自上而下的阅读模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用

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本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果,尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成

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蠢果,也不包含本人为获得内蒙古师范大学或其它教育机构的学位‘’,,1

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签名:献。娼觚日期:∥。1年<月}7日

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签名:氓韵歹峙师签名:彳岛矽日期:矿,,年厂月f7日

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

中文摘要

随着现代社会的发展,英语作为一门语言己成为一种工具。为了能与人更好的相处,我们应该得到更多的信息,而阅读是一个最好的方法。它能给学习者提供重要和足够的语言输入。“自上而下"的阅读模式可以有效的帮助大学的学生在课堂中轻松的完成与读训练,但在初中英语中的应用研究还比较少。本篇论文是为了研究中国初中学生使用“自上而下”的阅读策略的情况和训练效果而构思的,文中的实验也是为了了解初中生使用“自上而下”阅读模式而进行的尝试研究。

1976年Goodman(古德曼)提出了“自上而下"的阅读理论。他认为阅读是“心里猜测游戏”,就是主动的“猜测一证实"的活动。它是一种阅读对象与阅读者之间相互作用的过程。《英语课程标准》指出:阅读教学的目的是培养学生阅读策略,培养语感,特别强调培养学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。如何有效地提高学生的英语阅读理解能力、提高阅读技巧是摆在每位英晤教师面前的一项重要任务。阅读理解是中学英语教学的侧重点,是各单元教学的核心。中学英语阅读课程应当有意识地运用与阅读相关的理论来指导学生的阅读模式,帮助学生建立正确的阅读模式,以提高学生对阅读材料的正确理解。

本文将“自上而下”阅读模式运用到了初中英语阅读教学中并通过实验进行了英语阅读教学的研究:实验对象为吗海市普通中学初中二年级两个班的学生,其中一个为实验班另一个为普通班。实验将分别对这两个班的学生采用自上而下的英语阅读模式和传统的阅渎训练方式,进行对比研究。实验时间为~个完整的教学年,在实验中主要采用阅读测

,可行性

ABSTRACT

Withthedevelopmentofmodemsociety,Englishasaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inordertogetalongwellwithpeople,weshouldgetmoreinf.ormation,whilereadingisoneofthebestmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimportantandenoughlanguageinput.¨Top’down¨readingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVersitystudentsinarelaxedclasswithtraining,butinjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplicationresearchalsoless.ThispaperistostudyChinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstouse¨top—down”readingstrategies,thepaperexperimentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。schoolstudentsuse”top—down¨modeIofreading.

1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard’’pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents’readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents’languageintheprocessofreadinginf.omationacquisitionandprocessingcapacity.HowtoeffectiVelyimproVestudents’EngIishreadingcomprehensionandreadingsk-llsareimportantIasksforeachteacherinthemiddlesch001.Theemphasisisthecoreofteachingandleaming.ThemiddleschoolEnglishreadingcourseshouldconsciouslyandreadingrelatedthe09toguidethestudents’readingpattem,helpstudents

ABSTRACT

Withthedevelopmentofmodemsociety,Englishasaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inordertogetalongwellwithpeople,weshouldgetmoreinf.ormation,whilereadingisoneofthebestmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimportantandenoughlanguageinput.¨Top’down¨readingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVersitystudentsinarelaxedclasswithtraining,butinjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplicationresearchalsoless.ThispaperistostudyChinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstouse¨top—down”readingstrategies,thepaperexperimentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。schoolstudentsuse”top—down¨modeIofreading.

1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard’’pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents’readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents’languageintheprocessofreadinginf.omationacquisitionandprocessingcapacity.HowtoeffectiVelyimproVestudents’EngIishreadingcomprehensionandreadingsk-llsareimportantIasksforeachteacherinthemiddlesch001.Theemphasisisthecoreofteachingandleaming.ThemiddleschoolEnglishreadingcourseshouldconsciouslyandreadingrelatedthe09toguidethestudents’readingpattem,helpstudents

内蒙吉师范大学硕士学位论文

establishcorrectreadingschema,toimproVethestudents。readingspeed,andtostrengthenthecoITectunderstandingofthereadingmaterials.

Thisarticlewilluse¨top—down¨waytojuniormiddleschoolbyreadingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingresearch.ExperimentalsubjectsaretwoclassesofstudentsofGradeTwoinWuHaiordina叫middlesch001.0neisexperimentalclass,andtheotherisregularclass.TheexperimentwillrespectiVelyonthetwoclassofstudentsusingatop—downEnglishreadingmodeandordina叫readingtrainingformsascomparatiVestudy.ExperimentteachingtimewilltakeawhoIeteachingterm,anditwillusepretestingandaRertestasmeasurementtocollectresearchresults.Throughtheexperiment,thestudentsinexperimentclassnotonlytheirscoreshasbeenrisenbutalsotheirleamingmotiVationhasbeeninspired,students’self二conndencehasbeenstrengthened,andlearninginteresthasbeenincreasedsignincantly.

Thispaperexplored"top—down¨readingpattemoftheoreticalresearch,and向rtherconfirmedtheteachingof“top—down¨readinginjuniorhighschool,andalsocreatedef.fectiVeEnglishreadingclassroomleaming.TheBenefitsf.orjuniormiddleschooIEnglishteachingref.ormproVidesanewidea.

KEYWORDS:JuniorEnglishreading,¨top—down¨reading,efnciency,feasibility‘▲‘・

CONTENTS

I.Introduction..。...….。。....。......。。.。......。…...。。。….......…........。l1.1Researchbackground

1.2Briefintroductionofthestudy………………………………………………….11.3Theneedforthepresentstudy………………………………………………….2Ⅱ.LiteratureReview.。....。......。.。...。….。..。…..。....。...。。.....。.。....42.1Definitionsofreading…………………………………………………………….42.2Relatedresearchesonreadingmodels……………………………………..52.2.1Relatedstudiesbyforeignresearchers………………………………..72.2.2Relatedstudiesbydomesticresearchers……………………………..72.3ThestudyonTbp—downreadingteachingatHome……………………8Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfoundationonTbp.downreadingteaching....。。..。.103.1TheDeflnitionofTIop—downreading……………………………………….1O3.2TheadvantagesofTbp—downreading………………………………………1O3.3MajorMethodsofTop—downreading……………………………・ll3.3.1Activatingbackgroundknowledge…………………………………….・113.3.2Beforereadingstrategies…………………………………………………一1l3.3.3Cultivatingability………………………………………………113.3.4Remainactiveclassroomatmosphere…………………………………l2Ⅳ.MethodoIogy………………………………………………………………”134.1ResearchQuestions………………………………………………………・13

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

4.2Hypothesis…………………………………………………………l34.3Subjects……………………………………………………………134.4Instruments…………………………………………………………………………..134.5Procedures……………………………………………………………………………144.5.1Process……………………………………………………………………………144.5.2Examplesofteachingtraining…………………………………144.5.3SymbolicDescription:…………………………………………l84.5.4Experiment……………………………………………………l84.5.5DataAnalysis…………………………………………………一204.5.6Findings……………………………………………………….22V.ConcIusion。。。.。...。...。.。。…。.。......。......….。..。。.。。。。。.….....24References:…………………………………………………………………………26Appendix1.。....…..…。.....。...。。.......。.。..。。。。。..。。。.。.。..。.。.。。…28Appendix2.。...。。.。..。。.......。.。…。....。..。.。。。...。.....。。.........。。.。.30Appendix3.........….......。。.。.........….。..。。.............。。.。..。.。.。...。..3lAppendix4..。..。....…。..。..。..。。。。.。。…。。.。............。。。。.......。。...32Appendix5...。......。。。.………。。......…..…....。...。。...。.。.……...。......34Achlowledgements……。.………………………………………………………38

I.Introduction

1.1Researchbackground

Le锄ingforeignlanguagethroughlanguageVehicleismainlyabouttogainandexchangeinfo肿ation.NowadayssciencetechnologyiswelldeVeloped;readingisobvi叫slythechiefwayfromwhichwegainandexchangemessages.Readingisoneoftheimponantlinksinteachingofaforeignlanguage.WiththedeVelopmentofthemodemsociety,EnglishaSalanguagehasbecomeatoolwhichpeoplecancOmmunlcatewitheachother.Inordertogetwellknownfromothers,weshouldgetmoreinfo肿ationofwhichreadingisabestway.Itgivesleamersimportantandsumcientmaterialsforlanguageinput,anditisthefoundationtoimproVestudents’listening,speaking,writingandtranslationabilities.

Ontheotherhand,studentsmustfacealltypesoftextsintheirlifewhichthe

on

readingpartsisnotonlyimportantbuthasmorescores.Studentsmustdoexcellentreadingpanandtheycangethigherscore.SoinVariousgradesofEnglishtests,readingstandsatthetopoftheworld.Becauseofthis,someteachersandscholarsbegintoresearchnewteachingmethodsofEnglishreadinginordertoimproVestudents’readingcomprehensionleveI,anditisnecessaryforteacherstogiVetheproperwayofreadlngtotheirstudents.

12Brjefintroductionofthestudy

Thede6nedas‘‘constructingmeaningfromawrittentext,’

processofreading,is

(1996,p.141).CarrellandEsdayaIsobelieVe“readingisareceptlVelanguagep1.ocess,lnthatitstanswithalinguisticrepresentationencodedbyawriterandendswlthmeanIngwhichthereaderconstructs’,.SuchdennitionshowsanimportantandactiVeroIethatreadersplayduringtheinteractjonwiththetext.Inthelast40years,researchersfGoodmilll’1967;Slnitll,1971;Widdowson,1978,1983;DLlbin,Eskey&Grabeetal・1984)havedevelopedmodelstodescribewhathappenswhenpeopleread,amongwhlcnbottom.up,top.downandinteractiVemodelsarethethreemostimponantmodeIs・AebersoldandFieId(1997,p.18)assertintheI‘ealteachillgcontext,whichmodeltochoosedependsonthetypeoftext.reader’sbackgroundknowledge,theirlanguage

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

pronciencyleVelandeVentheirculturalbeliefSaboutEnglishreading.

Basedonthebriefcommentsaboutreadingathomeandabroad,andalsobasedonthetheo巧andtop-downmodelofEnglishreading,thethesisdoaroughanalysisontheEnglishreadingability.Inthispaper,studentshadbeentrainedbydifl'erentwaysoftheEnglishreadingteaching;onef.orregularreading,theotheristhroughtop—downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmaterialis”PentiumEnglish・-Specialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoolreadingcomprehensionofthedesign”.InordertoimprovetheirEn91.shreadingleVel,theteacherwouldtrainthe60students’readingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingeVeryday.Af!terasemesteroftraining,thetestscoresofmidtermand6nalexamswillbeanalyzed,theformoftheresultswillshowtheresultswhichbytwoclassesofhorizontalcontrast,aswe¨asdifrerentleVelsofComparisonoflongitudinalstudentachieVementoutcome.1.3Theneedforthepresentstudy

Accordingtothesyllabusin2000,thegoalofEnglishteachingatjuniormiddleschoolistodeVelopstudents’skillsoflistening,speaking,reading,andwriting.Amongtheseskills,readingisthemajorone.Itisnotonlythemostimportantlanguageskillsbutalsotheleamingskillsthatleamersshouldmaster.EnglishisleamedasaforeignlanguageinChina.AlthoughitisgiVenomcialpriority,theproblemofitstime——consunlingandlowefnciencyhasnotbeensolVed.Especiallyforjuniormiddleschoolstudents,theylacklanguageknowledge,motiVation,andreadingstrategies.TheyarestrugglinginlearningEnglishallthetime.MostofthemhaVestudiedEnglishsincetheyarepupiIsinprima巧school,buttheirEnglishreadingabilityisVerylow.Whenaskedtheca‘seoffailure,theysaythattherearetoomanyunknownwords,andthattimeissoshortthattheycan’tfinishthereadingcomprehensionpantsata11.Theseproblemshavecollectwithreadingability.Therefore,whetherintheoryorinpractice,itisVerysignincanttoseektheapproachestOimproVeVocationals【udenLs’readingability.

ThispaperdoesnotVenturetoshowaf.ullpictureofthethreemodels,theauthorattemptstoargue,asfarasteachingreadingcomprehensionskillsisconcemed,thetop—downreadingstrategiestrainingis111【)reeff.ectiVet11anthebottom—upmodelinhelpingthejuniorschoolstudentsbecometluentandefbcientreadersinEng“sh.This

I.Inn‘oduction

paperf.ocusesontheanalysisofusingthetop—downreadingmodelcanhelpstudentsle锄Englishreadingbetter.

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

II.LiteratureReview

2.1De6nitionsofreading

AuthoritiesandexpertsonthedennitionsofreadinghaVedi妇’erentviews.Seliger(1972)thoughtthatcomprehensionisaninVariantconditionofreading.Read(1970),howeVer’disagreedthatreadingindispensabIyinVolVedunderstanding,Carroll(1970)expressedtheViewsimilartoSeligerwhenheidenti6edthe‘‘essentialskillsinreadingasgettingmeallingfIromaprintedorwrittenmessages”.Inhisview,‘’readingistheidentificationoflinguisticf;)rmsf.romstringsofwrittenconngurationthatrepresentthem,aseVidencedbyproducingtheconVentionalsignsf.orthesamelinguisticforminsomeothersystemofpresentation"

Ontheotherhand,readingisdennedasasequenceofcognitiVeeVents.Forexample,Harris(1966)belieVedthatreadingisthecomplexityofthereading——thinkingrelationshipandbytheprocessofreadingreaderscanleamandpracticetheaccuracyofthought,goodjudgment,andaf.eelingofValues.FromthepsycholinguisticperspectiVe,mostpsycholinguisticstressedthatreadingwasacommunicationprocessinwhichthereaderinteractedwiththeprintthroughtheuseofpastexperienceandknowledgeofthelinguisticsystem.Althoughtherearediff.erentopinionsaboutaprecisedennitionofreading,mostoftheresearchersagreedthreepointsaboutreading:

First,readingisadecodingprocess,especiallydecodingputintosound.Inthissense.readingtendstobemadeasdecodingleaderstosoundsoritisregardedasataskofidentif.yingwords.ThiskindofreadingisVisualinnatureandwhichafo门mofwordgettingbefIorecomprehensionsis.AndaIso,thisdennitiontendstoagreeonbeginninginstructionwithlettersand.words,payinglittleattentiontomeaningunt订substantialprogressindecodinghaVebeenachieVed.

TheseconddennitionisIhatreadingisanunderstandingorconlprehension1)roccss.R,“1isJel’11iti‘)n,Ihcl‘caJcl.、、ilIu+>~cr)11al‘JtugcL【hc111canillgofabookoratextfromthepointofViewofauthor’s.

However,asIrwin(1991)suggestedthatthewriterdidnotreallyconVeyideastothereadersbutonlystimulatedthellltoconstructideasoutoftheirownexperience.Thus,

-———————————————————————————————————————————————————————一一一一….!!:生!!!堕!竺坠∑!!!一.——

ithasIongsincebeenrecognizedthatgettingmeaningfromtheprintedpassageistoolimitedadefinitionofreading.Bringingmeaningtotheprintedpageindicatesmoreaccuratelythereciprocalprocessbetweentheprintedsymbolsandthemindofthereader.So,readingmLlstbeseenasconstructiVethlnklngprocess・

Therefore,thethirddefinitionismoresuitable,whichnarrowsthepurposeotreadingdowntogetthemeaningfromtextinwrittenform.Everydaywemayreaddia’erenttypesofthingsinnewspapers,suchasfIeaturereports,newsreports,campuslife,shortnovels,stories,advertisements,statisticsandletters.Readingsuchmaterialsisaprocessofscanningto矗ndtheinformationneeded.Infact,nomatterwhatweread,wesometimesareinterestedinthepronunciationofwhat、vereadexceptintinyminoritvofcases,morethanweareinterestedinthegrammaticalstructuresused・

Whenweread,wewanttogetthefacts,ideasandenjoyment厅omthewriting,.Whateveritis,wewanttogetthemessagethatthewriterhasexpressed,andweareinterestedinwhatthewritingmeans.As、veknow,thepu巾oseofthewriter’sproducingatextistoinform,andthereader’sroleistonndoutthispurposeandgetthetextwriter’sinf0肌ation.Hencethethirddennitiontumsouttobethemostimportantandsuitabledefinitionofreading.Itshowsthefundamentalreasonforreading.Italsoshowsthatthereader’sroIeinreadingisactiveratherthanpassiVe.Readingteachingisofcommunication,bycommunicationandforcommunication.2.2Relatedresearchesonreadingmodels

Tbp.downapproachtoreadingemphasistheroleofsearchingfor‘meaning’ratherthantheroleofccode.breaking’intheinitialteachingofreading.FrankSmith(1978)andGoodmanandGoodman(1979)areassociatedwiththetheoreticalunde印inningtoapproachesfavouring‘top.down’strategiesfordecodingbaSedonpredictionandguessing.JeniRileyde6nesthestrongpointoftheseapproachesaSfollows:‘MeaningDrovidesthedvnalllo孙I.t11ew110leactivityofrcading.giVingitpurpose’(Riley;l996,p.23).However’shejoinsothercriticsofextremef.onnsofthenlodel“1poilltingoutthat・whoIereading’or‘top.down’approachesdonothelpteacherswiththesystematlcteachingneededattheinitialstages.

ThisopinionisembodiedintheRoseReport(2006)w11ichreconlmendsthatreaderss110Llldbetau曲tinitiallybegillningbya11exclLIsi、7elysyntheIicphonicmethod・Later

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

thereneedstobecarefulIyplannedworkatletterandwordleVel(‘bottom-up’approach)aswellasattentiontocontextandwholetextaspects(‘top-do、)m’approach).HerearetheViewsofsomeresearchersaboutthetop—downreadingmodel:FrankSmith,ajournalisttumedreadingresearcher:

・Readingisnotdecodingwrittenlanguagetospokenlanguage.・ReadingdoesnotinVolVetheprocessingofeachletterandeachword.・Readingisamatterofbrjngingmeaningtoprint,notextractingmeaningf.rom

print.(McCornlick,T.1988)

KennethS.Goodman,readingspeciaIislattheUniVersityofArizona:

・“…thegoalofreadingisconstructingmeaninginresponsetotext…Itrequires

interactiVeuseofgrapho-phonic,syntactic,andsemanticcuestoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981).

・AlthoughGoodmanisoRenreferredtoaSaleadingadVocateofthetop-down

印proach,hismodeIbyhisownadmissionisinteractiVe,“…itisonewhichusesprintasinputandhasmeaningasoutput.ButthereaderproVidesinputtoo,andthereader,interactingwithtext,isselectiVeinusingjustaslittleofthecuesfromtextaSnecessarytoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981)Herearesomefeaturesofatop・downapproachtoreading(GoVe1983):

・ReaderscancomprehendaselectioneVenthoughtheydonotrecognizeeach

word.

・Readersshouldusemeaningandgrammaticalcuestoidentifyunrecognized

words.

・ReadingformeaningistheprinlaryobjectiVeofreadingratherthanmasteryof

letters.1etter/soundrelationships.andwords.

・ReadingrequirestheuseofmeaningactiVitiesratherthanthemasteryofaseries

ofword—recognitionskills.

・Theprinlaryf.ocusofinstructionshouldbeIhereadingofsentences,paragraphs,

a11dwholeselections.6

II.LiteratureReview

2.2.1Relatedstudiesbyf-oreignresearchers

Goodman(1971)thoughtthatreadingisanactiVe—guessing-a・nddle——connnnprocess,knownasthetop—oownmodel.WhilereadingthereaderSareactiVeinchoosing,experiencing,predicting,connrminganddecidingwiththeknowledge,whichthereadersalreadyhavehadandtheinf-ormationofthevisualsenseappears,Thatisapsycholinguisticguessinggame.

D.E.Rumelhan(1980)thinksthatreadingisaninteractiVeexchangeprocess.Itconsistsofbothbottom—upmodelandtop—_downmodel.ThatistheinteractiVemodel.Butnomatterwhatmodelsthereadertakes,thereadingabilitymainlydependsontheirbackgroundknowledge.Asamatteroffact,Widdowson(1990)thinksthatboththereaders’languageknowIedgeandschematicknowIedgehaVegreatef.fectontheirunderstandingofthetext.

Rumelhart(1977)hasestablishedtheschematheoryinwhichreadingismadeupoflinguisticschemata,contentschemataandrhetoricalschemata.Accordingtotheschematheory,reading,firstofall,istoputthewordsmessagesintoone’smind.ThenreaderssearChfortheschematathatcallexplainorillustratetheinputmessagealreadystoredintheirminds.Whentheseschemataarefound,comprehensionisobtained.Othen“sethereaderscan’tunderstandwhattheyread.

2.2.2Relatedstudiesbydomesticresearchers

HuChundong(1998)pointedoutthatreadingabilityisakindofspeechab订ityofpeopleandthespeechabilityref色rstotheabilitythatanindiVidualusesalanguage——abilityoflisting,speaking,reading,andwriting,Generally,Englishreadingabilitybelongstothecategoryofspeechcomprehensionability.HediVidesreadingabilityintotheabilitytounder踺andtheworksofspeech,theabilitytounderstandthecountofthe、vorksofspeech,theabilityofcommunicationideaandtheskillsofreading.TheyarethepillarsoftheEnglishreadingabilityaSawhole.

DuXue7engf19961PointedoutthatEnglishreadingisacomprehensiVeab订ityandhediscussedmanyrelationsbetweenreadingandunderstanding,readingandVocabulary,readingandgrammar,readingandbackgroundknowledge,readingspeed,readinginterestetc.HealsodiscussedmanyreadingskillsinEnglishreading.Heclaimedthatonecan’tunderstandthesimplereadingmaterialswithoutlargeVocabuIary,withoutknowingthedif艳rencesbet、、.censynon)’nls。、、’ithoutbasicgramlllarkno、、7ledge.especiallyaboLItVerbs7

---—_--——————●———-_———-—_-—_———————_--__—————————————————————————————————————————一。一!!:兰!堡!型竺竺坠竺坐一一——

intheearlystagesofreadingisthemosteffectiVeandemcientway”(1999,p.254).However’withthelearnerSwhohavealreadyhadcertainproficiency’“pre’reamng,schemabu订dingtasksdesignedtohelpthemapplywhattheyalreadyknowaboutasubjectcanhelpsignificantlyinreadingcomprehension”(1999,p.268).

Thus.consideredthestudents’cognitivematurityandtheleVelofpronciency,thetop。do、Vnstrate舀est豫iningseemstobemoresuitableandef琵ctiVethanthebottom。uponesincateringfortheneedsoftheChineseuniversityEFLlearnersinteachingreadingskills.Inthesecondplace,duetotheinfluenceoftraditionalgrammartranslationapproachinChineseEFLteaching,foralongtime,readingstrategiestraininghasemphasizedonthebottom.upmodel.Theassunlptionbehindbottom-upapproachgoeswellwiththebelief.SofgrammartranslationmethodinthattheyallconsiderEnglishleamingaLsconstructingawaIlinwhichbricks(thesmallestlinguisticunit)arethemostimportantcomponents(Nunan,1998,p.101).WiththebeliefthatnewwordsshouldbesolVedasthenrststepofreadingcomprehension,inmostChineseEFLreadingclasses,eVenattheuniVersityleVel,teachinglanguagepoints,explainingdi踞cultsyntacticstructures,translatingthetextf.romEnglishintoChineseaccountformostoftheclasstime.Asuccessfultranslationbetweenthetwolanguagesisconsideredasthecompleteunderstandingofthetext.Duetothis,ChineseEFLstudentsrelytoomuchonthedictionarytounderstandthereadingmaterials,andalmostignorethecontextuaIandstructuralknowledge,whichcanf.acilitatethemtoinfbrmcaningoftheunf.amiliarwords.Thus,theirreadingis“pepperedwithf.requentIycstoppedwords,thatbreaktheirconcentrationandcomprehension’’(Anders&Bos,1986;CitedinJohnson&Steele,l996,p.350).Bearingtheinefnciencyofbottom。upreadingskilIs,wearethinkingtheintroductionoftop—downstrategiessuchaspredlctlng,Internngandf-0cusingonmeaningratherthanWordsmayhelptheChineseuniVersityEFLleamerstobecomemoreefncientandnuentreaders.9。

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfoundationon1'op—downreadingteaching

3.1TheDeflnitionof7rop—downreading

Inl976,AmericanpsychologistGoodmhoe(Goodman),pointedoutthatthereaderisliterallyinfbnnation,butguess,FilteringandVerifytheiralreadyacquiredknowledge,andtoreVise,thentheysuspecttorealizeaccurateunderstanding.Thispattemiscalled”top—down¨mode,itisreadnowthepositiVeinfluenceofthereaders.Top-downreadingpattemmeansthatthereadershouldusebasicknowledge,IanguageW6rdsofknowledge,andunderstandingtounderstandthethemeofthewholetext.GuessnotunderstandthepaSsage,andthencaremllystudywhathemeans.ItsuggestedthetextbeginswiththemindreaderdriVerprocessorclosedthetextinanassumption.Readers’identi6cationisusedinlettersandwordstheyassumethemeaningofthetext.

3.2TheadVantagesof7rop—downreading

Manystudents,especiallythosewithlowleVelofEnglish,leamingapproachemphasizes”part”,suchastheglossaryandthegrammarstructure,thisprocessisregardedas”bottom-up”readingmethods.AppIication”bottom—up¨modelofreadingisbeganinwordsandphrasesandgrammar,andmakethemtointeract,andfinallytounderstandthewholetext.”Bottom—up”readingpatterninlanguageteachingproblemsIiesinit’snotf.ocusonproVidinganopportunityf.orreaders.Cecilia(2004)more,

Thispattemistoreadf如mthewordasthegeneralideaofthetextmessagestodecodeprocess.Readersandthecontactisunilateral,hecanonlythroughsuchaswordorphrasetounderstand,sothereaderwilloftenpassiVeposition,it’seasytofIaceaonlyknowthemeaningoftheworddidnotknowordon’tfullyunderstandthewholetextcarelessness.Forexample,“theprice”referstoareagreement”,”iftheliteraImeaningtotranslatebecamea¨seeeyetoeye:fromdi仟erentmeanings.

”Top—down”modclofreadinga11d”bottom—up”readingpattern、、’asopposite.Bottom-upwaypayattentiontotheword,andthetop—downwaymaketheunderstandingtostanfromt11ebackgroundoft11ewholeIextmeaning.Dif亿rentfromthereadertoreadignorethetraditional、’ie、Vs,lhiskindofmethodemphasizereadingwhenactivepanicipationofthereaders.First.t11euseofVisualaspectsofreaderscant.nd

.infomlationtoimprovelanguage,thetextinf.omation.SecondIy,readerscanusetheexperienceandknowledgeoflanguagetoVerif.ythatthetemporaryhypothesis.Finally,thereadertoreadagainaftertheassumptionsdoneconnrmorcorrected.3.3MajorMethodsof7rop—downreading3.3.1ActivatingbackgroundknowledgeBackgroundknowledgeref.erstothereadefsabouttheworld,includingknowledgeoflanguageknowledgeandnon-linguisticknowledge.BackgroundknowledgeinreadingcomprehensioninplaysaVeryimportantrole,ifthereisanarticleisjustthereadersarefamiliarwiththecontents,althou曲manyofthewords,readerscanunderstandthemeaningofthis,ConVersely,ifthecontentofthereaderisjustsomethingcompletelyunfamiliarwords,evenifnotmany’alsohardtounderstandthemeaning.Theteachercanguidestudentstounderstandtheheadings,ortothestudentraisessomequestionstoactivatestudents。backgroundknowledge,ordirectlytoproVidestudentswiththerelevantbackground,orcontacttheirstudentshavemasteredtheknowledgeitself.3.3.2BeforereadingstrategiesDifferentarticlescanusedif&rentmethods,suchasreading,readingorjumpforreading.Theteachershouldteachstudentshowtocatchthekeywordsandsentences,seizethepu叩ose,signincance,themainthemetoimproVestudents’understandingofthereadingspeedandtheaccuracyofunderstanding,conscioustrainingthestudentstoreadthewhoIelaw.Theteachershouldteachstudentstolearntousesummarizationandthroughcontextistounderstand.Forexample,whentheteacherspeaksSEFClAOlympicGames”close”thisclass,theteacherinthestudentcanreadbeforesomeproblems,suchaS“HowoRenaretheOlympicsheld?…‘What’stheOlympicmottO?Whatdoseitmean?’’AndthenIetstudentstrytoreadthroughthemethodto6ndtheanswerandknowaboutthecontent.3.3.3CultivatingabilityT.eachersshoLlldhell)snldentstoanalj,zetext.tocLllti、,ates“ldents’abililyIoimproveitsqualitystepbystep.Englishteachingshouldf.ollowtheprinciplesofintegrity,ratherthanthroughtheseparatetreatmenteachisolatedpieces.Theteachercanaskastudenttoreadfromthewhole,thenanaIyzedcarefuJly.Theteachershouldallowstudentsto丘ndeverypassage,accordingtolhepLIrposeofthearticleisdiVidedinto

se、,eralpurposeotherpal‘ts,andcallquickl)seizcda九icles,LllldcrsIalldthe111ainideasof

.11

————————————————————————————————————————————————————一一一内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

..

clues.

Eachoneisdif氨:rent,socanusedif琵rentwaysaresummarized.Forexample,summarizesVerbscanclearlyshowthedeVelopmentprocessofevents,Summarizecharacterscanhighlightlhemaincharacter.Allofthese’canhelptoimprovestudents・readingskillsinpractice.

3.3.4RemainactiVeclassroomatmosphere

ReadthecontentwiIlcombinewithlearnersinreallife.Letthestudentsinclassf.reelycanactiVeclas§roomatmosphere.Sometemporaryrandomeventscanalsohelptoregulateatmosphereinclass.Beforelearningapassage,theteachergivetherelatedquestionsfirst,thenletthestudentreplied,letstudentsopentheirbooks,studentswinsuddenlyenlighted,thewholereadingclassesw订lbeveryactive.Forexample,ifweleamsomethingaboutholidayaRerastoryabout”travelin∥,theteachercan.askclaSsmatesomeproblemsbef.ore,suchas”WherehaSyourvirtue?-t.・BytrainorByplane?””Howto?””Howlongwillittaketogetthere?”Theseproblemscanstimulatestudents’interest,sotheclaSsroomisactive.

2.

Ⅳ.MethodoIogy

4.1ResearchQuestions

Thepu印oseofthispaperistoexpound”top-down¨waytoEnglishreadingteaching,especiallytheimpactofjuniormiddleschool’sEnglishreading.IⅥanyinvestigationsonthismodelofreadingstrategyuseshowsthat,theef.fectwayoftrainingstudentsusetop-down、VaytoreadcanhelpthemunderstandthepassageswelI.Therefore,itisgreatnecessarytoidentifythecognitionandunderstandingofstudentsaboutthewholepassagecanbedeVelopedwelliftheteachersusepropertrainingwayoftop-downreading.

4.2Hypothesis

IfIusetop.downreadingmodelstrategytoo唱anizestudentstoIeamEnglishreading,anddeveloptheirschemataunderstandingatsametime,theEnglishreadingabilityofjuniorhighschool’sstudentswillbeimproVed.4.3Subjects

Theparticipantsinthispaperare60middleschoolstudentsofGradeEightfIromWuHaiNo.Eightmiddleschool-Theyare30studentsinClass7and30studentsinClass8.Theiraverageageisl6。IntheexploratorystudyalltheparticipantsarediVidedinto3groups,good,ordinaryorpoorleamersgrouprespectivelyaccordingtotheirperfbmancesineVerydayEnglishclassesandthescoresinthelaSttwoEnglishtests.Goodleamergroupwere20subjectswhosescoreswerehi曲erandpoorleamersgroupwerelosubjectswithpwerscores.Theother30studentswereappliedasordina巧groupfortheirscoreswereiqthemiddleofallthesubjects.

4.4Instn”11ents

TheinstrumentusedinthissurVeywasEngIishreadingtests.TheywilIbeusedinbeforeandaRertheexperiment.AttheendofthesemesteLthescoresofthethreegroupswillbeconductedagaintosee、Vhetherthereexistsanysignincantdif琵rencebetweenthestudents.

内蒙古9币范大学硕士学位论文

4.5Procedures

4.5.1Process

Inthispaper,thestudentsofthedifferentcIasseswhichf.romClass7andClass8hadbeentrainedbydif五erentwaysoftheEngIishreadingteaching,onef.0rregularreading,theoIheristhroughtop-downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmate“alis”PentiumEn91.sh--Specialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoolreadingcomprehensionofthedcsign”.InordertoimproVetheirEnglishreadinglevel,Theteacherwouldtrainthe60students’readingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingeVeryday,ARerasemesteroftraining,thetestscoresofmidtermand6nalexamshadbeeninlproVedinthef.ormwouldshowtheresultswhichbytwoclassesofhorizontalcont“lst,aswellasdiff.erentleVelsofComparisonoflongitudinalstudentachievementoutcome.

4.5.2ExampIesofteachingtraining

Tbp。downreadingmodelofteachingreadingisbasedonthetheoryinwhichreadingisregardedasaprediction—checkprocess,“apsycholinguisticguessingg蛐e”(Goodman,l970).InthisModel,notonlylinguiSticl(nowledgebutalsobackgroundknowledgeisinVolVedinreading.Theref.ore,itisbelievedthattheteachershouldteachthebackgroundknowledgenrst,sothatstudentsequippedwithsuchknowledgewillbeabletoguessmeaningf.romthepassage.Examplcl:

TheBeijing2008olymlpicgnmes

ThiSyenr,in2008,thjscentennialdrenmhnscor住etrHe.“’jI,enregettingrecI曲。forsevenyenrs・AndWee哟oyandcheer和rSixteend‘t3)s.”thechnlrman可chineseolympic。Mr.LiHQitoldHs.Inl908。thereporter西TianjinYoHmWrol£nnnrticlenndnskedt|treeqHestions:¨》henchiHesecoHtdtnkepnrtino睁mpics?whenc阳nesecott|dgetngoldmet划?w11cltc…nesecotl|dlloldtltcO咖叫cs?NoWtheqHestionshavet|lenllswers.Chinescsportplctyersgotthejfirstgo|dmednlinl984andnoWchinesepeople|tnssucces对Hllylletdtheolympics。one|l睫ndredyenrs:drenmoIjC|linesellnsconletrHe.AndotlrcoHntrygot5lgoldme(|clls.2i4

silvermedalS.28bron乙emednlsdHriHgthe01),mpicS.“’,7reareproHdwegetthe.住rstptnceandgobeyondAmericninnmoHnt以gotdmednls,“nchinesestHdentSntdproudly.”

“whatwiltbethenextoneh仉ndredyenrs’drenmo嗲chinese拿”thereporter口sked.DI纾.erentpeoplehnvedi8电rentidens.SomethinkC|linesecanholdtheolymplcsngnin-sHch髓theoldchairmnn对otympicsoncesnid,“chinacnnho|dtheo◇rnpicsngnin。’’BHtthegovernmentthjnksmorenboHtchinesepeople,soourcoHntry’sdrenmWlllbehoWtomakeoHrcoHnt哆strongernndmakepeople’sl毋betler.Mnnyexpertssnid.‘1Theolympicgnmewnsover'mesp碱t可。玲mpicSwillbe如rever讯cltinn.

ChooSelhecorrectQnsWerSaccordingtolhepnssnge.

1.HoWlongdidollrChinesepeopleprepnre如rlheolympicGnme?A.etghtyenrsB.SevenWeeksc.sevenyenrSD.sixteendcIys2.TheChlnesesportplc【yerjfirstgolnmednlinplympicGnme?A.1984B.i996c.1908D.20083.otlrcountrygot}nednlsin10lnl.

A.5iB.2iC.28D.1004.H,egotthe彝rstplnceinnmount可。inBe珏ingolympicgames.A.goldmednlsB.silvermedals

C.bronZemedntsD.nttmednls

whQlwiilprobnblybethenexlonehandI‘edyenrs?dream可chinQ彳.而gofD砌emoD门

B.HoWto}nnkeotlrcountrystrongernndmnkepeople’sl啦betler.C.1bhotdnnotherolymptcGnmeS.

DjHoM,|ohccome(1memherojwTO

ThetitIeofthepassage:theBe.jing2008OlympicGame

Theteachingaims:Readthepassagebystudents’own,andthenanswerthequestlons.

Theprocedureoftheteaching:

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

1.Pre・readingactiVities

Predictthecontentofthepassagebasedonthetitle.AskstudentstoguesswhatthepassagewilltellusaccordingtotheTitle.

ThetopicofOlympicwashotatthattime,sothestudentswereVeryinterestedinit.Theanswerswouldbewrittenontheblackboard:

・ThetimeOfholdingthe0lympicGames.

・ThecityofholdingtheOlympicGame:Be.jing

・Themedalsofthe0lympicGames

・ThemascotsoftheOlympicGames

・AnathleteLiuXiang

2.Sett.ngthescene

Letthestudentstof-am订iarwiththeculturalandsocialbackgroundknowledgereleVanttothereadingtext.Theteacherwillshowthesimpleprocessofapplyingfor0lympicGamesbypictures.Atthesametime,theteacherintroducedthatitwaSalongtimef.orChinesepeopletowaittoholdit.

3.ReadbythemselVesandfinishthequestionsbytheirown4.Checktheanswersandmakeaconclusion

Secondly'predictingwillgetthereader’smindclosertothethemeofthetext.Therearethfeewaysofpredictiflg,predictingbasedonthetitle,predict“19basedonVocabularyandpredictingbasedontheT/Fquestions

HaVingmadepredictionsbasedonthetitle,studentscanbeaskedtopredictsomeIexicalitemsthattheythinkarelikelytooccurinthetext.Thenthestudentsreadthetexttoconfinntheirpredictions.

Example2:Predictingbasedonthetitle

Mrknf,wtlll

soccer:thentostpopHlnrsport

HnveyouhndyoHrbreal‘j■st?

1.Pre—readingactiVities

Ifthestudentsarenotgoodatpredicting.theteachercanhelpthembyaskingcenalnquestlons:6

1陀xtl:WhoisMrknowall?

WhydopeoplethinkheisMrknowall?

DopeopleloVeMrKnowall?

7rext2:WhywebeIieVesocceristhemostpopularsport?

WhatistheW6rldCup?

Text3:Eatingbreak凰tisimportantornot?

Whatistheresultifthepersondoesnoteattherightbreakf.ast?

2.Settingthescene

Theteachershouldshowsomepicturesofinf.onnationinthesetexts,inordertostimulatetheknowledgeinstudents’brain.0nthisstep,studentscoulddiscussingroupsandgettheinclusionwhichtheyshoul‘jaskonetotenwhatw订lhappeninthestory.

3.Finishingreading

AfterreadingthesepaSsages,studentsshouldgiVethefeedbackhowtheyunderstandthem.AndtheyshouldretellinChineseifnecessary.

Example3:PredictingbasedonVocabulary

Inthis‘

predictionactiVity,theteacherproVidesstudentswi£hthelistofwords,

andasksthestudentstopredictwhatkindsofstorywouldhappeninLheLext,andtoreadthetextandcon6n11theirpredictions.

Thelistofthewords:doexercisebaSeballcheerup

thehighjumpthelongjumpmountain

weekendprettywellhour

1.Pre—readingactiVities

Usethesewordslomakeupsentencesingr‘uIps.TheteachershoLlldenc()LIragestudentstovvlritedowntheirsentencesonthepaper,themorethebetter.Thenthesessentenceswillbeshowntothewholeclass.

2.Settingthescene

Displayacanoonofalittlegirlwhoisen.joyingherspecialday,letthestudenttellastoryaccordingtothecartoonandlhesentenceswhichtheymakeupbef.ore.3.

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Readthepassagebelowandchecktheirpredictionrightorwrong.

AnnlikessportsverymHch.s|tegoescyctingtwiceaWeekandQ8engoesmoHntninclimbingonSundcIys。

shespendsh征ljanhoHrdoingexerciseinthegymeveryday.ShelenrnsbnseballonSntHrdt哆s,nndnoWsheplaySitpret◇Well.

She话alsogoodntjHmping.ThereisgongingtobeaSchoolsportsmeetnextM,eekend。ShehgongingtotnkepnrtinthehighjHmpandthetongjHmp.Herclnssm口tesnregoingtocheerheron.TheyaresHrethntshewlllWin.Example4:PredictingbasedontheT/Fquestions.

T宅achergiVessomesentencesbef.orereading,letthestudentspredict.TheyshouldchooseTorFbef.orereading.ARerreadingthepassage,theyshouldcheckthemwhichisrightandwhichiswrong.

1.Pre・readingactiVities

Readthesentencesabouttheintemetonthistable.andchooseTorFon“Beforereading”column.

TheinternetBeforeAfter

readingreading

TheinternetispopuIaL

Theinternetcannotdoshopping.

Wecanuseinterne“o6ndjobs.

Wecanenjoysongs,moViesandgamesontheinternet.

Themoreweuse.t.thebetterwefeeI.

2.Stirupthebackgroundknowledge

Makestudentsintotwogroups.Oneofthegroupshouldwritedo、VntheadVantagesoft11einternetoneby011eontheblackboard,t11cothernlenlbcrsi11groupt、、oshouldwritedownthedisadVantages.

3.Readthearticlebelo、V,and6nishchoosingTorFin‘‘ARerreading’’column.

TheiftterHetis’妒oHde(“11.ItmnkesoHrlU’ellicer,easicrn|tdmoreinteresti|tg.Tlleinternetcnnhelpustodonlotofthings。Forexnntple。’’,ecnndosome

shoppingw“hoHtlenvingoHrhoHses,wecnnstHdyonHleinternetnndwecnn“setheinternetto扣ndjobs.1甲henwewnnttovisilnHe'妒ptnce,theinternetcnnhelp淞Fndtheway.ontheinternet,WecQnn|soenjoyntnnyintereStingsongs,moviesnndgames。BHtwes|tonldn’tspendtoomHchtimeontheinternet,toontHchtimeoH“isbnd加roHrhenllh.

4.Makeaconclusionofpredicting.

ChecktheanswerSofthetable,andconnrmhowmanysentencestheydoa“ghtprediction,andtelltheotherhowheorshedidit.

4.5.3SymboIicDescription:

AS:aVeragescOresOfthecIass.

^c、sumtotaloftheclass’scores

numoftheclass’students

PR.thepasSrate.

^^numoftheclaSs’studentswhopasstheexam

卜7}一c==.........——————————..——。...—.————————————————-—--——-————二———————————-——-————————-一

numoftheclass’students

ER:exce¨encerate.

产^numoftheclaSs。studentswhosescoremorethan85

numoftheclass’students

EG:excellencegroup

MG:middlegroup

UG:unpassedgroup

4.5.4Experiment

ByTable1.wecanseethatthetwoclassesinthebeginningoftheexperimentisroughlyequaltotheoVerallleVel,theaVeragedifferenceinscoresandpassratesoflessthan1%,equaltotheproportionofstudentsgoodresults,ratherthanpaSsingratedifrerenceof6.67%.

Table1.Theoriginalscoresofstrategiesofthetwoclasses

AsfortheirpoorbackgroundknowledgeofEnglish.1eamingEnglishweIIisnoteasyf.orsecond—yearjuni01.hjghschoolstudents.whenthestudentsgetthe9

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

training,thetimeofgiVingteachingshouldbetakenlessthan20minutes,othenⅣisethetrainingwouldbeanexcessiVeburdenonstudents,anditwouldhavereducetheenthusiasmofthestudents,thenitwouldhavebackfiredonthem.Sothetimeoftrainingwillbesettoread3timesaweek,tenminutesforeachtime.ThisactiVityw订ldesigninthebeginningofeachclass.InthiswaystudentswillnotfeeltheincreasingburdenbutalsotoachieVethetrainingpu叩ose.ThestudentsinClass7andClass8weretheexperimentsobjects.Class7weretrainedforreadingpracticeonly;andClass8werebeusedthe“top—down’’approachtoreadtraining:Firstaskstudentstoreadf}omthebeginningtotheendofthewholepassageinthelimitperiodoftime,atthesametimeguidingthemtobuildthediagramofthecontentofthearticleintheirbraintodeepentheunderstandingofthecontentofthearticle.AfterquestingthestudentstoexpressthearticleinChinese,askedthemtodothemultiplechoiceexercisesbelowtheanicle.Bythisway,theycanbetestedoutthetop—downreadingpatternhaVetheefrectonstudents’readingcomprehension.

Whendoingthepractice,thestudentsinClass7readbytheirownreadinghabit,butthestudentsinCIass8whowasusedtotheirreadinghabitshouldacceptthetop・downreadingmodelsastheguidance.SotheywouldtakeashontimetObefamiliarwiththenewway.Atthisperiod,theimprovementsofthetestscoreinClass7whichhasthetop—dowllreadillg1110delsis110tasobviousasClass8.ButthisphenomenonhaschangedwhenthereadingtrainingwasgiVenatthe6Rhv旧eks.ClaLss7gradualIyacceptsthenewwayaStheguidancetoread.Theycanmasterthemainide孕f.asterandtheycan6ndoutIhedetailsinthetestmorecorrectly.SotherateofcorrectofthequestiongiVenwashigherwhentheydoingthereadingcomprehension.Inthetenthweekthestudentsshouldfacethemid.termexaminationf.ol’festt11e1.esullsofIop・dLlwnl’eaLlillg111‘1dclswhichwasgiVendL¨’ingfhelime

Throughthemidtermexam,inspection,”top-down”Englishreadingtrainingacquiredpreliminaryresults,Class7ofstudentshaVemasteredthebasicEnglishreading111ethods.Inthenextl0weeks“’ainingteachingIaidasolidf.oundation.AtthesanleIinle,becauseinthenlid—termexaminationhasachievedgoodresults,class7student‘senthusiasmandinitiatiVeofstLIdywasalsofuIlyaroused.Andtheir20

learningwaSmoresmoothly.Inthe20thweekend,thestudentswouldfacethethefinalexam,whichendtheexperiment,andwhenthescorescameout,thedataanalysisisfollowing.

4.5.5DataAnalysis

TheAppendix1.showsthetestscoresofClass7andClass8.

Comparingf.romtheresultsoftwoclasses,wecansee:

1.)AS:ThroughtenweeksofEnglishteaching,theaVeragescoreinClass7

increasedfr.0mtheoriginal66.56to67.46.IthasinlproVed0.9points;andinClass8,theaVeragegradehasdropped0.5points,行om67.17to66.67.The6nalexamswasinthe20thweek,TheaVeragescoresofClass7studentsinthemidtermexamf.rom67.46increasedto70.13,improVedplus2.67points,AndaVeragescoresinClass8inthemidtemlexamfrom66.67increasedto67.17,promoted0.50points.Thecontrastoftwoclasses’AS(seeGraph1.)

Graph1.ThecontrastoftwoclaSses’AS

PR:IntheMidtermexam,theClass7paSsrateispromotedf.rom63.33%to70.00%,improved6.67%.AndtheClass8passrateis70.00%nochangefromtheoriginal.IntheFinaltermexam,theClass7passrateisdropped仔om70.00%to66.7%,decreased3.33%.AndtheClass8passrateispromotedfrom70.00%to70.33%,improVedO.33%.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’PR(seeGraph2.)

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Graph2.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’PR

3.)ER:TheClass7rateofexcellentstudentsincreasedfrom23.33%to30%

inthemidte咖exam,increased6.77%.WhiletheClass8rateofexceIlentstudentsdroppedfrom23.33%to20.00%,decreaSed3.33%.IntheFinaltennexam,theClass7excellencerateisincreasedf.rom30.00%to37.OO%,improVed7%.AndtheClass8excellencerateispromotedfrom20.00%to26.66%,improVed6.66%.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’ER(seeGraph3.)

Graph3.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’ER22

4.5.6Findings

FromtheMidte肿exam,wecanknowtheaVerageresultinClass7haSelevatedanddroppedinClass8.Althoughtwoclasses’changesactuallyallisnotobvious,itshowsthatthediff.erentEnglishreadingpatternswereusedinreadingteachinghasdistinguishingresults.

Thewayoftop—downEnglishreadingtraininggaVeforstudentswhoseaVeragescoreswerehigherthanthestudentsreadingbytheirgeneralpattemoftraining.Itisvisibletoseethattop-downEnglishreadingtrainingfbrstudentsofEnglishreadinglevelenhancementisbeneficial.Secondly,top—downEnglishreadingtrainingforgeneralfoundations’studentshaSIa唱erspace,andtheresultsshowsthattop。downreadingtrainingforstudentsinthisIeVelhaVecomparatiVeandremarkableefrect.AlltheconclusioncanbeanalyzedfromTable2.

Table2.

TheoriginalexcellentgroupofstudentsingradeshaVetriningchange,aVeragescoresdropf-rom91.00to89.66,thisisnotbecause”top-down”EnglishreadingtrainingtotheresulthaVesideefrectsongoodstudents,thischangeisactuallybecauseofexcellentgroupofstudentshadseVenpeopleoriginally,andnowhasninepeople,obserVetheninegradeschangecarefhlly;wef’oundthattheninepeopleachievementisactuallyimproVe.ThenumberoffIailedgroupdmppedfromllpeopletonine,andthet、Vostudentspassedthetestsuperbly.Passrateisraisedto70.OO%.Therearetotalof12studentswhopassedthetestbutdidnotgetexcellent,,th-eiraveragegrade73.16promotedby76.16,risingbythethreepoints,andpartofstudentachievementaIsobrokethrough85,enteredtheexcellentgroup.

FromtheFinalexamscore.comparingfromCIass8theintegralresultofClass7isamarkedimpro、’ement.Apparentl)’this”top-do、Vn”Englishreadingtraining

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

therefbrehassuperiority.ForClass7ofnnalgradeanalysis,seeThble3.

Table3.

Class7conlposedofdifr.erentgradeshaschangedf}omoriginaltofinal,wecansee疔omGraph4.

Graph4.ComposeofClass7

ItiscleartoseethatoutstandinggroupaVeragescoresis90.36,whilethereareninepeoplef.romthemidtermexam,andnowthenumberchangedto11whobrokethrough85pointsintoexcellentgroup.Thenumberofstudentswhofailedthetestincreasedf.rom9peopletol0people.Itisinevitablethatthiskindofcircumstanceappearedintheexperiment,becauseofthesmallbaSenumber.ChoicenessisnotexpectedtomakeimproVement,butfell3.33%respectively.Theauthorsbelievethatiftheexperimentalbaseisla唱eenough,itshouldnothappen.Therearel2studentsinthemediumleVel,theiraVeragescoresinthemidtermexamraisedfrom76.16pointsto81.67,anditimproVed5.5lpoints,includingsixscoresmorethan85pointsintothetopram(s.ItserVestosh’ow”top—down”EnglishreadingtrainingforstudentsofEnglishreadinghasVerygreatheIp,especiallyf.ormediumlevelstudents.24

V.COnclusiOn

V.ConcIusion

Thisthesisfollowsthelogicorderf.romtheorytopractice.Inchapterone,thebackgroundinf.onnationandthesigni6canceoftheresearchwasreported.Inchaptertwo,thedennitionofreadingandtop-downreadingmodelresearchesonarepresented,andrelatedreadingmodelsandthestudy

aonTbp-downreadingteachingathomeonarereviewed.ChapterthreewaSreportoftheinVestigationthetop・down

someresultswhichproVethestudentsreadingmodelemployedbystudents.Ityields

doenlploytop.downreadingmodelandthemiddleleVelstudentsgetmoreefrectiVeonthetop—downreadingtrainingreadingEnglisharticles.Chapterf-ourreportedexperiment.ThisexperimentalsoyieldssomeresultswhichproVedthattop。downreadingtrainingcanhelpstudentsimproVetheirEnglishachieVements.

Thetop.downwaymaketheunderstandingtostartf.romthebackgroundofthewhoIetextmeaning.Di行erentf如mthereadertoreadignorethetraditionalViews,thiskindofmethodenlphasizereadingwhenactiVeparticipationofthereaders.First,the

textuseofvisualaspectsofreadersreaderscan6ndinformationtoimproVelanguage,theuseinfbrmation.Secondly;cantheexperiellcea11dkilowledgeoflanguagetoverifythatthetemporaryhypothesis.Finally'thereadertoreadagainaftertheassumptionsdonecon行肿orcorrected.

Throughoutthetop—downreadingmodeIintheexpe“ment,thewayof

scoreswhoseaVeragetop.do、vnEnglishreadingtraininggaVeforstudentswere

theirgeneralpattemoftraining.ItisVisibletohigherthanthestudentsreadingby

seethattop—do、、,nleVelEnglishreading仃ainingfbrs“Idenls‘)fEnglishl’eadillgenhancementisbenencial.Secondly,top.downEnglishreadingtrainingfbrgeneralfoundations’studentshaslargerspace,andtheresultsshowsthattop—downreading

andremarkableef话cttrainingforstudentsinthisleVelhaVecomparatiVe

Anidealsituationwouldbeonin、vhichaIJteacherstraintheirstudents

usewouldthenbemorelikeIytotop—downreadingmodel.alsostudents

25thiswayto

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

learninoneclasstoanotherclass.ThereisaneedformorecomprehensiveresearchonawiderangeofVariablesaff.ectingreadingstrategyuse.Variablessuchasculturalbackground,beliefs,leamingstyle,motiVation,andattitudethatmayhaVeabearingonreadingleamingstrategyuseshouldbestudiedwithstudentsofdif|’erentbackgroundsandproficiencyleVels.MoreoVer,researchonthef’requencyofuseofthesocialandaf诧ctiVestrategiesandchoiceofgivenstrategiesisrecommendedsinceitishelpfulforbothleamersandteachers.

HoweVer,duetothesmallnumberofsubjectsandmethodologicallimitations,alltheconclusionsstudynowshouldberegardedassuggestiveandtentative.Atthesametime,theresearchermyselfamnotastatisticexpertandnotablet0independentlyanalyzealltherelatiVedatathatappearintheresearch.Sovalidationstudiesoneff-ectoftop—downreadingmodeltrainingneedtobemadeinthef.uturewithala唱esizeofsubjectsandabetterstalisticdescription.26

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Refbrences:

Aebersold,J.A.&Field,M.L.1997.厅D,”,.e口沈r五DrP口击,喀fP以c向P,.j上孵“Ps口门d

s,r口f曙fPs加厂sPcD蒯肠馏“口gP

c肠ssrDo卅.Melbourne:CambridgeUniVersityPress.

Anderson.DaVid.Bottom—UpStrategies—ABackgroundtoReadingInstruction】.June

2005.

Camboure,B.

‘‘Howimportantistheorytothereadingteacher?”AustralianJoumal

ofReading

2:78—90,1979.

Carrell,P.,Devine,J.&Esdey,D.(Eds.).1988.加,Pr口c,f1,P<昝矽厂D口c晟Ps幻sPco门d厶材曙“(IggrP口西,曙.Cambridge:Cambridge

UniVersityPress.

Chang,Cecilia.Top—downApproach

toDeVelopingExtendedDiscourseinStudents’

Speech.Williams

College.2004.

Carroll,J.B.LanguageandThought.

Englewood

Cliff.s,NJ:Prentice—Hall,

964CarroH,

JB.

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f.requencybook.

NewYork:

AmericanHeritage,

l970

Goodman,K.S.andGoodman

Y.M.(1979)‘1’oreadisnatural’,inResnick,L.B.and

Weaver’P.A.(eds)Theory

andPracticeofEarlyReading、b1.1,Hillside,NJ:

La、vrenceErlbaumAssociates.Goodman.

K.

“Reading:

psycholinguistic

game.’’Joumal

oftheReading

Specialist,l967Goodman,K,

S.“PsychoiinguisticUniVersalsintheReadingProcess”,

1971

16Goodman,K.S.1967.Reading:Apsycholinguisticguessinggame.。,D“,.门口,Q厂r办e

ReQdtngspecinnst

Grimn.P.&Cole.M.Cullrent

activityforthefuture:TheZo-ped.InB.Rogoff

&J.VResearch

on

Approaches.for【improVing

EnglishReadingAbilityat

PI.of’essionalhighschool

Wertsch(Eds).

Childrenleaminginthe’’zoneofproximal

development’sNewDirectionsforChildrenLanguageDeVelopmentSanFrancisco

Joss∞,.Bass(V01.23),l

984

Hal.ris.

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PReadinginlproVenlentcxcrcises)’o,

studentsofEnglish

asa

second

language.EnglewoodClif.fs,NJ:PrenticeHalI,1966lrwin,J.

W’l’eachingreadingcomprehensionprocesses【2”ed.)EnglewoodCliffIS,

NJ:PrenticeHall,l99l

Kolers,PA.;。Readillgisonlyi11cidencally、,isual.’’/nPsycho“nguisticsandthe

27

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TeachingofReading.

K.

S.Goodman&J,

Fleming(Eds.).Intemational

ReadingAssociation,

1969

l6Nunan,D.1991.£日,曙“(t妒,P日c厅f,曙,竹Pf向o(幻fDl眇j彳,gx,6DD尼/ar,P口c厶P瑚Hertfordshire:PrenticeHallIntemational.

Nunan,D.1998.Teachinggrammarincontext.点Z丁。,D“厂胛口,.Oxfbrd:0xf-ordUniVersityPressNunan,D.1

999.・毙cD,zd肠,喀“昭P陀口c向砌g&,P口厂门f,咨Boston:Heinle&Heinle

PubIishers.

Nunan,DaVid.PracticalEnglishLanguageTeaching.HigherEducationPress.2004.

RiIey;Jeni(1996)TheT’eaching

ofReadingLondon:PaulChapman

Rumelhart,D.E.Schemata:ThebuiIdingblocksofcognition.

InR.J.

Spiro,

B.Brace,Rumelhart.

D.

‘’’roward

an

interactiVemodelof

reading.”

Attentionand

Perfbrmance.NewYork:

AcademicPress,

1977

Seliger,H.

ImproVingreadingspeedandcomprehensioninEnglish

asa

second

language.EnglishLanguageTea6hing27:48-55,

1972

Smith,Frank(1978,secondedition)UnderstandingReadingNew1ybrk:Holt,

Rinehart&Winston.

StanoVich,K.‘”TowardallinteractiVe—compensatorymodel06ndividualdif传rencesinthedeVelopmentofreadingfluency”/nReadingResearchQuarterlyl6:32——7l,

1980

Widdowson,H.G.1983.£e口r门i,喀p“,p05P臼,2d^口,嗒“口gP“se.Oxfbrd:Oxfbrd

UniVersityPress.(EditedbySteHaandJessica)

程晓堂,郑敏《英语学习策略》北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002年杜学增,《英语阅读的方法与技能》北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997年胡春洞,《英语阅读论》南宁:广西教育出版社,1998年

胡小花.英语教学研究~理论与实践.西安:西北工业大学出版社.2007.

倪锦诚.外语教学rfl的阅读摸式研宄.重庆交通人学学报.2uu7ib).文秋芳,《英语学习策略》上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社,1996年文秋芳,《学习和运用第二语言‘的策略》北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社,2000杨树臣、杨敏.阅读教学中功能语法语篇分析模式的尝试性应用.外语

界.2004(2).

28

Appendix

Appendix1

Textl

HaVeyouhadyourbreakI。ast?

Doesitmatterifyoudon’ttakeyourbreakfast?Ashorttimeago,a

test(测试)

waSgivenintheUnitedStates.Peopleofdi髓rentages,froml2to83,wereaskedto

have

allkindsofbreakf.astand

test.Duringthetest,thesepeopleweregiVen

no

sometimestheygot

breakfhstata11.Scientistswantedto

see

howwelltheirbodies

workedwhentheyhadeatendifrerentkindsofbreakf.ast.

The

result(结果)show

thatif

personeatsthe69htbreakf瓠t,hebreakfast.If

or

shewill

workbetterthanthosewhohave

no

studenthaSf.Ⅲit,eggs,breadand

milkbeforgoing

class.

toschool,hewilllearnmorequickIyand

listenmoreattentiVelyin

Theresultisoppositeto(与…相反)what

somepeoplethink.HaVing

no

breakfastwill

noon

nothelpyouloseweight.Thisisbecausepeoplebecomeso

hung叫at

thattheveattoomuchforlunch.TheywilIgainwei曲t

insteadoflosingit.Ybu

wi重llosemoreweightifyoureduceyourotller111eals.

Text2Mr

Mr.Shawwrote

likethe

KnowA¨

allthe、vorldknowhim.Hedidn’t

lotofnice

novels(小。晚)and

arrogant(傲慢的)“ch

menandoRenlaughedatthemandthepeopleliked

him.

Mr.ShawwasoRenasked

toknow

to

allkindsofparities.Alotofimponantmenhoped

canle

him.Onedayafamoussingeraskedhimtoherparty.Whell~Ir.Shaw

in,allpeoplestoodupexcept

meethimand

youngman.Thesingerhurriedto

one

askedhimtositdownnexttoher.Theyoungman’sfAtherwas

oftherichest

than

meninEnglandandhewasstud),inginParis.Hethoughtheknewmuchmoreanyather

guest(客人)in

thest“119roonl.Hetalkcd

lotandtried

to

showhewas

29

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

know—a11.AllthepeoplepoliteIylistenedtohimand

nobodywouldinterrupt

him.ItmadeMrShowunhappy.

“Pleaselistentome,myfriend.’’Mr.Shawhadtostophim,“Ithinkonlywe

bothknowallthethingintheworld!”

HaVingheardthis,theyoungmanwashappyand

asked,“Why?’’

“Maybeyouknowall,”saidMr.ShaW,“butyoudon’tknow

one

thing!’’

“What?”“We

are

alltired

of(讨厌)you,“Mr.Shaw

saidwith

smile.“JustIknowit!’’

Theyoungman’sfacetumedredanddidn’tsayanythinguntilheleR.

Text3

Soccer:themostpopuIarsport

Inheworld,soccer

or

footballisthemostpopuIarsport.Thisisbecausemany

countrieshaVewonderfUlteamforthe

World

Cup.The

W6rIdCupisheldeVeryfour

VearS.

TbrIemember2002FIFAWorld

Cup,childrenfromdif五引?entcount“esandmore

than60childrenfrom

J印aneseschools

cametogetherandspenttheeweekends

drawing

bigpicturecalled“DreamWorldCup”inJapan.Thechildrendrew

animals,nowersandpeoplewhoplay

soccerr

under

bIueb“ghtsky.Theywished

eachfbotballteamgoodluckbydrawingtheflagsofanthecountriesthatwilltake

partinthe

WorldCup

inJapanandSouthKorea.Thepicturewasputupin

park

neara

playgroundinY6kohama.SomefootballteamswillhaVegamesthere.

Areyoua

footballfan?TheworldCupmakesmoreandmorepeopleinterested’

in

football.Manyof

teenagerswholikeplayingandwatchingfootballlbVesome

football

starssomuchthattheygetthepicturesoftheirfaVoritepIayersonthewalls

ofthcirrL)onls.I‘hatisthc、^,ay

tosho、VthcirloVefbrtheⅥorld(-:upasChildrenin

Japan.

30

I__....................。................................。。

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Appendix2

1班期中成绩

姓名

李佳孟欣

刘宏伟王刚

魏娜韩丽霞

白宇王泽杨敏

李洋

高旭杨辉曹亚飞

王雪婷

刘丹

张婷婷

张雪

胡悦

王海鑫韩佳明

郭文斌

于杰刘丽丽

张娜

张斯文袁慧敏白音

李亮

呼燕

王鹏总分平均分

及格率

优秀率

前测成绩

98959080828075

68

85706054

758090934030365850428673425060755030199766.566.3.37%23.33%

3I

后测期中成绩

969590

85

8583788086726260778290903628326043459070434760805l28

2024

67.467(}.I^IfM30.00%

后测期木成绩

9996

88

908685

90

878380706082838695392635684550848049

43

55925226210570.266.67%37.00%

Appendix3

2班成绩

姓名

刘洋

陈朝辉

胡晶华

纪晓丹

常博

李婷

张晓磊

云峰

刘对儿

祁霞

石健元

肖楠

李彤

王曼华

同7J、半高小军

方宏远

孟丽

甘超

王朝正

F日震

董倩

王向明

张晓字

刘楠

武春霞

屈波

田亚雄

周颖

赵勇

张志星

总分

平均分

及格率

优秀率内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文.前测成绩后测期中成绩93929394858690885860858363706661655063567075939l70・734540504663.6052584960737065684530505268649593808225296068757242498480‘2015200067.266.77n%7n%Z3.33%厶U.UU/o20.(JU‘‰

32后测期术成绩909288868088716453606289684840625560726350536090.78286278408520l567.270.33%26.66%

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Appendix4

初中-二年级期中测试卷

笔试部分

一、单项选择

()1.……LucvBeijingtomon.ow?

No.sheisn’t

A.Are;goingtoB.wiII;goC.Is;goingD.Isgo

()2.Thereisgoingtofootballgamenextweek.

AhaSBhaveCisDbe

()3.IoRensawLiuMingbasketballontheplayground.APlayedBplayingCplaysDplay

()4.…whichsportsdoyou…,skatingorswimming?

…llikeswimmingbetter.

AwantBplayCpreferDwatch

()5.Theoldmantakesexerciseto…eVerymoming.

AkeephealthBmakehealthCkeep6tDmakefit()6.YaoMingidplaying——theHoustonRocketS——theNBA.Ain;inBfor;onCin;onDfor;in

()7.Rose,couldyoudomeandcIeantheroomf.orme?AhandBf.aceCfavorDafavor

()8.…wouldyoumindcleaningyourtable?

AOfcoursenotBYes,pIeaseCYes,DoasyoulikeDThat’sri曲t()9.Theradioidtooloud.Couldyouplease?

AtumdownitBturni£upCtumupltDtumltdown()10.Don’twon了.I’msurethereontime.

AgetBgettingCtogetDgot

PlayingsponsisagreatwaytohaVefhnandstayactiVe.

KidshavelotsofchoicesaboutwhichsportstodoandwhethertocompeteinspoIrtsorjustplaythemforfun.Onekidmaybehappytowaybasketballinthepark,whileanotherkidmaypreferbeinginabasketballteamandcompetesagainstotherteams.

Gamescanmakesportsmoreexciting.Butbecausesomebodywinsandsomebodyloses,gamescanalsomakekidsfeelnerVous.

Insport,almoste、’er)’one、、.antstopIay、、’elIanddoesn’tu7anttomakeamistake.Eventhebestplayergcts11cI+、,oussulllctinlesbef.0reabigganle.

FeelingalittleexcitedornerVousis0K.Thishelpsyourbodyandmindgetreadytocompete.Butifyou‘regettingtoonerVousyouaren’thaVingmuchfun.It’sbadnews.33

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

根据短文内容判断正(T)误(F)

()1.Allthekidslikebein2inabasketballteam。

()2.Kidscanonlyhaveakindofspons.

()3.ThebestplayeralsogetsnerVoussometimesbeforeabiggame,()4.Gamesseldommakesportsmoreexciting.

()5.Itdoesn。tmatterifyoufeelalittlenervousbeforeagame.

Mr.Bakerwasastrongman.Helikedplayingf.00tballandspentalotoftimeofthegamewhenhestudiedinacollege.ButhisrightledwasbrokenwhenheplayedfootballwithhisclaSsmates.Hecouldn‘tplaVfootballandhewassorryforitandlikedtowatchthegame.

NowMr.bakerworksinahospital.Heisgooddentistandmanypatientsaskhimforhelp.Heisalwaysbusyandhaslittletimetowatchthematchesinthegym.HehastowatchaRemoon.Mr.Bakerhopedtowatchit.ButabigfootballmatchintheircitVwouldstartatfburoneafternoon.Mr.E;akerhopedtowatchit.Buttheheadofthehospitaldidn’tlethimgo.”Ybucan’tgooutuntilallthepatientsinyouromceleave.”hesaid.

ItwaSthreetwentywhentherewereabouttenpatientsinthewaiting.room.Mr.Bakerwaswo州ed.Hethoughtforamomentandhadanidea.Hesaidtowomanonthechairinhisomce,”Cryloudly,madam!I‘llpullyourbadtoothourfreeifyoufrightenawaytheotherpatients!”

1.Mr.BakerspentalotoftimeplayingfootbaIlbecause——.

AHewasstrong

BHewaSafootballplayer

CHelikedthegamed

DHehadalotoffreetimeaf!cerwork

2.ThataRemoonMr.Bakerwasworriedbecause.

AHewasafraidthathecouldn:twatchthefootbaIlmatch

BSomethingwaswrongwithhim

CTherewerefewDatients

DTheheadofthehosDitalwouldcometoseehim

3.theheadofthehospitaltoldMr.Baker

AtowatchthematchatOnce

Btowatchthematchiftherewerenopatients

CtowatchthematchaRerwork

DLoleavcLheoIhceUuieIly

4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

AMr.BakerwantedthewomantofrightenawaytheotherpatientsBMr.Bakerandthewomanweregoodfriends.

CMr.Bakerdidn’tIikewatchingfootbalInlatches.

DMr-Bakerknewthewoman.34

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文一—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————一

Appendix5

八年级英语期末测试卷

笔试部分(120分)

一、单项选择(15分)

()8.Y0u

()1.M.1kisgood——OUr.A.to,heaIthyB.for,healthyC.for,health)2.AlthoughheisVery川,一heworksVeryhard.A.andB.butC./13.d0youreadEnglishbooks?刑ceaday.A.HowlOngB.HOwoftenC.Howsoon—color,IlikeyeIlowVerymuch.A.AsB.AsforC.for)5.Whatdoyouusuallydoweekends?A.onB.ofC.in)6.HewatchesTVforhalf——houreVe叫day.A.theB.aC.an)7.-thematterwithyou7.Ihaveasorethroat.A.Who’sB.What’sC.HOw’slooksick.You——seeadoctOr.A.shouIdB.canC.do)9.IfyouhaVeasorethroat,youshoukldrinksomehotteahOnev.A.withB.inC.On)10.MrLiwasi11.・A.ThankyouB.I’mson.ytohearthatC.OK)11.areyougoingforVacatiOn?一ltaly.A.WhereB.WhenC.What)12.1’mgoingtoHuangshan.・A.Don’tbetoohappy.B.HaveagoodtimeC.Howistheweather.)13.ShesjghtseeingtomOrrO、、A.goesB.goingC.isgoing)14.CanIaskyou—questionsaboutyourVacatiOnplans?A.someB.anyC.much)l5.TheyaregoingtoBe.jingvaCatIOn.

A.inB.toC.for

35SOme

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

二、完型填空(10分)

DearRoben.

IhopeyouarewelJ-丁hankyouforyourlastJetter.YouaskrneaboutMid—autumnDay.Now,letmelyousomeIhingaboutit.EveryoneinChinaIikesMjd-autumnDay.It2comesinSeptemberorOctober.Lthatday,everyoneeatsmooncakes.Amooncakeisadelicious,roundcake.It!Lthemoon.Therearemanydif俺rentkindsofmooncakes.SomehaVenutsinthem,主一somehaVemeatoreggsjnthem.MyfriendLiLeilikesmooncakeswithmeat.ButIthinkthe鱼一withnutsinthemare2..HanMeimeisaysthenicestcakes韭Guangdong.Atnight,familiesoRenstay皇一theopenairneartheirhouses.Theretheyj旦themoon,andeatthecakes.Mmm!Howdelicioustheyare!

YOurs.

SunHuimin

()1.A.speakB.teIlC.sayD.talk()2.A.neVerB.usuaIIyC.sometimesD.notonen()3.A.OnB.AtC.ForD.1n()4.A.IikeB.IikesC.Iooksf.orD.100kslike()5.A.butB.untiIC.andD.so()6.A.moon(月亮)B.sunC.onesD.eanh(地球)()7.A.deIiciousB.betterC.badD.bigger()8.A.hearfromB.comesfromC.jsn.om.comefbm()9.A.underB.withC.intoD.in()10.A.100katB.100kaRerC.IookforD.100kup

三、阅读理解(30分)

MrsGreenisgoingtogiVeabinhdaypa九yforMary.Maryisherdaughter.MaryW…bethirteenyearsold.AlotofMary’sfriendsaregoingtotheparty.TherearegOingtobetwentyg-rlsattheparty.MrsGreenaregettingreadyfortheparcy.MrsWhiteishelpingher.“That’sapreny(精致的)cake,’’MrswhitesaystoMrsGreen.-‘Thankyouverymuch.’’MrsGreenisgojllgshoppjngnow.SJle’sbuy;ngfrujtf.ort11epany.ShebuysaJocoforanges,applesandbananas.Thenshegoeshome.It‘sthreeO’clockintheaRernoon.Everythingisready.NOⅦt|1ef’rstgjriisa1.I‘iV“19.I’hepanyisgoillglostal.t.36

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

)1.Whoisgoing

A,

to

giVe

panyforMary?

MrSGreenB.MrsWhite

C.

Ma叮

D,

Ma叫’sfriend

)2.HowoldjsMa口now?

A.Eleven

B.Twelve

are

C.tenD.Founeen

)3.How

manygirIsgojngtocometothepa九y.?

B.

A.LessthantwentyC.1、venty

Morethantwenty

D.Manyandmany

()4.What

isMrsGreenbuyingf’ort11epany?

A.BananaS

B.Oranges

C.Apples

D.AIlOfaboVe

time

isthepartygojngtostart?A.At2:OO

B.At3:00

C.At4:00

D.IntheeVening

(B)

PhilipIikes

to

pJayfootball.Heo危enpIays

foolbaJlaRersch001withhisfriends.

likestoplaybasketbalI.SheteachesherfriendshOwtoplayiteVerySundayaftemoOn.

MeiisVe巧good

at

thecomputer.Shealways

uses

jttodrawpicturesthreetimesaweek,

sheusesittosurftheIntemet.Shehas

goodfriendinAmerica.HernameisMafy.LinTao

alsOgOod

at

drawingpictures.Buthe

neVeruses

cOmputerlOdraw.

)1.WhatdoSandyand

hisfriendsdoonSundaya疗emoon?

A.Playfootball

B.PlaybaLsketbalIC.Drawpic£ureS

D.PlaycOmputergames

)2.HowoRendoesHanMeidraw

withcomputer?

A.onceaweek

B.Threetimesa

week.

C.onceaday

D.EVe哕day

)3.Who

likestosurftheInternet?

A.Philip

B.Sandy

C.HanMeiD.Linl、aO

)4.How

oRendoesLinT-ao

use

computertodraw?

A.Never

B.Hardly

eVer

C.Th陀etimesa

week

D.Eve叫

week

)5.Who’sMa叮?

A.She’sanEnglishgirI.

B.She’sSandy’sfriend.C.She’sHanMei’s仔iend.

D.She’sLinTaO’scIassmate.

(C)

Thissto口isabout

youngman.HeworkedhardathisIessons.Hewastoobusy.He

haVetime

torest,so

hewas川.EVerynight,whenhewentto

bed,hecIosedhiseyesand

to

sieep(睡觉).Buthecoukin’t.Hethought:“ImtIsfgoto

see

thedoctor.’’Hesaidtothe

can’tgotosIeepatnight."Trycountingnumbers.WIlcllyOureacll0ne

thousand,

beasIeep.

The

next

daythemancameback

to

thedoctorfsofHce.“WelI,”saidthe

doctor’“How

are

today?"“Yes,"hesaid,“Itriedcounting

one,two,three…uptO

one

thOusand.ButwhenI

nVehundredandsixty-nine.IbegantofbelsIeepy(感至U凼倦).Ihadto

getupanddrank

tea.Then1went

on

countinguptO

one

thousand.BLItlstiIlcouldn‘tf-aI|asleep.

37

()5.WhatSandyHanandis(

(((didn’ttrieddoctor“lyou’IIyoureachedsome

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

)1.TheyoungmancouIdn’t

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38

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Acknowledgements

1wouldlikeProfIessor

to

expressmywarmestgratitudetomysuperVisor,

to

WeiLi.Fromthetopicselection

thefinalthesis

proljection,

shehasgivenmecarefulguidanceandunremittingsuppoft.Shealwaysaskedtheresearchprogress,andhelpedmedeVelopresearchideas.She

‘-●k

1.

also

gave

me

meticulousinspiration,warmlyencourageduring

the

production.WithoutherinValuablehelpand

generousencouragement,the

1wouldliketo

presentthesiswouldnothaVebeenaccomplished.So

extendmysincerethanksandrespect

to

her.

?一

_

自上而下的阅读模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用

作者:

学位授予单位:

武静丽

内蒙古师范大学

本文链接:http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis_Y1920846.aspx

独创性声明

本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果,尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成

●●

蠢果,也不包含本人为获得内蒙古师范大学或其它教育机构的学位‘’,,1

或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示感谢。

签名:献。娼觚日期:∥。1年<月}7日

~’

关于论文使用授权的说明

本学位论文作者完全了解内蒙古师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定:内蒙古师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅,可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文,并且本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。

保密的学位论文在解密后也遵守此规定。

签名:氓韵歹峙师签名:彳岛矽日期:矿,,年厂月f7日

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

中文摘要

随着现代社会的发展,英语作为一门语言己成为一种工具。为了能与人更好的相处,我们应该得到更多的信息,而阅读是一个最好的方法。它能给学习者提供重要和足够的语言输入。“自上而下"的阅读模式可以有效的帮助大学的学生在课堂中轻松的完成与读训练,但在初中英语中的应用研究还比较少。本篇论文是为了研究中国初中学生使用“自上而下”的阅读策略的情况和训练效果而构思的,文中的实验也是为了了解初中生使用“自上而下”阅读模式而进行的尝试研究。

1976年Goodman(古德曼)提出了“自上而下"的阅读理论。他认为阅读是“心里猜测游戏”,就是主动的“猜测一证实"的活动。它是一种阅读对象与阅读者之间相互作用的过程。《英语课程标准》指出:阅读教学的目的是培养学生阅读策略,培养语感,特别强调培养学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。如何有效地提高学生的英语阅读理解能力、提高阅读技巧是摆在每位英晤教师面前的一项重要任务。阅读理解是中学英语教学的侧重点,是各单元教学的核心。中学英语阅读课程应当有意识地运用与阅读相关的理论来指导学生的阅读模式,帮助学生建立正确的阅读模式,以提高学生对阅读材料的正确理解。

本文将“自上而下”阅读模式运用到了初中英语阅读教学中并通过实验进行了英语阅读教学的研究:实验对象为吗海市普通中学初中二年级两个班的学生,其中一个为实验班另一个为普通班。实验将分别对这两个班的学生采用自上而下的英语阅读模式和传统的阅渎训练方式,进行对比研究。实验时间为~个完整的教学年,在实验中主要采用阅读测

,可行性

ABSTRACT

Withthedevelopmentofmodemsociety,Englishasaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inordertogetalongwellwithpeople,weshouldgetmoreinf.ormation,whilereadingisoneofthebestmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimportantandenoughlanguageinput.¨Top’down¨readingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVersitystudentsinarelaxedclasswithtraining,butinjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplicationresearchalsoless.ThispaperistostudyChinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstouse¨top—down”readingstrategies,thepaperexperimentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。schoolstudentsuse”top—down¨modeIofreading.

1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard’’pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents’readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents’languageintheprocessofreadinginf.omationacquisitionandprocessingcapacity.HowtoeffectiVelyimproVestudents’EngIishreadingcomprehensionandreadingsk-llsareimportantIasksforeachteacherinthemiddlesch001.Theemphasisisthecoreofteachingandleaming.ThemiddleschoolEnglishreadingcourseshouldconsciouslyandreadingrelatedthe09toguidethestudents’readingpattem,helpstudents

ABSTRACT

Withthedevelopmentofmodemsociety,Englishasaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inordertogetalongwellwithpeople,weshouldgetmoreinf.ormation,whilereadingisoneofthebestmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimportantandenoughlanguageinput.¨Top’down¨readingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVersitystudentsinarelaxedclasswithtraining,butinjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplicationresearchalsoless.ThispaperistostudyChinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstouse¨top—down”readingstrategies,thepaperexperimentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。schoolstudentsuse”top—down¨modeIofreading.

1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard’’pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents’readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents’languageintheprocessofreadinginf.omationacquisitionandprocessingcapacity.HowtoeffectiVelyimproVestudents’EngIishreadingcomprehensionandreadingsk-llsareimportantIasksforeachteacherinthemiddlesch001.Theemphasisisthecoreofteachingandleaming.ThemiddleschoolEnglishreadingcourseshouldconsciouslyandreadingrelatedthe09toguidethestudents’readingpattem,helpstudents

内蒙吉师范大学硕士学位论文

establishcorrectreadingschema,toimproVethestudents。readingspeed,andtostrengthenthecoITectunderstandingofthereadingmaterials.

Thisarticlewilluse¨top—down¨waytojuniormiddleschoolbyreadingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingresearch.ExperimentalsubjectsaretwoclassesofstudentsofGradeTwoinWuHaiordina叫middlesch001.0neisexperimentalclass,andtheotherisregularclass.TheexperimentwillrespectiVelyonthetwoclassofstudentsusingatop—downEnglishreadingmodeandordina叫readingtrainingformsascomparatiVestudy.ExperimentteachingtimewilltakeawhoIeteachingterm,anditwillusepretestingandaRertestasmeasurementtocollectresearchresults.Throughtheexperiment,thestudentsinexperimentclassnotonlytheirscoreshasbeenrisenbutalsotheirleamingmotiVationhasbeeninspired,students’self二conndencehasbeenstrengthened,andlearninginteresthasbeenincreasedsignincantly.

Thispaperexplored"top—down¨readingpattemoftheoreticalresearch,and向rtherconfirmedtheteachingof“top—down¨readinginjuniorhighschool,andalsocreatedef.fectiVeEnglishreadingclassroomleaming.TheBenefitsf.orjuniormiddleschooIEnglishteachingref.ormproVidesanewidea.

KEYWORDS:JuniorEnglishreading,¨top—down¨reading,efnciency,feasibility‘▲‘・

CONTENTS

I.Introduction..。...….。。....。......。。.。......。…...。。。….......…........。l1.1Researchbackground

1.2Briefintroductionofthestudy………………………………………………….11.3Theneedforthepresentstudy………………………………………………….2Ⅱ.LiteratureReview.。....。......。.。...。….。..。…..。....。...。。.....。.。....42.1Definitionsofreading…………………………………………………………….42.2Relatedresearchesonreadingmodels……………………………………..52.2.1Relatedstudiesbyforeignresearchers………………………………..72.2.2Relatedstudiesbydomesticresearchers……………………………..72.3ThestudyonTbp—downreadingteachingatHome……………………8Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfoundationonTbp.downreadingteaching....。。..。.103.1TheDeflnitionofTIop—downreading……………………………………….1O3.2TheadvantagesofTbp—downreading………………………………………1O3.3MajorMethodsofTop—downreading……………………………・ll3.3.1Activatingbackgroundknowledge…………………………………….・113.3.2Beforereadingstrategies…………………………………………………一1l3.3.3Cultivatingability………………………………………………113.3.4Remainactiveclassroomatmosphere…………………………………l2Ⅳ.MethodoIogy………………………………………………………………”134.1ResearchQuestions………………………………………………………・13

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

4.2Hypothesis…………………………………………………………l34.3Subjects……………………………………………………………134.4Instruments…………………………………………………………………………..134.5Procedures……………………………………………………………………………144.5.1Process……………………………………………………………………………144.5.2Examplesofteachingtraining…………………………………144.5.3SymbolicDescription:…………………………………………l84.5.4Experiment……………………………………………………l84.5.5DataAnalysis…………………………………………………一204.5.6Findings……………………………………………………….22V.ConcIusion。。。.。...。...。.。。…。.。......。......….。..。。.。。。。。.….....24References:…………………………………………………………………………26Appendix1.。....…..…。.....。...。。.......。.。..。。。。。..。。。.。.。..。.。.。。…28Appendix2.。...。。.。..。。.......。.。…。....。..。.。。。...。.....。。.........。。.。.30Appendix3.........….......。。.。.........….。..。。.............。。.。..。.。.。...。..3lAppendix4..。..。....…。..。..。..。。。。.。。…。。.。............。。。。.......。。...32Appendix5...。......。。。.………。。......…..…....。...。。...。.。.……...。......34Achlowledgements……。.………………………………………………………38

I.Introduction

1.1Researchbackground

Le锄ingforeignlanguagethroughlanguageVehicleismainlyabouttogainandexchangeinfo肿ation.NowadayssciencetechnologyiswelldeVeloped;readingisobvi叫slythechiefwayfromwhichwegainandexchangemessages.Readingisoneoftheimponantlinksinteachingofaforeignlanguage.WiththedeVelopmentofthemodemsociety,EnglishaSalanguagehasbecomeatoolwhichpeoplecancOmmunlcatewitheachother.Inordertogetwellknownfromothers,weshouldgetmoreinfo肿ationofwhichreadingisabestway.Itgivesleamersimportantandsumcientmaterialsforlanguageinput,anditisthefoundationtoimproVestudents’listening,speaking,writingandtranslationabilities.

Ontheotherhand,studentsmustfacealltypesoftextsintheirlifewhichthe

on

readingpartsisnotonlyimportantbuthasmorescores.Studentsmustdoexcellentreadingpanandtheycangethigherscore.SoinVariousgradesofEnglishtests,readingstandsatthetopoftheworld.Becauseofthis,someteachersandscholarsbegintoresearchnewteachingmethodsofEnglishreadinginordertoimproVestudents’readingcomprehensionleveI,anditisnecessaryforteacherstogiVetheproperwayofreadlngtotheirstudents.

12Brjefintroductionofthestudy

Thede6nedas‘‘constructingmeaningfromawrittentext,’

processofreading,is

(1996,p.141).CarrellandEsdayaIsobelieVe“readingisareceptlVelanguagep1.ocess,lnthatitstanswithalinguisticrepresentationencodedbyawriterandendswlthmeanIngwhichthereaderconstructs’,.SuchdennitionshowsanimportantandactiVeroIethatreadersplayduringtheinteractjonwiththetext.Inthelast40years,researchersfGoodmilll’1967;Slnitll,1971;Widdowson,1978,1983;DLlbin,Eskey&Grabeetal・1984)havedevelopedmodelstodescribewhathappenswhenpeopleread,amongwhlcnbottom.up,top.downandinteractiVemodelsarethethreemostimponantmodeIs・AebersoldandFieId(1997,p.18)assertintheI‘ealteachillgcontext,whichmodeltochoosedependsonthetypeoftext.reader’sbackgroundknowledge,theirlanguage

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

pronciencyleVelandeVentheirculturalbeliefSaboutEnglishreading.

Basedonthebriefcommentsaboutreadingathomeandabroad,andalsobasedonthetheo巧andtop-downmodelofEnglishreading,thethesisdoaroughanalysisontheEnglishreadingability.Inthispaper,studentshadbeentrainedbydifl'erentwaysoftheEnglishreadingteaching;onef.orregularreading,theotheristhroughtop—downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmaterialis”PentiumEnglish・-Specialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoolreadingcomprehensionofthedesign”.InordertoimprovetheirEn91.shreadingleVel,theteacherwouldtrainthe60students’readingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingeVeryday.Af!terasemesteroftraining,thetestscoresofmidtermand6nalexamswillbeanalyzed,theformoftheresultswillshowtheresultswhichbytwoclassesofhorizontalcontrast,aswe¨asdifrerentleVelsofComparisonoflongitudinalstudentachieVementoutcome.1.3Theneedforthepresentstudy

Accordingtothesyllabusin2000,thegoalofEnglishteachingatjuniormiddleschoolistodeVelopstudents’skillsoflistening,speaking,reading,andwriting.Amongtheseskills,readingisthemajorone.Itisnotonlythemostimportantlanguageskillsbutalsotheleamingskillsthatleamersshouldmaster.EnglishisleamedasaforeignlanguageinChina.AlthoughitisgiVenomcialpriority,theproblemofitstime——consunlingandlowefnciencyhasnotbeensolVed.Especiallyforjuniormiddleschoolstudents,theylacklanguageknowledge,motiVation,andreadingstrategies.TheyarestrugglinginlearningEnglishallthetime.MostofthemhaVestudiedEnglishsincetheyarepupiIsinprima巧school,buttheirEnglishreadingabilityisVerylow.Whenaskedtheca‘seoffailure,theysaythattherearetoomanyunknownwords,andthattimeissoshortthattheycan’tfinishthereadingcomprehensionpantsata11.Theseproblemshavecollectwithreadingability.Therefore,whetherintheoryorinpractice,itisVerysignincanttoseektheapproachestOimproVeVocationals【udenLs’readingability.

ThispaperdoesnotVenturetoshowaf.ullpictureofthethreemodels,theauthorattemptstoargue,asfarasteachingreadingcomprehensionskillsisconcemed,thetop—downreadingstrategiestrainingis111【)reeff.ectiVet11anthebottom—upmodelinhelpingthejuniorschoolstudentsbecometluentandefbcientreadersinEng“sh.This

I.Inn‘oduction

paperf.ocusesontheanalysisofusingthetop—downreadingmodelcanhelpstudentsle锄Englishreadingbetter.

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

II.LiteratureReview

2.1De6nitionsofreading

AuthoritiesandexpertsonthedennitionsofreadinghaVedi妇’erentviews.Seliger(1972)thoughtthatcomprehensionisaninVariantconditionofreading.Read(1970),howeVer’disagreedthatreadingindispensabIyinVolVedunderstanding,Carroll(1970)expressedtheViewsimilartoSeligerwhenheidenti6edthe‘‘essentialskillsinreadingasgettingmeallingfIromaprintedorwrittenmessages”.Inhisview,‘’readingistheidentificationoflinguisticf;)rmsf.romstringsofwrittenconngurationthatrepresentthem,aseVidencedbyproducingtheconVentionalsignsf.orthesamelinguisticforminsomeothersystemofpresentation"

Ontheotherhand,readingisdennedasasequenceofcognitiVeeVents.Forexample,Harris(1966)belieVedthatreadingisthecomplexityofthereading——thinkingrelationshipandbytheprocessofreadingreaderscanleamandpracticetheaccuracyofthought,goodjudgment,andaf.eelingofValues.FromthepsycholinguisticperspectiVe,mostpsycholinguisticstressedthatreadingwasacommunicationprocessinwhichthereaderinteractedwiththeprintthroughtheuseofpastexperienceandknowledgeofthelinguisticsystem.Althoughtherearediff.erentopinionsaboutaprecisedennitionofreading,mostoftheresearchersagreedthreepointsaboutreading:

First,readingisadecodingprocess,especiallydecodingputintosound.Inthissense.readingtendstobemadeasdecodingleaderstosoundsoritisregardedasataskofidentif.yingwords.ThiskindofreadingisVisualinnatureandwhichafo门mofwordgettingbefIorecomprehensionsis.AndaIso,thisdennitiontendstoagreeonbeginninginstructionwithlettersand.words,payinglittleattentiontomeaningunt订substantialprogressindecodinghaVebeenachieVed.

TheseconddennitionisIhatreadingisanunderstandingorconlprehension1)roccss.R,“1isJel’11iti‘)n,Ihcl‘caJcl.、、ilIu+>~cr)11al‘JtugcL【hc111canillgofabookoratextfromthepointofViewofauthor’s.

However,asIrwin(1991)suggestedthatthewriterdidnotreallyconVeyideastothereadersbutonlystimulatedthellltoconstructideasoutoftheirownexperience.Thus,

-———————————————————————————————————————————————————————一一一一….!!:生!!!堕!竺坠∑!!!一.——

ithasIongsincebeenrecognizedthatgettingmeaningfromtheprintedpassageistoolimitedadefinitionofreading.Bringingmeaningtotheprintedpageindicatesmoreaccuratelythereciprocalprocessbetweentheprintedsymbolsandthemindofthereader.So,readingmLlstbeseenasconstructiVethlnklngprocess・

Therefore,thethirddefinitionismoresuitable,whichnarrowsthepurposeotreadingdowntogetthemeaningfromtextinwrittenform.Everydaywemayreaddia’erenttypesofthingsinnewspapers,suchasfIeaturereports,newsreports,campuslife,shortnovels,stories,advertisements,statisticsandletters.Readingsuchmaterialsisaprocessofscanningto矗ndtheinformationneeded.Infact,nomatterwhatweread,wesometimesareinterestedinthepronunciationofwhat、vereadexceptintinyminoritvofcases,morethanweareinterestedinthegrammaticalstructuresused・

Whenweread,wewanttogetthefacts,ideasandenjoyment厅omthewriting,.Whateveritis,wewanttogetthemessagethatthewriterhasexpressed,andweareinterestedinwhatthewritingmeans.As、veknow,thepu巾oseofthewriter’sproducingatextistoinform,andthereader’sroleistonndoutthispurposeandgetthetextwriter’sinf0肌ation.Hencethethirddennitiontumsouttobethemostimportantandsuitabledefinitionofreading.Itshowsthefundamentalreasonforreading.Italsoshowsthatthereader’sroIeinreadingisactiveratherthanpassiVe.Readingteachingisofcommunication,bycommunicationandforcommunication.2.2Relatedresearchesonreadingmodels

Tbp.downapproachtoreadingemphasistheroleofsearchingfor‘meaning’ratherthantheroleofccode.breaking’intheinitialteachingofreading.FrankSmith(1978)andGoodmanandGoodman(1979)areassociatedwiththetheoreticalunde印inningtoapproachesfavouring‘top.down’strategiesfordecodingbaSedonpredictionandguessing.JeniRileyde6nesthestrongpointoftheseapproachesaSfollows:‘MeaningDrovidesthedvnalllo孙I.t11ew110leactivityofrcading.giVingitpurpose’(Riley;l996,p.23).However’shejoinsothercriticsofextremef.onnsofthenlodel“1poilltingoutthat・whoIereading’or‘top.down’approachesdonothelpteacherswiththesystematlcteachingneededattheinitialstages.

ThisopinionisembodiedintheRoseReport(2006)w11ichreconlmendsthatreaderss110Llldbetau曲tinitiallybegillningbya11exclLIsi、7elysyntheIicphonicmethod・Later

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

thereneedstobecarefulIyplannedworkatletterandwordleVel(‘bottom-up’approach)aswellasattentiontocontextandwholetextaspects(‘top-do、)m’approach).HerearetheViewsofsomeresearchersaboutthetop—downreadingmodel:FrankSmith,ajournalisttumedreadingresearcher:

・Readingisnotdecodingwrittenlanguagetospokenlanguage.・ReadingdoesnotinVolVetheprocessingofeachletterandeachword.・Readingisamatterofbrjngingmeaningtoprint,notextractingmeaningf.rom

print.(McCornlick,T.1988)

KennethS.Goodman,readingspeciaIislattheUniVersityofArizona:

・“…thegoalofreadingisconstructingmeaninginresponsetotext…Itrequires

interactiVeuseofgrapho-phonic,syntactic,andsemanticcuestoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981).

・AlthoughGoodmanisoRenreferredtoaSaleadingadVocateofthetop-down

印proach,hismodeIbyhisownadmissionisinteractiVe,“…itisonewhichusesprintasinputandhasmeaningasoutput.ButthereaderproVidesinputtoo,andthereader,interactingwithtext,isselectiVeinusingjustaslittleofthecuesfromtextaSnecessarytoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981)Herearesomefeaturesofatop・downapproachtoreading(GoVe1983):

・ReaderscancomprehendaselectioneVenthoughtheydonotrecognizeeach

word.

・Readersshouldusemeaningandgrammaticalcuestoidentifyunrecognized

words.

・ReadingformeaningistheprinlaryobjectiVeofreadingratherthanmasteryof

letters.1etter/soundrelationships.andwords.

・ReadingrequirestheuseofmeaningactiVitiesratherthanthemasteryofaseries

ofword—recognitionskills.

・Theprinlaryf.ocusofinstructionshouldbeIhereadingofsentences,paragraphs,

a11dwholeselections.6

II.LiteratureReview

2.2.1Relatedstudiesbyf-oreignresearchers

Goodman(1971)thoughtthatreadingisanactiVe—guessing-a・nddle——connnnprocess,knownasthetop—oownmodel.WhilereadingthereaderSareactiVeinchoosing,experiencing,predicting,connrminganddecidingwiththeknowledge,whichthereadersalreadyhavehadandtheinf-ormationofthevisualsenseappears,Thatisapsycholinguisticguessinggame.

D.E.Rumelhan(1980)thinksthatreadingisaninteractiVeexchangeprocess.Itconsistsofbothbottom—upmodelandtop—_downmodel.ThatistheinteractiVemodel.Butnomatterwhatmodelsthereadertakes,thereadingabilitymainlydependsontheirbackgroundknowledge.Asamatteroffact,Widdowson(1990)thinksthatboththereaders’languageknowIedgeandschematicknowIedgehaVegreatef.fectontheirunderstandingofthetext.

Rumelhart(1977)hasestablishedtheschematheoryinwhichreadingismadeupoflinguisticschemata,contentschemataandrhetoricalschemata.Accordingtotheschematheory,reading,firstofall,istoputthewordsmessagesintoone’smind.ThenreaderssearChfortheschematathatcallexplainorillustratetheinputmessagealreadystoredintheirminds.Whentheseschemataarefound,comprehensionisobtained.Othen“sethereaderscan’tunderstandwhattheyread.

2.2.2Relatedstudiesbydomesticresearchers

HuChundong(1998)pointedoutthatreadingabilityisakindofspeechab订ityofpeopleandthespeechabilityref色rstotheabilitythatanindiVidualusesalanguage——abilityoflisting,speaking,reading,andwriting,Generally,Englishreadingabilitybelongstothecategoryofspeechcomprehensionability.HediVidesreadingabilityintotheabilitytounder踺andtheworksofspeech,theabilitytounderstandthecountofthe、vorksofspeech,theabilityofcommunicationideaandtheskillsofreading.TheyarethepillarsoftheEnglishreadingabilityaSawhole.

DuXue7engf19961PointedoutthatEnglishreadingisacomprehensiVeab订ityandhediscussedmanyrelationsbetweenreadingandunderstanding,readingandVocabulary,readingandgrammar,readingandbackgroundknowledge,readingspeed,readinginterestetc.HealsodiscussedmanyreadingskillsinEnglishreading.Heclaimedthatonecan’tunderstandthesimplereadingmaterialswithoutlargeVocabuIary,withoutknowingthedif艳rencesbet、、.censynon)’nls。、、’ithoutbasicgramlllarkno、、7ledge.especiallyaboLItVerbs7

---—_--——————●———-_———-—_-—_———————_--__—————————————————————————————————————————一。一!!:兰!堡!型竺竺坠竺坐一一——

intheearlystagesofreadingisthemosteffectiVeandemcientway”(1999,p.254).However’withthelearnerSwhohavealreadyhadcertainproficiency’“pre’reamng,schemabu订dingtasksdesignedtohelpthemapplywhattheyalreadyknowaboutasubjectcanhelpsignificantlyinreadingcomprehension”(1999,p.268).

Thus.consideredthestudents’cognitivematurityandtheleVelofpronciency,thetop。do、Vnstrate舀est豫iningseemstobemoresuitableandef琵ctiVethanthebottom。uponesincateringfortheneedsoftheChineseuniversityEFLlearnersinteachingreadingskills.Inthesecondplace,duetotheinfluenceoftraditionalgrammartranslationapproachinChineseEFLteaching,foralongtime,readingstrategiestraininghasemphasizedonthebottom.upmodel.Theassunlptionbehindbottom-upapproachgoeswellwiththebelief.SofgrammartranslationmethodinthattheyallconsiderEnglishleamingaLsconstructingawaIlinwhichbricks(thesmallestlinguisticunit)arethemostimportantcomponents(Nunan,1998,p.101).WiththebeliefthatnewwordsshouldbesolVedasthenrststepofreadingcomprehension,inmostChineseEFLreadingclasses,eVenattheuniVersityleVel,teachinglanguagepoints,explainingdi踞cultsyntacticstructures,translatingthetextf.romEnglishintoChineseaccountformostoftheclasstime.Asuccessfultranslationbetweenthetwolanguagesisconsideredasthecompleteunderstandingofthetext.Duetothis,ChineseEFLstudentsrelytoomuchonthedictionarytounderstandthereadingmaterials,andalmostignorethecontextuaIandstructuralknowledge,whichcanf.acilitatethemtoinfbrmcaningoftheunf.amiliarwords.Thus,theirreadingis“pepperedwithf.requentIycstoppedwords,thatbreaktheirconcentrationandcomprehension’’(Anders&Bos,1986;CitedinJohnson&Steele,l996,p.350).Bearingtheinefnciencyofbottom。upreadingskilIs,wearethinkingtheintroductionoftop—downstrategiessuchaspredlctlng,Internngandf-0cusingonmeaningratherthanWordsmayhelptheChineseuniVersityEFLleamerstobecomemoreefncientandnuentreaders.9。

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfoundationon1'op—downreadingteaching

3.1TheDeflnitionof7rop—downreading

Inl976,AmericanpsychologistGoodmhoe(Goodman),pointedoutthatthereaderisliterallyinfbnnation,butguess,FilteringandVerifytheiralreadyacquiredknowledge,andtoreVise,thentheysuspecttorealizeaccurateunderstanding.Thispattemiscalled”top—down¨mode,itisreadnowthepositiVeinfluenceofthereaders.Top-downreadingpattemmeansthatthereadershouldusebasicknowledge,IanguageW6rdsofknowledge,andunderstandingtounderstandthethemeofthewholetext.GuessnotunderstandthepaSsage,andthencaremllystudywhathemeans.ItsuggestedthetextbeginswiththemindreaderdriVerprocessorclosedthetextinanassumption.Readers’identi6cationisusedinlettersandwordstheyassumethemeaningofthetext.

3.2TheadVantagesof7rop—downreading

Manystudents,especiallythosewithlowleVelofEnglish,leamingapproachemphasizes”part”,suchastheglossaryandthegrammarstructure,thisprocessisregardedas”bottom-up”readingmethods.AppIication”bottom—up¨modelofreadingisbeganinwordsandphrasesandgrammar,andmakethemtointeract,andfinallytounderstandthewholetext.”Bottom—up”readingpatterninlanguageteachingproblemsIiesinit’snotf.ocusonproVidinganopportunityf.orreaders.Cecilia(2004)more,

Thispattemistoreadf如mthewordasthegeneralideaofthetextmessagestodecodeprocess.Readersandthecontactisunilateral,hecanonlythroughsuchaswordorphrasetounderstand,sothereaderwilloftenpassiVeposition,it’seasytofIaceaonlyknowthemeaningoftheworddidnotknowordon’tfullyunderstandthewholetextcarelessness.Forexample,“theprice”referstoareagreement”,”iftheliteraImeaningtotranslatebecamea¨seeeyetoeye:fromdi仟erentmeanings.

”Top—down”modclofreadinga11d”bottom—up”readingpattern、、’asopposite.Bottom-upwaypayattentiontotheword,andthetop—downwaymaketheunderstandingtostanfromt11ebackgroundoft11ewholeIextmeaning.Dif亿rentfromthereadertoreadignorethetraditional、’ie、Vs,lhiskindofmethodemphasizereadingwhenactivepanicipationofthereaders.First.t11euseofVisualaspectsofreaderscant.nd

.infomlationtoimprovelanguage,thetextinf.omation.SecondIy,readerscanusetheexperienceandknowledgeoflanguagetoVerif.ythatthetemporaryhypothesis.Finally,thereadertoreadagainaftertheassumptionsdoneconnrmorcorrected.3.3MajorMethodsof7rop—downreading3.3.1ActivatingbackgroundknowledgeBackgroundknowledgeref.erstothereadefsabouttheworld,includingknowledgeoflanguageknowledgeandnon-linguisticknowledge.BackgroundknowledgeinreadingcomprehensioninplaysaVeryimportantrole,ifthereisanarticleisjustthereadersarefamiliarwiththecontents,althou曲manyofthewords,readerscanunderstandthemeaningofthis,ConVersely,ifthecontentofthereaderisjustsomethingcompletelyunfamiliarwords,evenifnotmany’alsohardtounderstandthemeaning.Theteachercanguidestudentstounderstandtheheadings,ortothestudentraisessomequestionstoactivatestudents。backgroundknowledge,ordirectlytoproVidestudentswiththerelevantbackground,orcontacttheirstudentshavemasteredtheknowledgeitself.3.3.2BeforereadingstrategiesDifferentarticlescanusedif&rentmethods,suchasreading,readingorjumpforreading.Theteachershouldteachstudentshowtocatchthekeywordsandsentences,seizethepu叩ose,signincance,themainthemetoimproVestudents’understandingofthereadingspeedandtheaccuracyofunderstanding,conscioustrainingthestudentstoreadthewhoIelaw.Theteachershouldteachstudentstolearntousesummarizationandthroughcontextistounderstand.Forexample,whentheteacherspeaksSEFClAOlympicGames”close”thisclass,theteacherinthestudentcanreadbeforesomeproblems,suchaS“HowoRenaretheOlympicsheld?…‘What’stheOlympicmottO?Whatdoseitmean?’’AndthenIetstudentstrytoreadthroughthemethodto6ndtheanswerandknowaboutthecontent.3.3.3CultivatingabilityT.eachersshoLlldhell)snldentstoanalj,zetext.tocLllti、,ates“ldents’abililyIoimproveitsqualitystepbystep.Englishteachingshouldf.ollowtheprinciplesofintegrity,ratherthanthroughtheseparatetreatmenteachisolatedpieces.Theteachercanaskastudenttoreadfromthewhole,thenanaIyzedcarefuJly.Theteachershouldallowstudentsto丘ndeverypassage,accordingtolhepLIrposeofthearticleisdiVidedinto

se、,eralpurposeotherpal‘ts,andcallquickl)seizcda九icles,LllldcrsIalldthe111ainideasof

.11

————————————————————————————————————————————————————一一一内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

..

clues.

Eachoneisdif氨:rent,socanusedif琵rentwaysaresummarized.Forexample,summarizesVerbscanclearlyshowthedeVelopmentprocessofevents,Summarizecharacterscanhighlightlhemaincharacter.Allofthese’canhelptoimprovestudents・readingskillsinpractice.

3.3.4RemainactiVeclassroomatmosphere

ReadthecontentwiIlcombinewithlearnersinreallife.Letthestudentsinclassf.reelycanactiVeclas§roomatmosphere.Sometemporaryrandomeventscanalsohelptoregulateatmosphereinclass.Beforelearningapassage,theteachergivetherelatedquestionsfirst,thenletthestudentreplied,letstudentsopentheirbooks,studentswinsuddenlyenlighted,thewholereadingclassesw订lbeveryactive.Forexample,ifweleamsomethingaboutholidayaRerastoryabout”travelin∥,theteachercan.askclaSsmatesomeproblemsbef.ore,suchas”WherehaSyourvirtue?-t.・BytrainorByplane?””Howto?””Howlongwillittaketogetthere?”Theseproblemscanstimulatestudents’interest,sotheclaSsroomisactive.

2.

Ⅳ.MethodoIogy

4.1ResearchQuestions

Thepu印oseofthispaperistoexpound”top-down¨waytoEnglishreadingteaching,especiallytheimpactofjuniormiddleschool’sEnglishreading.IⅥanyinvestigationsonthismodelofreadingstrategyuseshowsthat,theef.fectwayoftrainingstudentsusetop-down、VaytoreadcanhelpthemunderstandthepassageswelI.Therefore,itisgreatnecessarytoidentifythecognitionandunderstandingofstudentsaboutthewholepassagecanbedeVelopedwelliftheteachersusepropertrainingwayoftop-downreading.

4.2Hypothesis

IfIusetop.downreadingmodelstrategytoo唱anizestudentstoIeamEnglishreading,anddeveloptheirschemataunderstandingatsametime,theEnglishreadingabilityofjuniorhighschool’sstudentswillbeimproVed.4.3Subjects

Theparticipantsinthispaperare60middleschoolstudentsofGradeEightfIromWuHaiNo.Eightmiddleschool-Theyare30studentsinClass7and30studentsinClass8.Theiraverageageisl6。IntheexploratorystudyalltheparticipantsarediVidedinto3groups,good,ordinaryorpoorleamersgrouprespectivelyaccordingtotheirperfbmancesineVerydayEnglishclassesandthescoresinthelaSttwoEnglishtests.Goodleamergroupwere20subjectswhosescoreswerehi曲erandpoorleamersgroupwerelosubjectswithpwerscores.Theother30studentswereappliedasordina巧groupfortheirscoreswereiqthemiddleofallthesubjects.

4.4Instn”11ents

TheinstrumentusedinthissurVeywasEngIishreadingtests.TheywilIbeusedinbeforeandaRertheexperiment.AttheendofthesemesteLthescoresofthethreegroupswillbeconductedagaintosee、Vhetherthereexistsanysignincantdif琵rencebetweenthestudents.

内蒙古9币范大学硕士学位论文

4.5Procedures

4.5.1Process

Inthispaper,thestudentsofthedifferentcIasseswhichf.romClass7andClass8hadbeentrainedbydif五erentwaysoftheEngIishreadingteaching,onef.0rregularreading,theoIheristhroughtop-downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmate“alis”PentiumEn91.sh--Specialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoolreadingcomprehensionofthedcsign”.InordertoimproVetheirEnglishreadinglevel,Theteacherwouldtrainthe60students’readingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingeVeryday,ARerasemesteroftraining,thetestscoresofmidtermand6nalexamshadbeeninlproVedinthef.ormwouldshowtheresultswhichbytwoclassesofhorizontalcont“lst,aswellasdiff.erentleVelsofComparisonoflongitudinalstudentachievementoutcome.

4.5.2ExampIesofteachingtraining

Tbp。downreadingmodelofteachingreadingisbasedonthetheoryinwhichreadingisregardedasaprediction—checkprocess,“apsycholinguisticguessingg蛐e”(Goodman,l970).InthisModel,notonlylinguiSticl(nowledgebutalsobackgroundknowledgeisinVolVedinreading.Theref.ore,itisbelievedthattheteachershouldteachthebackgroundknowledgenrst,sothatstudentsequippedwithsuchknowledgewillbeabletoguessmeaningf.romthepassage.Examplcl:

TheBeijing2008olymlpicgnmes

ThiSyenr,in2008,thjscentennialdrenmhnscor住etrHe.“’jI,enregettingrecI曲。forsevenyenrs・AndWee哟oyandcheer和rSixteend‘t3)s.”thechnlrman可chineseolympic。Mr.LiHQitoldHs.Inl908。thereporter西TianjinYoHmWrol£nnnrticlenndnskedt|treeqHestions:¨》henchiHesecoHtdtnkepnrtino睁mpics?whenc阳nesecott|dgetngoldmet划?w11cltc…nesecotl|dlloldtltcO咖叫cs?NoWtheqHestionshavet|lenllswers.Chinescsportplctyersgotthejfirstgo|dmednlinl984andnoWchinesepeople|tnssucces对Hllylletdtheolympics。one|l睫ndredyenrs:drenmoIjC|linesellnsconletrHe.AndotlrcoHntrygot5lgoldme(|clls.2i4

silvermedalS.28bron乙emednlsdHriHgthe01),mpicS.“’,7reareproHdwegetthe.住rstptnceandgobeyondAmericninnmoHnt以gotdmednls,“nchinesestHdentSntdproudly.”

“whatwiltbethenextoneh仉ndredyenrs’drenmo嗲chinese拿”thereporter口sked.DI纾.erentpeoplehnvedi8电rentidens.SomethinkC|linesecanholdtheolymplcsngnin-sHch髓theoldchairmnn对otympicsoncesnid,“chinacnnho|dtheo◇rnpicsngnin。’’BHtthegovernmentthjnksmorenboHtchinesepeople,soourcoHntry’sdrenmWlllbehoWtomakeoHrcoHnt哆strongernndmakepeople’sl毋betler.Mnnyexpertssnid.‘1Theolympicgnmewnsover'mesp碱t可。玲mpicSwillbe如rever讯cltinn.

ChooSelhecorrectQnsWerSaccordingtolhepnssnge.

1.HoWlongdidollrChinesepeopleprepnre如rlheolympicGnme?A.etghtyenrsB.SevenWeeksc.sevenyenrSD.sixteendcIys2.TheChlnesesportplc【yerjfirstgolnmednlinplympicGnme?A.1984B.i996c.1908D.20083.otlrcountrygot}nednlsin10lnl.

A.5iB.2iC.28D.1004.H,egotthe彝rstplnceinnmount可。inBe珏ingolympicgames.A.goldmednlsB.silvermedals

C.bronZemedntsD.nttmednls

whQlwiilprobnblybethenexlonehandI‘edyenrs?dream可chinQ彳.而gofD砌emoD门

B.HoWto}nnkeotlrcountrystrongernndmnkepeople’sl啦betler.C.1bhotdnnotherolymptcGnmeS.

DjHoM,|ohccome(1memherojwTO

ThetitIeofthepassage:theBe.jing2008OlympicGame

Theteachingaims:Readthepassagebystudents’own,andthenanswerthequestlons.

Theprocedureoftheteaching:

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

1.Pre・readingactiVities

Predictthecontentofthepassagebasedonthetitle.AskstudentstoguesswhatthepassagewilltellusaccordingtotheTitle.

ThetopicofOlympicwashotatthattime,sothestudentswereVeryinterestedinit.Theanswerswouldbewrittenontheblackboard:

・ThetimeOfholdingthe0lympicGames.

・ThecityofholdingtheOlympicGame:Be.jing

・Themedalsofthe0lympicGames

・ThemascotsoftheOlympicGames

・AnathleteLiuXiang

2.Sett.ngthescene

Letthestudentstof-am订iarwiththeculturalandsocialbackgroundknowledgereleVanttothereadingtext.Theteacherwillshowthesimpleprocessofapplyingfor0lympicGamesbypictures.Atthesametime,theteacherintroducedthatitwaSalongtimef.orChinesepeopletowaittoholdit.

3.ReadbythemselVesandfinishthequestionsbytheirown4.Checktheanswersandmakeaconclusion

Secondly'predictingwillgetthereader’smindclosertothethemeofthetext.Therearethfeewaysofpredictiflg,predictingbasedonthetitle,predict“19basedonVocabularyandpredictingbasedontheT/Fquestions

HaVingmadepredictionsbasedonthetitle,studentscanbeaskedtopredictsomeIexicalitemsthattheythinkarelikelytooccurinthetext.Thenthestudentsreadthetexttoconfinntheirpredictions.

Example2:Predictingbasedonthetitle

Mrknf,wtlll

soccer:thentostpopHlnrsport

HnveyouhndyoHrbreal‘j■st?

1.Pre—readingactiVities

Ifthestudentsarenotgoodatpredicting.theteachercanhelpthembyaskingcenalnquestlons:6

1陀xtl:WhoisMrknowall?

WhydopeoplethinkheisMrknowall?

DopeopleloVeMrKnowall?

7rext2:WhywebeIieVesocceristhemostpopularsport?

WhatistheW6rldCup?

Text3:Eatingbreak凰tisimportantornot?

Whatistheresultifthepersondoesnoteattherightbreakf.ast?

2.Settingthescene

Theteachershouldshowsomepicturesofinf.onnationinthesetexts,inordertostimulatetheknowledgeinstudents’brain.0nthisstep,studentscoulddiscussingroupsandgettheinclusionwhichtheyshoul‘jaskonetotenwhatw订lhappeninthestory.

3.Finishingreading

AfterreadingthesepaSsages,studentsshouldgiVethefeedbackhowtheyunderstandthem.AndtheyshouldretellinChineseifnecessary.

Example3:PredictingbasedonVocabulary

Inthis‘

predictionactiVity,theteacherproVidesstudentswi£hthelistofwords,

andasksthestudentstopredictwhatkindsofstorywouldhappeninLheLext,andtoreadthetextandcon6n11theirpredictions.

Thelistofthewords:doexercisebaSeballcheerup

thehighjumpthelongjumpmountain

weekendprettywellhour

1.Pre—readingactiVities

Usethesewordslomakeupsentencesingr‘uIps.TheteachershoLlldenc()LIragestudentstovvlritedowntheirsentencesonthepaper,themorethebetter.Thenthesessentenceswillbeshowntothewholeclass.

2.Settingthescene

Displayacanoonofalittlegirlwhoisen.joyingherspecialday,letthestudenttellastoryaccordingtothecartoonandlhesentenceswhichtheymakeupbef.ore.3.

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Readthepassagebelowandchecktheirpredictionrightorwrong.

AnnlikessportsverymHch.s|tegoescyctingtwiceaWeekandQ8engoesmoHntninclimbingonSundcIys。

shespendsh征ljanhoHrdoingexerciseinthegymeveryday.ShelenrnsbnseballonSntHrdt哆s,nndnoWsheplaySitpret◇Well.

She话alsogoodntjHmping.ThereisgongingtobeaSchoolsportsmeetnextM,eekend。ShehgongingtotnkepnrtinthehighjHmpandthetongjHmp.Herclnssm口tesnregoingtocheerheron.TheyaresHrethntshewlllWin.Example4:PredictingbasedontheT/Fquestions.

T宅achergiVessomesentencesbef.orereading,letthestudentspredict.TheyshouldchooseTorFbef.orereading.ARerreadingthepassage,theyshouldcheckthemwhichisrightandwhichiswrong.

1.Pre・readingactiVities

Readthesentencesabouttheintemetonthistable.andchooseTorFon“Beforereading”column.

TheinternetBeforeAfter

readingreading

TheinternetispopuIaL

Theinternetcannotdoshopping.

Wecanuseinterne“o6ndjobs.

Wecanenjoysongs,moViesandgamesontheinternet.

Themoreweuse.t.thebetterwefeeI.

2.Stirupthebackgroundknowledge

Makestudentsintotwogroups.Oneofthegroupshouldwritedo、VntheadVantagesoft11einternetoneby011eontheblackboard,t11cothernlenlbcrsi11groupt、、oshouldwritedownthedisadVantages.

3.Readthearticlebelo、V,and6nishchoosingTorFin‘‘ARerreading’’column.

TheiftterHetis’妒oHde(“11.ItmnkesoHrlU’ellicer,easicrn|tdmoreinteresti|tg.Tlleinternetcnnhelpustodonlotofthings。Forexnntple。’’,ecnndosome

shoppingw“hoHtlenvingoHrhoHses,wecnnstHdyonHleinternetnndwecnn“setheinternetto扣ndjobs.1甲henwewnnttovisilnHe'妒ptnce,theinternetcnnhelp淞Fndtheway.ontheinternet,WecQnn|soenjoyntnnyintereStingsongs,moviesnndgames。BHtwes|tonldn’tspendtoomHchtimeontheinternet,toontHchtimeoH“isbnd加roHrhenllh.

4.Makeaconclusionofpredicting.

ChecktheanswerSofthetable,andconnrmhowmanysentencestheydoa“ghtprediction,andtelltheotherhowheorshedidit.

4.5.3SymboIicDescription:

AS:aVeragescOresOfthecIass.

^c、sumtotaloftheclass’scores

numoftheclass’students

PR.thepasSrate.

^^numoftheclaSs’studentswhopasstheexam

卜7}一c==.........——————————..——。...—.————————————————-—--——-————二———————————-——-————————-一

numoftheclass’students

ER:exce¨encerate.

产^numoftheclaSs。studentswhosescoremorethan85

numoftheclass’students

EG:excellencegroup

MG:middlegroup

UG:unpassedgroup

4.5.4Experiment

ByTable1.wecanseethatthetwoclassesinthebeginningoftheexperimentisroughlyequaltotheoVerallleVel,theaVeragedifferenceinscoresandpassratesoflessthan1%,equaltotheproportionofstudentsgoodresults,ratherthanpaSsingratedifrerenceof6.67%.

Table1.Theoriginalscoresofstrategiesofthetwoclasses

AsfortheirpoorbackgroundknowledgeofEnglish.1eamingEnglishweIIisnoteasyf.orsecond—yearjuni01.hjghschoolstudents.whenthestudentsgetthe9

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

training,thetimeofgiVingteachingshouldbetakenlessthan20minutes,othenⅣisethetrainingwouldbeanexcessiVeburdenonstudents,anditwouldhavereducetheenthusiasmofthestudents,thenitwouldhavebackfiredonthem.Sothetimeoftrainingwillbesettoread3timesaweek,tenminutesforeachtime.ThisactiVityw订ldesigninthebeginningofeachclass.InthiswaystudentswillnotfeeltheincreasingburdenbutalsotoachieVethetrainingpu叩ose.ThestudentsinClass7andClass8weretheexperimentsobjects.Class7weretrainedforreadingpracticeonly;andClass8werebeusedthe“top—down’’approachtoreadtraining:Firstaskstudentstoreadf}omthebeginningtotheendofthewholepassageinthelimitperiodoftime,atthesametimeguidingthemtobuildthediagramofthecontentofthearticleintheirbraintodeepentheunderstandingofthecontentofthearticle.AfterquestingthestudentstoexpressthearticleinChinese,askedthemtodothemultiplechoiceexercisesbelowtheanicle.Bythisway,theycanbetestedoutthetop—downreadingpatternhaVetheefrectonstudents’readingcomprehension.

Whendoingthepractice,thestudentsinClass7readbytheirownreadinghabit,butthestudentsinCIass8whowasusedtotheirreadinghabitshouldacceptthetop・downreadingmodelsastheguidance.SotheywouldtakeashontimetObefamiliarwiththenewway.Atthisperiod,theimprovementsofthetestscoreinClass7whichhasthetop—dowllreadillg1110delsis110tasobviousasClass8.ButthisphenomenonhaschangedwhenthereadingtrainingwasgiVenatthe6Rhv旧eks.ClaLss7gradualIyacceptsthenewwayaStheguidancetoread.Theycanmasterthemainide孕f.asterandtheycan6ndoutIhedetailsinthetestmorecorrectly.SotherateofcorrectofthequestiongiVenwashigherwhentheydoingthereadingcomprehension.Inthetenthweekthestudentsshouldfacethemid.termexaminationf.ol’festt11e1.esullsofIop・dLlwnl’eaLlillg111‘1dclswhichwasgiVendL¨’ingfhelime

Throughthemidtermexam,inspection,”top-down”Englishreadingtrainingacquiredpreliminaryresults,Class7ofstudentshaVemasteredthebasicEnglishreading111ethods.Inthenextl0weeks“’ainingteachingIaidasolidf.oundation.AtthesanleIinle,becauseinthenlid—termexaminationhasachievedgoodresults,class7student‘senthusiasmandinitiatiVeofstLIdywasalsofuIlyaroused.Andtheir20

learningwaSmoresmoothly.Inthe20thweekend,thestudentswouldfacethethefinalexam,whichendtheexperiment,andwhenthescorescameout,thedataanalysisisfollowing.

4.5.5DataAnalysis

TheAppendix1.showsthetestscoresofClass7andClass8.

Comparingf.romtheresultsoftwoclasses,wecansee:

1.)AS:ThroughtenweeksofEnglishteaching,theaVeragescoreinClass7

increasedfr.0mtheoriginal66.56to67.46.IthasinlproVed0.9points;andinClass8,theaVeragegradehasdropped0.5points,行om67.17to66.67.The6nalexamswasinthe20thweek,TheaVeragescoresofClass7studentsinthemidtermexamf.rom67.46increasedto70.13,improVedplus2.67points,AndaVeragescoresinClass8inthemidtemlexamfrom66.67increasedto67.17,promoted0.50points.Thecontrastoftwoclasses’AS(seeGraph1.)

Graph1.ThecontrastoftwoclaSses’AS

PR:IntheMidtermexam,theClass7paSsrateispromotedf.rom63.33%to70.00%,improved6.67%.AndtheClass8passrateis70.00%nochangefromtheoriginal.IntheFinaltermexam,theClass7passrateisdropped仔om70.00%to66.7%,decreased3.33%.AndtheClass8passrateispromotedfrom70.00%to70.33%,improVedO.33%.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’PR(seeGraph2.)

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Graph2.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’PR

3.)ER:TheClass7rateofexcellentstudentsincreasedfrom23.33%to30%

inthemidte咖exam,increased6.77%.WhiletheClass8rateofexceIlentstudentsdroppedfrom23.33%to20.00%,decreaSed3.33%.IntheFinaltennexam,theClass7excellencerateisincreasedf.rom30.00%to37.OO%,improVed7%.AndtheClass8excellencerateispromotedfrom20.00%to26.66%,improVed6.66%.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’ER(seeGraph3.)

Graph3.Thecomparisonoftwoclasses’ER22

4.5.6Findings

FromtheMidte肿exam,wecanknowtheaVerageresultinClass7haSelevatedanddroppedinClass8.Althoughtwoclasses’changesactuallyallisnotobvious,itshowsthatthediff.erentEnglishreadingpatternswereusedinreadingteachinghasdistinguishingresults.

Thewayoftop—downEnglishreadingtraininggaVeforstudentswhoseaVeragescoreswerehigherthanthestudentsreadingbytheirgeneralpattemoftraining.Itisvisibletoseethattop-downEnglishreadingtrainingfbrstudentsofEnglishreadinglevelenhancementisbeneficial.Secondly,top—downEnglishreadingtrainingforgeneralfoundations’studentshaSIa唱erspace,andtheresultsshowsthattop。downreadingtrainingforstudentsinthisIeVelhaVecomparatiVeandremarkableefrect.AlltheconclusioncanbeanalyzedfromTable2.

Table2.

TheoriginalexcellentgroupofstudentsingradeshaVetriningchange,aVeragescoresdropf-rom91.00to89.66,thisisnotbecause”top-down”EnglishreadingtrainingtotheresulthaVesideefrectsongoodstudents,thischangeisactuallybecauseofexcellentgroupofstudentshadseVenpeopleoriginally,andnowhasninepeople,obserVetheninegradeschangecarefhlly;wef’oundthattheninepeopleachievementisactuallyimproVe.ThenumberoffIailedgroupdmppedfromllpeopletonine,andthet、Vostudentspassedthetestsuperbly.Passrateisraisedto70.OO%.Therearetotalof12studentswhopassedthetestbutdidnotgetexcellent,,th-eiraveragegrade73.16promotedby76.16,risingbythethreepoints,andpartofstudentachievementaIsobrokethrough85,enteredtheexcellentgroup.

FromtheFinalexamscore.comparingfromCIass8theintegralresultofClass7isamarkedimpro、’ement.Apparentl)’this”top-do、Vn”Englishreadingtraining

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

therefbrehassuperiority.ForClass7ofnnalgradeanalysis,seeThble3.

Table3.

Class7conlposedofdifr.erentgradeshaschangedf}omoriginaltofinal,wecansee疔omGraph4.

Graph4.ComposeofClass7

ItiscleartoseethatoutstandinggroupaVeragescoresis90.36,whilethereareninepeoplef.romthemidtermexam,andnowthenumberchangedto11whobrokethrough85pointsintoexcellentgroup.Thenumberofstudentswhofailedthetestincreasedf.rom9peopletol0people.Itisinevitablethatthiskindofcircumstanceappearedintheexperiment,becauseofthesmallbaSenumber.ChoicenessisnotexpectedtomakeimproVement,butfell3.33%respectively.Theauthorsbelievethatiftheexperimentalbaseisla唱eenough,itshouldnothappen.Therearel2studentsinthemediumleVel,theiraVeragescoresinthemidtermexamraisedfrom76.16pointsto81.67,anditimproVed5.5lpoints,includingsixscoresmorethan85pointsintothetopram(s.ItserVestosh’ow”top—down”EnglishreadingtrainingforstudentsofEnglishreadinghasVerygreatheIp,especiallyf.ormediumlevelstudents.24

V.COnclusiOn

V.ConcIusion

Thisthesisfollowsthelogicorderf.romtheorytopractice.Inchapterone,thebackgroundinf.onnationandthesigni6canceoftheresearchwasreported.Inchaptertwo,thedennitionofreadingandtop-downreadingmodelresearchesonarepresented,andrelatedreadingmodelsandthestudy

aonTbp-downreadingteachingathomeonarereviewed.ChapterthreewaSreportoftheinVestigationthetop・down

someresultswhichproVethestudentsreadingmodelemployedbystudents.Ityields

doenlploytop.downreadingmodelandthemiddleleVelstudentsgetmoreefrectiVeonthetop—downreadingtrainingreadingEnglisharticles.Chapterf-ourreportedexperiment.ThisexperimentalsoyieldssomeresultswhichproVedthattop。downreadingtrainingcanhelpstudentsimproVetheirEnglishachieVements.

Thetop.downwaymaketheunderstandingtostartf.romthebackgroundofthewhoIetextmeaning.Di行erentf如mthereadertoreadignorethetraditionalViews,thiskindofmethodenlphasizereadingwhenactiVeparticipationofthereaders.First,the

textuseofvisualaspectsofreadersreaderscan6ndinformationtoimproVelanguage,theuseinfbrmation.Secondly;cantheexperiellcea11dkilowledgeoflanguagetoverifythatthetemporaryhypothesis.Finally'thereadertoreadagainaftertheassumptionsdonecon行肿orcorrected.

Throughoutthetop—downreadingmodeIintheexpe“ment,thewayof

scoreswhoseaVeragetop.do、vnEnglishreadingtraininggaVeforstudentswere

theirgeneralpattemoftraining.ItisVisibletohigherthanthestudentsreadingby

seethattop—do、、,nleVelEnglishreading仃ainingfbrs“Idenls‘)fEnglishl’eadillgenhancementisbenencial.Secondly,top.downEnglishreadingtrainingfbrgeneralfoundations’studentshaslargerspace,andtheresultsshowsthattop—downreading

andremarkableef话cttrainingforstudentsinthisleVelhaVecomparatiVe

Anidealsituationwouldbeonin、vhichaIJteacherstraintheirstudents

usewouldthenbemorelikeIytotop—downreadingmodel.alsostudents

25thiswayto

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

learninoneclasstoanotherclass.ThereisaneedformorecomprehensiveresearchonawiderangeofVariablesaff.ectingreadingstrategyuse.Variablessuchasculturalbackground,beliefs,leamingstyle,motiVation,andattitudethatmayhaVeabearingonreadingleamingstrategyuseshouldbestudiedwithstudentsofdif|’erentbackgroundsandproficiencyleVels.MoreoVer,researchonthef’requencyofuseofthesocialandaf诧ctiVestrategiesandchoiceofgivenstrategiesisrecommendedsinceitishelpfulforbothleamersandteachers.

HoweVer,duetothesmallnumberofsubjectsandmethodologicallimitations,alltheconclusionsstudynowshouldberegardedassuggestiveandtentative.Atthesametime,theresearchermyselfamnotastatisticexpertandnotablet0independentlyanalyzealltherelatiVedatathatappearintheresearch.Sovalidationstudiesoneff-ectoftop—downreadingmodeltrainingneedtobemadeinthef.uturewithala唱esizeofsubjectsandabetterstalisticdescription.26

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Refbrences:

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s,r口f曙fPs加厂sPcD蒯肠馏“口gP

c肠ssrDo卅.Melbourne:CambridgeUniVersityPress.

Anderson.DaVid.Bottom—UpStrategies—ABackgroundtoReadingInstruction】.June

2005.

Camboure,B.

‘‘Howimportantistheorytothereadingteacher?”AustralianJoumal

ofReading

2:78—90,1979.

Carrell,P.,Devine,J.&Esdey,D.(Eds.).1988.加,Pr口c,f1,P<昝矽厂D口c晟Ps幻sPco门d厶材曙“(IggrP口西,曙.Cambridge:Cambridge

UniVersityPress.

Chang,Cecilia.Top—downApproach

toDeVelopingExtendedDiscourseinStudents’

Speech.Williams

College.2004.

Carroll,J.B.LanguageandThought.

Englewood

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964CarroH,

JB.

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NewYork:

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l970

Goodman,K.S.andGoodman

Y.M.(1979)‘1’oreadisnatural’,inResnick,L.B.and

Weaver’P.A.(eds)Theory

andPracticeofEarlyReading、b1.1,Hillside,NJ:

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“Reading:

psycholinguistic

game.’’Joumal

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1971

16Goodman,K.S.1967.Reading:Apsycholinguisticguessinggame.。,D“,.门口,Q厂r办e

ReQdtngspecinnst

Grimn.P.&Cole.M.Cullrent

activityforthefuture:TheZo-ped.InB.Rogoff

&J.VResearch

on

Approaches.for【improVing

EnglishReadingAbilityat

PI.of’essionalhighschool

Wertsch(Eds).

Childrenleaminginthe’’zoneofproximal

development’sNewDirectionsforChildrenLanguageDeVelopmentSanFrancisco

Joss∞,.Bass(V01.23),l

984

Hal.ris.

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studentsofEnglish

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second

language.EnglewoodClif.fs,NJ:PrenticeHalI,1966lrwin,J.

W’l’eachingreadingcomprehensionprocesses【2”ed.)EnglewoodCliffIS,

NJ:PrenticeHall,l99l

Kolers,PA.;。Readillgisonlyi11cidencally、,isual.’’/nPsycho“nguisticsandthe

27

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TeachingofReading.

K.

S.Goodman&J,

Fleming(Eds.).Intemational

ReadingAssociation,

1969

l6Nunan,D.1991.£日,曙“(t妒,P日c厅f,曙,竹Pf向o(幻fDl眇j彳,gx,6DD尼/ar,P口c厶P瑚Hertfordshire:PrenticeHallIntemational.

Nunan,D.1998.Teachinggrammarincontext.点Z丁。,D“厂胛口,.Oxfbrd:0xf-ordUniVersityPressNunan,D.1

999.・毙cD,zd肠,喀“昭P陀口c向砌g&,P口厂门f,咨Boston:Heinle&Heinle

PubIishers.

Nunan,DaVid.PracticalEnglishLanguageTeaching.HigherEducationPress.2004.

RiIey;Jeni(1996)TheT’eaching

ofReadingLondon:PaulChapman

Rumelhart,D.E.Schemata:ThebuiIdingblocksofcognition.

InR.J.

Spiro,

B.Brace,Rumelhart.

D.

‘’’roward

an

interactiVemodelof

reading.”

Attentionand

Perfbrmance.NewYork:

AcademicPress,

1977

Seliger,H.

ImproVingreadingspeedandcomprehensioninEnglish

asa

second

language.EnglishLanguageTea6hing27:48-55,

1972

Smith,Frank(1978,secondedition)UnderstandingReadingNew1ybrk:Holt,

Rinehart&Winston.

StanoVich,K.‘”TowardallinteractiVe—compensatorymodel06ndividualdif传rencesinthedeVelopmentofreadingfluency”/nReadingResearchQuarterlyl6:32——7l,

1980

Widdowson,H.G.1983.£e口r门i,喀p“,p05P臼,2d^口,嗒“口gP“se.Oxfbrd:Oxfbrd

UniVersityPress.(EditedbySteHaandJessica)

程晓堂,郑敏《英语学习策略》北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002年杜学增,《英语阅读的方法与技能》北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997年胡春洞,《英语阅读论》南宁:广西教育出版社,1998年

胡小花.英语教学研究~理论与实践.西安:西北工业大学出版社.2007.

倪锦诚.外语教学rfl的阅读摸式研宄.重庆交通人学学报.2uu7ib).文秋芳,《英语学习策略》上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社,1996年文秋芳,《学习和运用第二语言‘的策略》北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社,2000杨树臣、杨敏.阅读教学中功能语法语篇分析模式的尝试性应用.外语

界.2004(2).

28

Appendix

Appendix1

Textl

HaVeyouhadyourbreakI。ast?

Doesitmatterifyoudon’ttakeyourbreakfast?Ashorttimeago,a

test(测试)

waSgivenintheUnitedStates.Peopleofdi髓rentages,froml2to83,wereaskedto

have

allkindsofbreakf.astand

test.Duringthetest,thesepeopleweregiVen

no

sometimestheygot

breakfhstata11.Scientistswantedto

see

howwelltheirbodies

workedwhentheyhadeatendifrerentkindsofbreakf.ast.

The

result(结果)show

thatif

personeatsthe69htbreakf瓠t,hebreakfast.If

or

shewill

workbetterthanthosewhohave

no

studenthaSf.Ⅲit,eggs,breadand

milkbeforgoing

class.

toschool,hewilllearnmorequickIyand

listenmoreattentiVelyin

Theresultisoppositeto(与…相反)what

somepeoplethink.HaVing

no

breakfastwill

noon

nothelpyouloseweight.Thisisbecausepeoplebecomeso

hung叫at

thattheveattoomuchforlunch.TheywilIgainwei曲t

insteadoflosingit.Ybu

wi重llosemoreweightifyoureduceyourotller111eals.

Text2Mr

Mr.Shawwrote

likethe

KnowA¨

allthe、vorldknowhim.Hedidn’t

lotofnice

novels(小。晚)and

arrogant(傲慢的)“ch

menandoRenlaughedatthemandthepeopleliked

him.

Mr.ShawwasoRenasked

toknow

to

allkindsofparities.Alotofimponantmenhoped

canle

him.Onedayafamoussingeraskedhimtoherparty.Whell~Ir.Shaw

in,allpeoplestoodupexcept

meethimand

youngman.Thesingerhurriedto

one

askedhimtositdownnexttoher.Theyoungman’sfAtherwas

oftherichest

than

meninEnglandandhewasstud),inginParis.Hethoughtheknewmuchmoreanyather

guest(客人)in

thest“119roonl.Hetalkcd

lotandtried

to

showhewas

29

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

know—a11.AllthepeoplepoliteIylistenedtohimand

nobodywouldinterrupt

him.ItmadeMrShowunhappy.

“Pleaselistentome,myfriend.’’Mr.Shawhadtostophim,“Ithinkonlywe

bothknowallthethingintheworld!”

HaVingheardthis,theyoungmanwashappyand

asked,“Why?’’

“Maybeyouknowall,”saidMr.ShaW,“butyoudon’tknow

one

thing!’’

“What?”“We

are

alltired

of(讨厌)you,“Mr.Shaw

saidwith

smile.“JustIknowit!’’

Theyoungman’sfacetumedredanddidn’tsayanythinguntilheleR.

Text3

Soccer:themostpopuIarsport

Inheworld,soccer

or

footballisthemostpopuIarsport.Thisisbecausemany

countrieshaVewonderfUlteamforthe

World

Cup.The

W6rIdCupisheldeVeryfour

VearS.

TbrIemember2002FIFAWorld

Cup,childrenfromdif五引?entcount“esandmore

than60childrenfrom

J印aneseschools

cametogetherandspenttheeweekends

drawing

bigpicturecalled“DreamWorldCup”inJapan.Thechildrendrew

animals,nowersandpeoplewhoplay

soccerr

under

bIueb“ghtsky.Theywished

eachfbotballteamgoodluckbydrawingtheflagsofanthecountriesthatwilltake

partinthe

WorldCup

inJapanandSouthKorea.Thepicturewasputupin

park

neara

playgroundinY6kohama.SomefootballteamswillhaVegamesthere.

Areyoua

footballfan?TheworldCupmakesmoreandmorepeopleinterested’

in

football.Manyof

teenagerswholikeplayingandwatchingfootballlbVesome

football

starssomuchthattheygetthepicturesoftheirfaVoritepIayersonthewalls

ofthcirrL)onls.I‘hatisthc、^,ay

tosho、VthcirloVefbrtheⅥorld(-:upasChildrenin

Japan.

30

I__....................。................................。。

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Appendix2

1班期中成绩

姓名

李佳孟欣

刘宏伟王刚

魏娜韩丽霞

白宇王泽杨敏

李洋

高旭杨辉曹亚飞

王雪婷

刘丹

张婷婷

张雪

胡悦

王海鑫韩佳明

郭文斌

于杰刘丽丽

张娜

张斯文袁慧敏白音

李亮

呼燕

王鹏总分平均分

及格率

优秀率

前测成绩

98959080828075

68

85706054

758090934030365850428673425060755030199766.566.3.37%23.33%

3I

后测期中成绩

969590

85

8583788086726260778290903628326043459070434760805l28

2024

67.467(}.I^IfM30.00%

后测期木成绩

9996

88

908685

90

878380706082838695392635684550848049

43

55925226210570.266.67%37.00%

Appendix3

2班成绩

姓名

刘洋

陈朝辉

胡晶华

纪晓丹

常博

李婷

张晓磊

云峰

刘对儿

祁霞

石健元

肖楠

李彤

王曼华

同7J、半高小军

方宏远

孟丽

甘超

王朝正

F日震

董倩

王向明

张晓字

刘楠

武春霞

屈波

田亚雄

周颖

赵勇

张志星

总分

平均分

及格率

优秀率内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文.前测成绩后测期中成绩93929394858690885860858363706661655063567075939l70・734540504663.6052584960737065684530505268649593808225296068757242498480‘2015200067.266.77n%7n%Z3.33%厶U.UU/o20.(JU‘‰

32后测期术成绩909288868088716453606289684840625560726350536090.78286278408520l567.270.33%26.66%

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Appendix4

初中-二年级期中测试卷

笔试部分

一、单项选择

()1.……LucvBeijingtomon.ow?

No.sheisn’t

A.Are;goingtoB.wiII;goC.Is;goingD.Isgo

()2.Thereisgoingtofootballgamenextweek.

AhaSBhaveCisDbe

()3.IoRensawLiuMingbasketballontheplayground.APlayedBplayingCplaysDplay

()4.…whichsportsdoyou…,skatingorswimming?

…llikeswimmingbetter.

AwantBplayCpreferDwatch

()5.Theoldmantakesexerciseto…eVerymoming.

AkeephealthBmakehealthCkeep6tDmakefit()6.YaoMingidplaying——theHoustonRocketS——theNBA.Ain;inBfor;onCin;onDfor;in

()7.Rose,couldyoudomeandcIeantheroomf.orme?AhandBf.aceCfavorDafavor

()8.…wouldyoumindcleaningyourtable?

AOfcoursenotBYes,pIeaseCYes,DoasyoulikeDThat’sri曲t()9.Theradioidtooloud.Couldyouplease?

AtumdownitBturni£upCtumupltDtumltdown()10.Don’twon了.I’msurethereontime.

AgetBgettingCtogetDgot

PlayingsponsisagreatwaytohaVefhnandstayactiVe.

KidshavelotsofchoicesaboutwhichsportstodoandwhethertocompeteinspoIrtsorjustplaythemforfun.Onekidmaybehappytowaybasketballinthepark,whileanotherkidmaypreferbeinginabasketballteamandcompetesagainstotherteams.

Gamescanmakesportsmoreexciting.Butbecausesomebodywinsandsomebodyloses,gamescanalsomakekidsfeelnerVous.

Insport,almoste、’er)’one、、.antstopIay、、’elIanddoesn’tu7anttomakeamistake.Eventhebestplayergcts11cI+、,oussulllctinlesbef.0reabigganle.

FeelingalittleexcitedornerVousis0K.Thishelpsyourbodyandmindgetreadytocompete.Butifyou‘regettingtoonerVousyouaren’thaVingmuchfun.It’sbadnews.33

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

根据短文内容判断正(T)误(F)

()1.Allthekidslikebein2inabasketballteam。

()2.Kidscanonlyhaveakindofspons.

()3.ThebestplayeralsogetsnerVoussometimesbeforeabiggame,()4.Gamesseldommakesportsmoreexciting.

()5.Itdoesn。tmatterifyoufeelalittlenervousbeforeagame.

Mr.Bakerwasastrongman.Helikedplayingf.00tballandspentalotoftimeofthegamewhenhestudiedinacollege.ButhisrightledwasbrokenwhenheplayedfootballwithhisclaSsmates.Hecouldn‘tplaVfootballandhewassorryforitandlikedtowatchthegame.

NowMr.bakerworksinahospital.Heisgooddentistandmanypatientsaskhimforhelp.Heisalwaysbusyandhaslittletimetowatchthematchesinthegym.HehastowatchaRemoon.Mr.Bakerhopedtowatchit.ButabigfootballmatchintheircitVwouldstartatfburoneafternoon.Mr.E;akerhopedtowatchit.Buttheheadofthehospitaldidn’tlethimgo.”Ybucan’tgooutuntilallthepatientsinyouromceleave.”hesaid.

ItwaSthreetwentywhentherewereabouttenpatientsinthewaiting.room.Mr.Bakerwaswo州ed.Hethoughtforamomentandhadanidea.Hesaidtowomanonthechairinhisomce,”Cryloudly,madam!I‘llpullyourbadtoothourfreeifyoufrightenawaytheotherpatients!”

1.Mr.BakerspentalotoftimeplayingfootbaIlbecause——.

AHewasstrong

BHewaSafootballplayer

CHelikedthegamed

DHehadalotoffreetimeaf!cerwork

2.ThataRemoonMr.Bakerwasworriedbecause.

AHewasafraidthathecouldn:twatchthefootbaIlmatch

BSomethingwaswrongwithhim

CTherewerefewDatients

DTheheadofthehosDitalwouldcometoseehim

3.theheadofthehospitaltoldMr.Baker

AtowatchthematchatOnce

Btowatchthematchiftherewerenopatients

CtowatchthematchaRerwork

DLoleavcLheoIhceUuieIly

4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

AMr.BakerwantedthewomantofrightenawaytheotherpatientsBMr.Bakerandthewomanweregoodfriends.

CMr.Bakerdidn’tIikewatchingfootbalInlatches.

DMr-Bakerknewthewoman.34

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文一—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————一

Appendix5

八年级英语期末测试卷

笔试部分(120分)

一、单项选择(15分)

()8.Y0u

()1.M.1kisgood——OUr.A.to,heaIthyB.for,healthyC.for,health)2.AlthoughheisVery川,一heworksVeryhard.A.andB.butC./13.d0youreadEnglishbooks?刑ceaday.A.HowlOngB.HOwoftenC.Howsoon—color,IlikeyeIlowVerymuch.A.AsB.AsforC.for)5.Whatdoyouusuallydoweekends?A.onB.ofC.in)6.HewatchesTVforhalf——houreVe叫day.A.theB.aC.an)7.-thematterwithyou7.Ihaveasorethroat.A.Who’sB.What’sC.HOw’slooksick.You——seeadoctOr.A.shouIdB.canC.do)9.IfyouhaVeasorethroat,youshoukldrinksomehotteahOnev.A.withB.inC.On)10.MrLiwasi11.・A.ThankyouB.I’mson.ytohearthatC.OK)11.areyougoingforVacatiOn?一ltaly.A.WhereB.WhenC.What)12.1’mgoingtoHuangshan.・A.Don’tbetoohappy.B.HaveagoodtimeC.Howistheweather.)13.ShesjghtseeingtomOrrO、、A.goesB.goingC.isgoing)14.CanIaskyou—questionsaboutyourVacatiOnplans?A.someB.anyC.much)l5.TheyaregoingtoBe.jingvaCatIOn.

A.inB.toC.for

35SOme

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

二、完型填空(10分)

DearRoben.

IhopeyouarewelJ-丁hankyouforyourlastJetter.YouaskrneaboutMid—autumnDay.Now,letmelyousomeIhingaboutit.EveryoneinChinaIikesMjd-autumnDay.It2comesinSeptemberorOctober.Lthatday,everyoneeatsmooncakes.Amooncakeisadelicious,roundcake.It!Lthemoon.Therearemanydif俺rentkindsofmooncakes.SomehaVenutsinthem,主一somehaVemeatoreggsjnthem.MyfriendLiLeilikesmooncakeswithmeat.ButIthinkthe鱼一withnutsinthemare2..HanMeimeisaysthenicestcakes韭Guangdong.Atnight,familiesoRenstay皇一theopenairneartheirhouses.Theretheyj旦themoon,andeatthecakes.Mmm!Howdelicioustheyare!

YOurs.

SunHuimin

()1.A.speakB.teIlC.sayD.talk()2.A.neVerB.usuaIIyC.sometimesD.notonen()3.A.OnB.AtC.ForD.1n()4.A.IikeB.IikesC.Iooksf.orD.100kslike()5.A.butB.untiIC.andD.so()6.A.moon(月亮)B.sunC.onesD.eanh(地球)()7.A.deIiciousB.betterC.badD.bigger()8.A.hearfromB.comesfromC.jsn.om.comefbm()9.A.underB.withC.intoD.in()10.A.100katB.100kaRerC.IookforD.100kup

三、阅读理解(30分)

MrsGreenisgoingtogiVeabinhdaypa九yforMary.Maryisherdaughter.MaryW…bethirteenyearsold.AlotofMary’sfriendsaregoingtotheparty.TherearegOingtobetwentyg-rlsattheparty.MrsGreenaregettingreadyfortheparcy.MrsWhiteishelpingher.“That’sapreny(精致的)cake,’’MrswhitesaystoMrsGreen.-‘Thankyouverymuch.’’MrsGreenisgojllgshoppjngnow.SJle’sbuy;ngfrujtf.ort11epany.ShebuysaJocoforanges,applesandbananas.Thenshegoeshome.It‘sthreeO’clockintheaRernoon.Everythingisready.NOⅦt|1ef’rstgjriisa1.I‘iV“19.I’hepanyisgoillglostal.t.36

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

)1.Whoisgoing

A,

to

giVe

panyforMary?

MrSGreenB.MrsWhite

C.

Ma叮

D,

Ma叫’sfriend

)2.HowoldjsMa口now?

A.Eleven

B.Twelve

are

C.tenD.Founeen

)3.How

manygirIsgojngtocometothepa九y.?

B.

A.LessthantwentyC.1、venty

Morethantwenty

D.Manyandmany

()4.What

isMrsGreenbuyingf’ort11epany?

A.BananaS

B.Oranges

C.Apples

D.AIlOfaboVe

time

isthepartygojngtostart?A.At2:OO

B.At3:00

C.At4:00

D.IntheeVening

(B)

PhilipIikes

to

pJayfootball.Heo危enpIays

foolbaJlaRersch001withhisfriends.

likestoplaybasketbalI.SheteachesherfriendshOwtoplayiteVerySundayaftemoOn.

MeiisVe巧good

at

thecomputer.Shealways

uses

jttodrawpicturesthreetimesaweek,

sheusesittosurftheIntemet.Shehas

goodfriendinAmerica.HernameisMafy.LinTao

alsOgOod

at

drawingpictures.Buthe

neVeruses

cOmputerlOdraw.

)1.WhatdoSandyand

hisfriendsdoonSundaya疗emoon?

A.Playfootball

B.PlaybaLsketbalIC.Drawpic£ureS

D.PlaycOmputergames

)2.HowoRendoesHanMeidraw

withcomputer?

A.onceaweek

B.Threetimesa

week.

C.onceaday

D.EVe哕day

)3.Who

likestosurftheInternet?

A.Philip

B.Sandy

C.HanMeiD.Linl、aO

)4.How

oRendoesLinT-ao

use

computertodraw?

A.Never

B.Hardly

eVer

C.Th陀etimesa

week

D.Eve叫

week

)5.Who’sMa叮?

A.She’sanEnglishgirI.

B.She’sSandy’sfriend.C.She’sHanMei’s仔iend.

D.She’sLinTaO’scIassmate.

(C)

Thissto口isabout

youngman.HeworkedhardathisIessons.Hewastoobusy.He

haVetime

torest,so

hewas川.EVerynight,whenhewentto

bed,hecIosedhiseyesand

to

sieep(睡觉).Buthecoukin’t.Hethought:“ImtIsfgoto

see

thedoctor.’’Hesaidtothe

can’tgotosIeepatnight."Trycountingnumbers.WIlcllyOureacll0ne

thousand,

beasIeep.

The

next

daythemancameback

to

thedoctorfsofHce.“WelI,”saidthe

doctor’“How

are

today?"“Yes,"hesaid,“Itriedcounting

one,two,three…uptO

one

thOusand.ButwhenI

nVehundredandsixty-nine.IbegantofbelsIeepy(感至U凼倦).Ihadto

getupanddrank

tea.Then1went

on

countinguptO

one

thousand.BLItlstiIlcouldn‘tf-aI|asleep.

37

()5.WhatSandyHanandis(

(((didn’ttrieddoctor“lyou’IIyoureachedsome

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

)1.TheyoungmancouIdn’t

gotosleepbecause

A.hedidn’tnnishhisIessons

B.hewOrked

toO

hardandwasill

C.hewaswo盯iedabouthishomeworkD.therewas

lotofhousewOrktodoandhecouIdn’thaVe

gOod

rest

)2.Thedoctorasked

theyoungman

A.tOcOuntnumberSbeforehewenttobed

B.tOputallnumberSfrom1tol000together

C.tOcOuntnumberSwhilehewaslyinginbedD.tOgotobedearlier

)3.The

youngmancamebacktothedoctor‘sof葡cethenext

daybecauSe——

A.hewantedtothankthedOctOr

B.hewasbetter

C.hewanted

toaskthedoctOrhOwtocOuntthenumberS

D.hestnlcouldn’tgotOsIeepatnight

)4.Theyoungman

A.countedfrom569to1000

B.countedfrom1tO569andf.ellasleep

C.countedfiom1

tO

569andgotuptodr.nksometea

D.countedf-romlt0l000andf.el|asIeep

)5.Theyoungman

infact

A.didn’tunderstandthedoctor‘swOrds.

B.couldn’tcountnumberS

C.didn’ttry

to

sIeep

D.w2Lsn’tillatall

38

内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

Acknowledgements

1wouldlikeProfIessor

to

expressmywarmestgratitudetomysuperVisor,

to

WeiLi.Fromthetopicselection

thefinalthesis

proljection,

shehasgivenmecarefulguidanceandunremittingsuppoft.Shealwaysaskedtheresearchprogress,andhelpedmedeVelopresearchideas.She

‘-●k

1.

also

gave

me

meticulousinspiration,warmlyencourageduring

the

production.WithoutherinValuablehelpand

generousencouragement,the

1wouldliketo

presentthesiswouldnothaVebeenaccomplished.So

extendmysincerethanksandrespect

to

her.

?一

_

自上而下的阅读模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用

作者:

学位授予单位:

武静丽

内蒙古师范大学

本文链接:http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis_Y1920846.aspx


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