．There is no one in our class but wants to help you．
5．There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war． 6．This matter is more complex than is imagined．
7．This advertisement is more affective than is expected．
8．The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear．
9．He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．
10．The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．
4．定语从句与其他句型的区分
4.1定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters, none of __________ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters, but none of __________ is a dancer．
③Mr Li has three daughters; ___________ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
4.2定语从句与状语从句
4.2.1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
①This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
②Let's go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4.2.2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
①Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
②It was already five o'clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o'clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
4.2.3 When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用"介词＋which"的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
①This is the factory where (in which) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
②Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
4.2.4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：
①It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
②It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
4.3 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：
4.3.1 先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：①This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）
②We don't know the reason why they didn't attend the meeting. 我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）
③The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people's health . 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)
1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。（but）
2．我们大家都想去桂林。（but）
3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。（but）
4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。（but）
5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅（but）
6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。（than）
7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。（than）
8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。（than）
9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。（than）
10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。（than）
答案：
1．There is no one but likes to be praised．
2．There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin．
3．There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．
4．There is no one in our class but wants to help you．
5．There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war． 6．This matter is more complex than is imagined．
7．This advertisement is more affective than is expected．
8．The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear．
9．He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．
10．The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．
4．定语从句与其他句型的区分
4.1定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters, none of __________ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters, but none of __________ is a dancer．
③Mr Li has three daughters; ___________ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
4.2定语从句与状语从句
4.2.1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
①This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
②Let's go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4.2.2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
①Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
②It was already five o'clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o'clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
4.2.3 When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用"介词＋which"的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
①This is the factory where (in which) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
②Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
4.2.4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：
①It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
②It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
4.3 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：
4.3.1 先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：①This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）
②We don't know the reason why they didn't attend the meeting. 我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）
③The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people's health . 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)
④I had no idea when the sports meet will take place. 我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)
4.3.2 从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：①The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam
可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.
②The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）
③The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
4.3.3 引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：①I'll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall．我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。（定语从句，关系副词when作从句状语）
②The fact that (which) we talked about is very important．我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）
③The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）
④I have no idea what he has done. 我不知道他做了什么。（同位语从句）
⑤I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed . 我怀疑他是否能受到热烈欢迎。(同位语从句)
⑥You have no idea how worried he was . 你不知道他是多么担心！(同位语从句)
4.4 定语从句与强调句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _________ I met Liang Wei at the airport．
②It is the factory _________ Mr Wang works．
解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为"It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句"。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，①小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It is／was去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第①小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport．显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。
4.5 定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time ________ she has been in Shanghai．
②It was the time ________ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
4.6 定语从句与单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work, __________ didn't help．
②The mother told the lazy boy to work. __________ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
1. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.
A.which B. when C. how D. where【易错】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where【分析】正确答案为A。在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that。比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when：
She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
定语从句
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was.请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：
（1） Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.
A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are
（2） The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
（3） Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？”
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？
3. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。
【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：
_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
此题答案选 A，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。
再比较下面一组题，其中第（1）题选 B，第（2）题选 D：
（1） ______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
（2） ______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
4. David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such … that …句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。
【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such … that … （如此……以至……）结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that.比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：
David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
请再做以下试题（答案选D）：
It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A. like B. that C. which D. as
5. The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses.
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses.类似地，以下各题也选D：
（1） His house, for _______ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
（2） Ashdown forest, through _______ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
（3） This I did at nine o’clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：
（4） George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.
A. that B. him C. them D. whom
（5） Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
（6） I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
6. He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students.
【分析】最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field 为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of… 的前面加上连词and，则选答案B.比较以下各题（答案均选A）：
（1） He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
（2） He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. them B. which C. what D. that
（3） He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
（4） He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. them B. whom C. which D. who
7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A.比较：
（1） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。
（2） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were.
（3） They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。
8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是A.与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：
（1） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B.whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated.
（2） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A.因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。
（3） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A.their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。
（4） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sat together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B.whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat.
（5） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B.whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting.
9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：
（1） If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
（2） If you want a double room, _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
（3） Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
（4） When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
10. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
【陷阱】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where.
【分析】正确答案为A.在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that.比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when： She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
请再做一组试题（答案均选A）：
（1） Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
选A，which 在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。
（2） Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
选A，which 在定语从句中用作主语。
（3） Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
选A，where 在定语从句中用作状语。
3.6介词+which/whom/whose
考点1 简单介词+关系代词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom, 指物时只能用which；介词选择的依据主要是根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定；或者以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定，并且含有介词的短语动词不能拆开，介词仍然放在动词之后。 高考考例：
1. (2004全国卷) The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _______ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
解析：关系代词which指代the journey, 定语从句恢复为独立的句子是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.故答案选A。
2. (2004全国卷) The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
解析：本句主句部分应是The English play at the New Year's party was a great success.从句补全为独立的句子是:My students acted in the play. 故答案选C。
3. (2004上海卷) American women usually identify their best friend as someone _______ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
解析：先行词为someone,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语，介词with 可以放在关系代词之前，identify...as...意为"把……当作……"，故答案选D。
考点2 复杂介词+关系代词
知识归纳： 用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front
of, in case of, on account of等。例如：
①We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.
②Is there a certain test by means of which the No. 1 will be decided?
考点3 简单介词+关系代词+名词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词有which, whose。介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义。
高考考例：
(1995上海) In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. _______ time many people have gone home.
A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which
解析：介词by表示时间的意思是"到那时为止"。这句话的意思是"在办公室里，我似乎直到下午5：30才有空，那时许多人都已经回家了"。故答案选D。 This is the boss in whose company his elder sister is working.
考点4 the+ 名词+of+关系代词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系, 口语中常用"whose + 名词"代替。非正式文体中可以用"of which the +名词"。
高考考例：
(2000上海) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
解析：答案选B。本题就是一个考查the+ 名词+of+关系代词结构的一个典型例子。这里the price of which指代the price of the vase, 答案也可以是whose price。 考点5 表示部分的词语＋of＋关系代词
知识归纳：此时，指人的关系代词只能是whom, 指事物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any；数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词+名词；the +最高级/比较级；以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter等。 高考考例：
1. (2004湖北卷) There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings; B选项缺少一个连词。
2. (2004辽宁卷) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
解析：答案为A。80% of which指代的是80% of the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的50万双鞋子有80%都是销往国外的。
3.7 定语从句和同位语从句之间的区别
3.7.1定语从句的先行词是名词和代词，定语从句起限制、修饰先行词的作用，而同位语从句的先行词一般是抽象名词，它解释、说明先行词的具体内容： ①The news that our team has won is true. （同位语从句）
②The news that he told me is true. (定语从句)
3.7.2引导词在从句中作成分是定语从句，引导词在从句中不作成分是同位语从句
①The news (that) he told me is exciting.（作宾语可省）
②The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true. （引导同位语从句不可省）
3.8 先行词是 reason，关系词在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，用which/that/as，作状语用why或for + which。
①This is the reason that he told me yesterday.
②This is the reason why he was late for the meeting.
3.9 先行词是"地点名词"，如在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，关系词用which/that/as，作状语用where或介词+ which。
①That is the factory which/that produces 100,000TV sets a year.
②That is the factory where/in which his father once worked.
3.10 先行词是"时间名词" 如在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，关系词用which/that/as，作状语用when或介词+ which。
①I'll never forget the days which/that we spent on that lonely island.
②I'll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.
3.11 两个特殊的关系代词。
3.11.1 but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。 ①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。
*3.11.2 than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。）
①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。
②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。
运用上述知识翻译下列句子：
1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。（but）
2．我们大家都想去桂林。（but）
3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。（but）
4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。（but）
5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅（but）
6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。（than）
7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。（than）
8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。（than）
9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。（than）
10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。（than）
答案：
1．There is no one but likes to be praised．
2．There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin．
3．There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．
4．There is no one in our class but wants to help you．
5．There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war． 6．This matter is more complex than is imagined．
7．This advertisement is more affective than is expected．
8．The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear．
9．He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．
10．The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．
4．定语从句与其他句型的区分
4.1定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters, none of __________ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters, but none of __________ is a dancer．
③Mr Li has three daughters; ___________ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
4.2定语从句与状语从句
4.2.1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
①This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
②Let's go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4.2.2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
①Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
②It was already five o'clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o'clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
4.2.3 When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用"介词＋which"的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
①This is the factory where (in which) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
②Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
4.2.4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：
①It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
②It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
4.3 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：
4.3.1 先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：①This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）
②We don't know the reason why they didn't attend the meeting. 我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）
③The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people's health . 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)
1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。（but）
2．我们大家都想去桂林。（but）
3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。（but）
4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。（but）
5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅（but）
6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。（than）
7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。（than）
8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。（than）
9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。（than）
10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。（than）
答案：
1．There is no one but likes to be praised．
2．There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin．
3．There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．
4．There is no one in our class but wants to help you．
5．There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war． 6．This matter is more complex than is imagined．
7．This advertisement is more affective than is expected．
8．The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear．
9．He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．
10．The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．
4．定语从句与其他句型的区分
4.1定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters, none of __________ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters, but none of __________ is a dancer．
③Mr Li has three daughters; ___________ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
4.2定语从句与状语从句
4.2.1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
①This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
②Let's go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4.2.2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
①Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
②It was already five o'clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o'clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
4.2.3 When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用"介词＋which"的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
①This is the factory where (in which) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
②Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
4.2.4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：
①It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
②It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
4.3 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：
4.3.1 先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：①This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）
②We don't know the reason why they didn't attend the meeting. 我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）
③The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people's health . 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)
④I had no idea when the sports meet will take place. 我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)
4.3.2 从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：①The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam
可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.
②The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）
③The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
4.3.3 引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：①I'll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall．我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。（定语从句，关系副词when作从句状语）
②The fact that (which) we talked about is very important．我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）
③The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）
④I have no idea what he has done. 我不知道他做了什么。（同位语从句）
⑤I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed . 我怀疑他是否能受到热烈欢迎。(同位语从句)
⑥You have no idea how worried he was . 你不知道他是多么担心！(同位语从句)
4.4 定语从句与强调句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _________ I met Liang Wei at the airport．
②It is the factory _________ Mr Wang works．
解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为"It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句"。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，①小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It is／was去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第①小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport．显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。
4.5 定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time ________ she has been in Shanghai．
②It was the time ________ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
4.6 定语从句与单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work, __________ didn't help．
②The mother told the lazy boy to work. __________ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
1. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.
A.which B. when C. how D. where【易错】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where【分析】正确答案为A。在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that。比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when：
She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where