【专题八】主从复合句（状从、名从和定从）
【考点分析】
状语从句
1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别；
2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句；
3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型；
4.till和until的用法；
5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法；
6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别；
7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法；
8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法；
9. in case引导的状语从句；
10.where引导的状语从句；
11.once引导的状语从句。
12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。 名词从句
1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别；
2.名词从句的语序和时态；
3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况；
4.宾语从句的否定转移；
5.whether和if的用法区别；
6.what在名词性从句中的使用；
7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用；
8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别；
9.连接词that的省略；
定语从句
1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别；
2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别；
3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别；
4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查；
5. such…as与such…that的区别；the same…as与the same…that的区别；
6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查；
7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略；
8.含有插入语的定语从句；
9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
【知识点归纳】
I.句子的种类
复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。
按用途分
II.状语从句
状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。
1.时间状语从句
由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as soon as,now that,hardly…when,
scarcely…when,no sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every time,each time,next time,the last time等
重点内容如下：
①when,while,as引导的时间状语从句
▲as表示“当„„的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)
▲when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。
It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)
When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)
▲while意思是“当„„的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。
Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working.
He fell asleep while/when reading.
Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁„„”) ②before状语从句的重点句型
▲……之后……才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .
▲不多久……就：It wasn’t long before he told me about the affair.
▲不等……就：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
▲刚……就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.
▲先……再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision. ③since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。 ▲He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）
▲He has never been to see me since I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。
▲I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）
▲I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。
▲It’s three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）
▲It’s three years since I have been in the army=It's three years since he joined the army. 我入伍已三年了。
④如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。
2.原因状语从句
由下列连词引导：as（由于）,because(因为), since（既然）,now (that) (既然), considering that
（顾及到）, seeing that（由于）。
I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)
He couldn’t have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会
Now that/Since you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.
既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧
As she was ill, she didn’t come to the party.
由于病了，她没来参加晚会。
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。
重点内容如下：
①because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。He didn’t do such a thing because he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。
Cf:He didn’t do such a thing,because he was afraid of his wife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。
because引导的从句可以被强调：
It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL
②as语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。
As all the seats were full,he stood there.
Since you are going,I’ll go,too.
③for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。 The day was short,for it was December.
3.地点状语从句
由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。
Anywhere he went,he got warm welcome.
The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.
哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)
4.结果状语从句
由下列连词引导：that，so…that，so that（从句中不带情态动词），such…that，with the result that等。
注意以下几种结构：
①so+adj/adv+that…
②such(a/an+adj)+n+that…
③so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that…
④so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…
注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。
This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as everyone wants to see it/(it). He didn’t plan his time well so that/so he didn’t finish the work in time.
他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much
= Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very much
Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
I had so little money then that I couldn’t afford a little present.
我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起
5.目的状语从句
由下列连词引导：so that,in order that,for fear that等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动
词can, could, may, might, should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态
动词can, could, may, might, should连用。
（so that也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词）
Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.
我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。
School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.
早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。
He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
他把名字写下省得忘了。（该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should） Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
注意：so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从
句可以放在主句之前或之后。
6.条件状语从句
分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。
表示条件的状语从句可以由if（如果）,unless（除非）, in case（万一）, so /as long as（只要）, as/ so far as（就„„而言）, on condition that（条件是„„）suppose（假设）supposing（假设）（仅用在问句中）
等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
As/So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。 If you leave at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning, you’d better get to bed now.
如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。
We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。
As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。
He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.
他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。
Suppose/Supposing we can’t get enough food, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办？
7.让步状语从句
由下列连词引导：although,though,as,even if, even though,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,
no matter+疑问词等。
We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.
我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.
那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。
Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信，这是真的。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。
注意以下几点：
①although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。
He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer all kinds of help.
②as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。 （注意在child前不要用冠词） it, I won’t buy. as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
8.方式状语从句
由下列连词引导：as,as if,as though,the way等。
Do it the way you were told.
注意以下几点：
①as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。
I did it just as you told me.
②as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。
③连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
Whereas he is rather lazy,she is quite energetic.
9.比较状语从句
由下列连词引导：as…as,not as…as,not so…as,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。
10.注意状语从句中的省略现象
①连接词+过去分词
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
②连词+现在分词
Look out while crossing the street.
③连词+形容词/其他
常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。
④比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.
III.名词从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：
①that（不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。）
whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。）
as if,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）
②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
③when, where, how, why
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。
What he said is not true.他说的不是实话
That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。
I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。
The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
1.主语从句
①由从属连词引导的主语从句： discuss.
那个国家是否应该建立核电站…… 光以直线传播
②由连接代词引导的主语从句： 我们所需要的是…… doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书…… 无论谁来……
③由连接副词引导的主语从句： hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞…… 他到过哪儿…… 水的流量是多少……
④关于形式主语 it
▲It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that…
It is important that…
It is obvious that…
It is likely that….
▲It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that…
It is known to all that…众所周知……
（注意该句型的变式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the
earth goes around the sun.）
It has been decided that…
▲It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……
It is a surprise that…
It is a fact that………
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。
▲It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…
It happens that………
It occurred to me that………
It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
2.表语从句
可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等等。
……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病 ..我们是否能赢得这次比赛 That’s just ……我想要的 ……我们的问题所在 kick their habit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……
注意：
①表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if，as though引导
Things were not as they seemed. 好象要下雨了。
②另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because) It ( This, That ) is because… . 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。
It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
3.同位语从句
同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。 登陆月球……. ……什么时候回来 ……Mary也许病了 ……是否同意
4.宾语从句
宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。
①及物动词后的宾语从句： a warm support……任何需要帮助的人…… 她为什么拒绝了我的邀请
②介词后的宾语从句： 我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。 老师对他所说的话很满意。
③某些形容词后的宾语从句： ……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步 …….他没有告别就走了
④非谓语动词后的宾语从句：
Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said
nothing.
On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
⑤关于形式宾语it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。 我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。
5.名词性从句重难点
①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：
▲Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put D.where has Alice put
▲You can't imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A.how they were excited C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
②动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。
③ 否定转移问题。
▲将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移 我想我并不认识你。 我相信他不回来。
We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ?
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
我想你没有生病吧。
▲将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移
看来他们不知道往哪去。
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
④主谓一致问题。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world．
What I bought were three English books．
⑤语气问题
▲在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire,
require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
▲在It is ＋过去分词＋that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。 It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．
▲在表语从句或同位语从句中
The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone．
▲在It is（was）＋形容词＋that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ＋）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。
It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language．（上海1993） A.masters C.mastered D.will master ⑥What引导名词从句的特殊含义:
▲What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
▲After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
B.when C.that D.which
▲He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？
▲What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． ▲Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
⑦不可省略的连词：
▲介词后的连词不可省略
Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say. 下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。 ▲引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。 We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 ▲宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略
I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better．
⑧比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： ▲whether 引导主语从句在句首
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否来与我无关。 ▲引导表语从句
His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。
▲引导同位语从句
Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。
▲whether 从句作介词宾语
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。
▲与or not连在一起
I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如： It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。 IV.定语从句 （一）基本概念
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1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。 关系词的分类和基本用法
（二）定语从句的注意点
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本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
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当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词
5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象 定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种第 14 页 共 17 页
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此外还要注意下列两点： ▲定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai． ②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。 ▲定语从句与简单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help． ②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须
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有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
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【专题八】主从复合句（状从、名从和定从）
【考点分析】
状语从句
1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别；
2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句；
3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型；
4.till和until的用法；
5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法；
6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别；
7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法；
8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法；
9. in case引导的状语从句；
10.where引导的状语从句；
11.once引导的状语从句。
12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。 名词从句
1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别；
2.名词从句的语序和时态；
3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况；
4.宾语从句的否定转移；
5.whether和if的用法区别；
6.what在名词性从句中的使用；
7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用；
8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别；
9.连接词that的省略；
定语从句
1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别；
2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别；
3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别；
4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查；
5. such…as与such…that的区别；the same…as与the same…that的区别；
6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查；
7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略；
8.含有插入语的定语从句；
9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
【知识点归纳】
I.句子的种类
复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。
按用途分
II.状语从句
状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。
1.时间状语从句
由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as soon as,now that,hardly…when,
scarcely…when,no sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every time,each time,next time,the last time等
重点内容如下：
①when,while,as引导的时间状语从句
▲as表示“当„„的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)
▲when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。
It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)
When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)
▲while意思是“当„„的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。
Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working.
He fell asleep while/when reading.
Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁„„”) ②before状语从句的重点句型
▲……之后……才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .
▲不多久……就：It wasn’t long before he told me about the affair.
▲不等……就：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
▲刚……就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.
▲先……再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision. ③since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。 ▲He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）
▲He has never been to see me since I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。
▲I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）
▲I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。
▲It’s three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）
▲It’s three years since I have been in the army=It's three years since he joined the army. 我入伍已三年了。
④如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。
2.原因状语从句
由下列连词引导：as（由于）,because(因为), since（既然）,now (that) (既然), considering that
（顾及到）, seeing that（由于）。
I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)
He couldn’t have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会
Now that/Since you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.
既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧
As she was ill, she didn’t come to the party.
由于病了，她没来参加晚会。
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。
重点内容如下：
①because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。He didn’t do such a thing because he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。
Cf:He didn’t do such a thing,because he was afraid of his wife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。
because引导的从句可以被强调：
It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL
②as语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。
As all the seats were full,he stood there.
Since you are going,I’ll go,too.
③for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。 The day was short,for it was December.
3.地点状语从句
由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。
Anywhere he went,he got warm welcome.
The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.
哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)
4.结果状语从句
由下列连词引导：that，so…that，so that（从句中不带情态动词），such…that，with the result that等。
注意以下几种结构：
①so+adj/adv+that…
②such(a/an+adj)+n+that…
③so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that…
④so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…
注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。
This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as everyone wants to see it/(it). He didn’t plan his time well so that/so he didn’t finish the work in time.
他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much
= Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very much
Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
I had so little money then that I couldn’t afford a little present.
我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起
5.目的状语从句
由下列连词引导：so that,in order that,for fear that等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动
词can, could, may, might, should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态
动词can, could, may, might, should连用。
（so that也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词）
Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.
我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。
School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.
早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。
He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
他把名字写下省得忘了。（该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should） Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
注意：so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从
句可以放在主句之前或之后。
6.条件状语从句
分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。
表示条件的状语从句可以由if（如果）,unless（除非）, in case（万一）, so /as long as（只要）, as/ so far as（就„„而言）, on condition that（条件是„„）suppose（假设）supposing（假设）（仅用在问句中）
等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
As/So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。 If you leave at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning, you’d better get to bed now.
如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。
We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。
As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。
He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.
他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。
Suppose/Supposing we can’t get enough food, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办？
7.让步状语从句
由下列连词引导：although,though,as,even if, even though,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,
no matter+疑问词等。
We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.
我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.
那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。
Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信，这是真的。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。
注意以下几点：
①although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。
He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer all kinds of help.
②as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。 （注意在child前不要用冠词） it, I won’t buy. as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
8.方式状语从句
由下列连词引导：as,as if,as though,the way等。
Do it the way you were told.
注意以下几点：
①as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。
I did it just as you told me.
②as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。
③连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
Whereas he is rather lazy,she is quite energetic.
9.比较状语从句
由下列连词引导：as…as,not as…as,not so…as,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。
10.注意状语从句中的省略现象
①连接词+过去分词
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
②连词+现在分词
Look out while crossing the street.
③连词+形容词/其他
常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。
④比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.
III.名词从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：
①that（不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。）
whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。）
as if,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）
②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
③when, where, how, why
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。
What he said is not true.他说的不是实话
That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。
I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。
The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
1.主语从句
①由从属连词引导的主语从句： discuss.
那个国家是否应该建立核电站…… 光以直线传播
②由连接代词引导的主语从句： 我们所需要的是…… doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书…… 无论谁来……
③由连接副词引导的主语从句： hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞…… 他到过哪儿…… 水的流量是多少……
④关于形式主语 it
▲It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that…
It is important that…
It is obvious that…
It is likely that….
▲It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that…
It is known to all that…众所周知……
（注意该句型的变式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the
earth goes around the sun.）
It has been decided that…
▲It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……
It is a surprise that…
It is a fact that………
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。
▲It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…
It happens that………
It occurred to me that………
It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
2.表语从句
可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等等。
……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病 ..我们是否能赢得这次比赛 That’s just ……我想要的 ……我们的问题所在 kick their habit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……
注意：
①表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if，as though引导
Things were not as they seemed. 好象要下雨了。
②另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because) It ( This, That ) is because… . 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。
It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
3.同位语从句
同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。 登陆月球……. ……什么时候回来 ……Mary也许病了 ……是否同意
4.宾语从句
宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。
①及物动词后的宾语从句： a warm support……任何需要帮助的人…… 她为什么拒绝了我的邀请
②介词后的宾语从句： 我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。 老师对他所说的话很满意。
③某些形容词后的宾语从句： ……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步 …….他没有告别就走了
④非谓语动词后的宾语从句：
Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said
nothing.
On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
⑤关于形式宾语it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。 我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。
5.名词性从句重难点
①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：
▲Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put D.where has Alice put
▲You can't imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A.how they were excited C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
②动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。
③ 否定转移问题。
▲将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移 我想我并不认识你。 我相信他不回来。
We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ?
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
我想你没有生病吧。
▲将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移
看来他们不知道往哪去。
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
④主谓一致问题。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world．
What I bought were three English books．
⑤语气问题
▲在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire,
require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
▲在It is ＋过去分词＋that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。 It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．
▲在表语从句或同位语从句中
The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone．
▲在It is（was）＋形容词＋that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ＋）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。
It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language．（上海1993） A.masters C.mastered D.will master ⑥What引导名词从句的特殊含义:
▲What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
▲After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
B.when C.that D.which
▲He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？
▲What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． ▲Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
⑦不可省略的连词：
▲介词后的连词不可省略
Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say. 下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。 ▲引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。 We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 ▲宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略
I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better．
⑧比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： ▲whether 引导主语从句在句首
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否来与我无关。 ▲引导表语从句
His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。
▲引导同位语从句
Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。
▲whether 从句作介词宾语
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。
▲与or not连在一起
I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如： It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。 IV.定语从句 （一）基本概念
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1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。 关系词的分类和基本用法
（二）定语从句的注意点
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本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
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当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词
5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象 定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种第 14 页 共 17 页
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此外还要注意下列两点： ▲定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai． ②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。 ▲定语从句与简单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help． ②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须
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有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
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