英文的句法结构
英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。 英文的句子结构可分两大类：基本结构和特殊结构。
英文句子的基本结构
1．简单句的五大基本句型。
英文句子是以简单句为主体。并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句；主从复合句是由一个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。
英文简单句的五种基本句型。
（1）主语 + 谓语 。
此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。
例如：The fruit shop has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London.
（2）主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be外，还有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。
例如：The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill.
The weather is getting quite hot.
The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sound perfect.
（3）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。
例如：He studies English.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
We should help the disabled.
（4）主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
例如：This new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid him fifty yuan.
He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink.
Mr Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.
（5）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。
例如：We elected him monitor of our class.
We found her rather difficult to work with.
I warned him not to be late again.
My father saw him steal the money.
I found the galss broken.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
2．并列句结构
并列句是由并列连接词连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。
常用的并列连接词有：
（1）表示并列，递进关系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…
（2）表示转折/对比关系but, while, (and) yet, when
（3）表示选择关系or, either…or…, otherwise
（4）表示结果关系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus
（5）表示原因关系for
3．主从复合句结构。
英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。
一、名词性从句
1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点
名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、 同位语从句和宾语从句。 其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。
2、主语从句
That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。
(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)
Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )
他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。
(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)
Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。
What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.
学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。
What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。
Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。
(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)
When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.
2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。
(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)
How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries. 古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。 (= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.) 同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如： It is reported that… 椐报道 … It must be pointed out that … 必须指出的是 … It is likely that … 很可能的是 ..;. It is a good thing that… 很好的是 …
It happens that … 碰巧的是 …
3、表语从句
that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但as if却 可以。如：
My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.
所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。
4、同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点
同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。
The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy. 我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。
The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比较-定语从句)
令球迷们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。
There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.
有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。
5、名词性从句的考点
1、考生要明确下列四个概念
1)名词从句通常由连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)引出。
2)连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句，而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。
3)用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加that。
4)名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。
2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)
3、what 和that引导名词性从句的差别
___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B.That C.How D. Where
【答案】 A。
【解析】很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what 和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？
1) 当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：
Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。) 把它留给我，我来看看怎么做。
What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。
What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。) 生活中最重要的不是钱。
But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。
(2) what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相当于“the person that……”等。例如： He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
他已经不是过去的他了。
She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
她不是5年前的她了。
2) that
当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。
令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。
Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引导宾语从句) 在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人，你相信吗？
We heard the news that our team had won. (that引导同位语从句)
我听到我们队获胜的消息。
Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)
另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。
But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)
一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人，而不是体贴政府。
二、定语从句
1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：
用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as
关系副词：when, where, why
2、关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：
He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。
(4) 非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。
(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。
This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。
that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
4、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
5、As在定语从句中的用法
1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
6、介词+关系代词的用法
“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。
This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.
这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。
(2) from where为 “介词＋关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.
他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。
三、状语从句
1、概述
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。
2、状语从句分类及常用连词：
类 别 连 词
时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc. 地点状语从句 where, wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that, etc.
结果状语从句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.
条件状语从句 if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.
让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.
方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, etc.
3、状语从句的句法功能及考点
1) 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
当约翰在看电视的时候，他妻子在煮饭。
The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.
孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。
2) 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
一般说来，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重。
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你到哪去，都应该好好工作。
3) 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊，事业有成。
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
既然大家都到齐了，咱们就开会吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 高额的个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。
4) 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. 老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。
5) 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 这是一个好机会，我们不能让它溜走。 To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。
6) 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
如果总裁同意了，我们将立刻实施我们的计划。
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定会成功。 Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。
7) 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
即使天气很恶劣，那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。
He won’t listen whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听。
8) 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。
The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9) 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。
She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板。
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。
陈述句结构。
肯定式和否定式（各种时态和语态）。特别注意否定句结构。
疑问句结构。
英文疑问句有四种：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句（General Questions）也称“Yes-no Questions” )，
一般疑问句是要求用Yes或No 来回答的问句形式。
一般疑问句的构成方式是将be动词，助动词和情态动词提至句首。
1. be 动词有am, is, are , was, were形式。
2．助动词有do, does（一般现在时）；did（一般过去时）；am, is, are（现在进行时）；was,were（过去进行时）；shall / will（一般将来时）；should / would（过去将来时）；have / has（现 在完成时）；had（过去完成时）； am, is, are, was, were（被动语态）
3．情态动词有can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought (to)。
使用一般疑问句时须注意以下几点：
1．对have / has / had作实义动词讲时，一般疑问句形式有两种：
⑴作为“有”讲时。例如：He has no brothers → Has he no brothers? / Does he have no brothers? ⑵作其它意义时，要借助助动词do / does / did.
例如：He has breakfast at 7 in the morning. → Does he have breakfast at 7 in the morning? He had a meeting yesterday → Did he have a meeting yesterday?
2．对含有used to的句子变问句时有两种形式：
例如：He used to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
→Did he use to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
→Used he to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
3．在一般现在时和一般过去时的问句中，实义谓语动词则保留原形状态。
4．对否定一般疑问句的回答要特别引起注意，要根据实际情况来回答，排除中文的干扰。 例如：---Don’t you believe him? ---Yes, I do. ( 不， 我相信。) ；---No, I don’t.（是，我不信）
●特殊疑问句（Special Questions）也称“Wh-questions”。
其构成方式是特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句？
疑问词有疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, etc 疑问副词：when, where, how, why, etc.
特殊疑问句不能用Yes和No来回答，必须用一个完整的句子来回答，可以省去问句中相同部分。
例如：---When did he come here? --- ( He came here ) yesterday.
●选择疑问句（Alternative Questions ）
选择疑问句提出由or连接两种或两种以上的答案以供选择，看哪一种是正确的。它在结构上有两种类型：一般疑问句型和特殊疑问句型。
选择疑问句不能用yes和no来回答，必须对其作具体的选择。
例如：---Shall we go by bus or by train ? ---By bus.
----Who do you like better, Tom or Mary? ----Tom.
●反意疑问句（Disjunctive Questions）
反意疑问句提出某种观点或事实，问对方是否同意。
这种疑问句一般由两部分组成。前一部分为陈述句，后一部分为简短的一般问句。 前一部分为肯定式，后一部分为否定式；前一部分为否定式，后一部分为肯定式。 例如：I haven’t seen you before, have I?
She knows you, doesn’t she?
使用反意疑问句时，需注意以下几点：
（1）在简短的问句中，主语的人称，数，动词的时态一般应与前面的陈述部分一致。 在简短的问句中的主语不为名词乃代词是也。
例如：Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t Liu Ying? (×)
Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t she? (√ )
（2）陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody时，反意问句中主语一般为they，有时也用he.
例如：Everyone enjoys the music, don’t they?
Someone stole your watch, didn’t they?
No one was hurt, was he?
（3）陈述部分的主语为everything, anything, nothing，反意问句中主语一般为it， 例如：Everything that he says is false, isn’t it?
（4）陈述部分的主语为one指人时,反意问句中主语一般为you / one，
例如：One shouldn’t be dishonest, should you? ? should one?
（5）陈述部分为I’m…结构时，反意问句一般为aren’t I ，
例如：I am the best, aren’t I?
（6）当陈述部分中有seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定或半否定词时，反意问句中应为肯定式。
例如：You have little money in your pocket, have you?
（7）当陈述部分只出现否定前缀或后缀来表示否定时，反意问句仍为否定式。
例如： It is impossible, isn’t it?
（8）当陈述部分含有There be 结构时，其反意问句中依然使用there 作假主语。 例如：There is a book on the desk, isn’t there?
（9）当陈述部分中的情态动词must表示肯定推测时，其反意问句中应避免使用must,而应根据其后的动词（时态）形式采取相应的形式。
例如：There must be a bus in the parking lot, isn’t there?
He must have been to Wuhan, hasn’t he?
It must have rained yesterday for the ground is wet, didn’t it?
（10） 当动词不定式短语，动名词短语或其他短语作陈述部分的主语时，反意问句部分的主语通常用it。
例如：To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?
（11）当祈使句部分为祈使句时的反意问句。
①肯定的祈使句表示请求时， 反意问句部分一般用“will you”或“would you”；表示邀请、劝诱时，反意问句部分一般用“won’t you”，但是，在否定的祈使句后面则用“will you”。 例如：Give me a hand, will you?
Open a window, would you?
Have a little more coffee, won’t you?
Don’t be late, wil you?
Don’t waste too much on the thing, will you?
②在“Let’s…”句型中，其反意问句为“shall we”；在“Let us…”句型中，其反意问句应用“will you”
（12）当陈述部分为否定形式时，要注意其回答，排除中文的干扰。其回答同否定疑问句的回答一样。
例如： ---Their daughter isn’t clever, is she? ---Yes, she is. (不，她聪明 ) ----No, shi isn’t.
(是，不聪明 )
（13）当陈述部分为一主从复合句时，反意问句应与主句保持一致。
例如：He says that they have left, doesn’t he?
Today’s weather is as cold as it was yesterday, isn’t it?
（14）当陈述部分的主句中的主语是第一人称（I / We）时，谓语动词为think, suppose, believe等时，反意问句则要与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持对应关系。
例如：I don’t think you are serious, are you? (否定转移)。
I believe he knows the answer, doesn’t he?
但当陈述部分的主句中的主语不是I / We，而是其他人称时，其反意问句仍与主句一致。
（15）当在并列句中，反意文句应与第二个分句一致。
例如：He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher, is she?
John isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third time that he has been late, isn’t it?
感叹句结构。
感叹句常见句型：
①What a/an + (adj.)+ n. + 主语 + 谓语…！
②What + (adj.) + n.(复数 / 不可数名词) + 主语 + 谓语…！
③How + adj. / adv. + 主语 + 谓语…！
④How + adj. + a / an + n. +主语 + 谓语…！
⑤How + 主语 + 谓语…！
注意：在感叹句中，主语和谓语不使用倒装语序。
使用英文基本结构时应注意以下几点：
（1）在英文中逗号是不起着连接作用的，换句话说，两个独立的简单句只用“，”号隔开并连接，这是不符合英文的句子结构的。我们须根据这两句中的逻辑关系，选用适当的连接词。两个简单句可以用“；”号连接分开。
（2）英文中的复合句称为主从复合句。它必须有一个主句带一个或两个甚至两个以上的从句组成。有连接词部分为从句，无连接词部分为主句。注意连接词省略现象。
（3）在英文复合句中从句必须是陈述句顺序，注意主从句之间的时态关系。
（4）区别wh-作为疑问词和连接词。
（5）注意英文状语从句中的省略现象。
（6）在英文复合句中，两个句子不能同时使用连接词。
（7）区别连接词和介词。
英文句子的特殊结构
1、倒装句结构
英文中的某些句子根据其语法和结构的需要进行主谓顺序颠倒---倒装句。
倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种形式。
全部倒装
谓语部分全部置于主语之前的句子便是全部倒装句。
（1）在以there,here, now, then, in, away, up, down, 等副词开头的句子中：
例如：Away went the crowd one by one.（人们一个一个地离去。）
Here comes our teacher!（我们的老师来了。）
There goes the bell.
如果主语是人称代词，主谓不须倒装。
例如：There he comes.
Away they hurried.
（2）当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。
例如：South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
（3）表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语 + 连系动词 + 主语”。
例如：Present at the meeting were Mr Li, Mr Wang and other guests.
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.
Among the goods are trees, flowers, candles and toys.
注意：用于全部倒装句型的动词均是不及物动词。常以一般现在时和一般过去时出现。
部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分（即助动词、情态动词、系动词）置于主语之前的句子称为部分倒装句。
（1）疑问句均为部分倒装句。
（2）only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时。
例如：Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
注意：如果only后面的部分不是作状语则不用倒装。
（3）以never, seldom, hardly, scarcely,barely, little, often, at no time, not only, no sooner, not until等词开头的句子。
Never shall I do that again.
Little did he know about the woman.
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
No sooner had he got to the office than he started working.
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework..
(not until开头时，只倒装主句部分，从句不倒装。)
（4）在so…that…句形中，若so提至句首，则构成部分倒装句。
例如：So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.
（5）在“ so / neither / nor +be / 助动词/情态动词 + 主语 ”句型中。
（6）在“形容词 / 名词 / 动词 +as / though ”引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，对as / though从句使用部分倒装句。
Youngest as he is, he studies best in our class.
Try as he might, he didn’t succeed.
Hard as I studied, I couldn’t catch up with him.
Much as the boy liked the toy, he didn’t buy it.
注意：在此句型中，系动词be/ 情态动词/ 助动词依然在主语之后。
（7）在虚拟语气条件从句中，如果条件从句中谓语部分有were, had和should时，可以省略if, 将were, had,should和主语部分倒装。
例如：Were I you, I would take the job.
Had they asked us, we would have helped them.
Should he come tonight, tell him to ring me up.
2．强调句型
强调是一种修辞效果。为了对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出强调而采用的一种手段。 英语中的强调形式主要有两种。
（1）强调句型：It is / was + 被强调部分+that / who …
使用此句型时，需主要以下几点：
①不管被强调部分中的名词是单数还是复数，其前的be只有 is和 was两种形式。 ②被强调部分如果是“人”时，可以使用who / that。其他情况只能使用that。
③注意此句型在疑问句中的使用。
其句型变体为：特殊疑问词 + is / was + it + that…?
④此句型不能用于对谓语强调。
（2）do / does / did + 动词原形。此强调方式是对句子的谓语动词进行强调。
强调句型是语法的一项重要内容，也是考试中的一个难点。尤其是其易与名词性从句、定语从句相混淆，就更增加了难度。现结合近年来的考试试题等剖析一下强调句型的考查热点，以期有助于大家克服这一难点。
强调句型是：It is + 被强调部分 + that .. 。该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。
It was on Monday night that all this happened. 所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
It’s me that he blamed. 他怪的是我。
强调句型的考察热点
1)考查对强调句型结构的识别
强调句型的基本结构形式为: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子的其余部分。如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态 (一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等), 用It is ... that ...。例如:
1)It is the ability to do the job________matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
【答案】B。
【解析】如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态 (一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等), 则用It was ... that ...。例如:
2)It was between 1989 and 1999 ________ great changes took place in our hometown.
A. when B. that C. which D. because
【答案】B。
2)考查强调句型的疑问句式
变换句型是增加试题难度的手段之一, 强调句型结构本身就让学生“有些糊涂”, 若再使用其疑问式就更有些让学生“头疼”了。
一般疑问句式: Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
特殊疑问句式: 特殊疑问词+is/was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
3. Was________his illness________he didn’t go to see the film?
A. necessary; when B. that important of; why
C. even if; for D. it because of; that
【答案】D 。
4. Was________that I saw last night at the corner?
A. it you B. not you C. you D. that yourself
【答案】A。
3)考查强调句型的易错点
强调句型的学习、掌握中有很多难点,同时也是易错点, 这些容易出错的地方,也是各种
考试考查的重点和热点。这些易错点有:
(1) 强调时间、地点、原因状语时, 通常只使用that, 而不能使用when, where, why。
7. It was because of bad weather________the football match had to be put off.
A. so B. so that C. why D. that
【答案】D。
【解析】以上三题均为强调句型, 分别强调时间状语(only when I reread his poems recently)、地点状语 (in Qingdao) 和原因状语 (because of bad weather), 均只能使用that。
(2) 当被强调的是not .. until句型时, 应将not置于until之前, 主句由否定句改为肯定句。
8. It was not until 1920________regular radio broadcast began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
【答案】C。
(3)强调主语时, 谓语动词应与之保持一致。
【误】 It is I who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.
【正】 It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.
4) 强调主语或宾语且其为人称代词时, 应注意其形式，仍用主格或宾格形式。
【误】It was her that told me about it.
【正】It was she that told me about it.
【误】It is I who the teacher has punished.
【正】It is me whom the teacher has punished.
4)考查强调句型与相关句型的辨析
强调句型极易与定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等相关句型混淆, 故考试也常考查这方面的内容。例如:
A. 与定语从句的辨析
9. Was it during the Second World War________he died?
A. that B. while C. in which D. then
【答案】A。
【解析】本题易错选C, 以为是定语从句修饰the Second World War。该题可还原为: He died during the Second World War.
B. 与名词性从句的辨析
10. It was ________ he said ________ disappointed me.
A. what; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what
【答案】A。
【解析】本题同时考查强调句型和名词性从句这两个知识点,学生易错选C,认为两处均为名词性从句。该题可还原为: What he said disappointed me.
C. 与状语从句的辨析
11. It was about 600 years ago________the first clock with an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
【答案】A。
【解析】本题易错选C和D,认为是时间状语从句或定语从句。判断是否强调句型的一个简易方法是“还原法”, 即看其能否删除"It is/was...(that/who/whom)..."部分后还原为一个单句。能者则是,不能者则不是。该题可还原为: The first clock with a face and an hour hand was made about 600 years ago.
D. 与there be句型的辨析
12. ________is no possibility________Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether A
【答案】A。
【解析】本题为there be句型,而非强调句型。that引导的为同位语从句, 作possibility的同位语。
平行结构
一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构
并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
1. 所连接的谓语形式必须一致
He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.
2. 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致
Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.
3. 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致
Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.
4. 所连接的句子结构必须一致
She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.
二、某些特定的固定结构。
(1) 有些词后要用平行结构。例如：prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth。如：
I prefer rice to noodles.
I prefer watching TV to listening to music.
He preferred to die rather than surrender.
(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。例如：would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……)
Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.
I would as soon stay at home as go.
(3)比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。如：
Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
A. as was B. than was C. than did D. as did (92.8)
[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(C)than did与之平行。
A. that of its mining and farming combined B. mining and farming combination C. that mining and farming combined D. of its combination mining and farming [答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual
worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
三、What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语，在这种结构中，is/ was后面是强调的部分。例如：
What hurts is my left leg.
What I like is her style.
4．插入
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义，语法上称它们为“插入语”。插入语在句子中起到解释、说明等作用，有时表达说话人的一种看法。很多插入语对句子本身影响并不大，如果去掉它，我们仍然清楚句子表达的意思。然而有些插入语是句子中不可缺少的成分，如果去掉，句子的意思表达就不完整了，如for example, in other words等。因此正确分析插入语对于我们做单选题和正确理解短文的意思意义重大，我们应该注意。
插入语类型
（1）单词（多为副词）
单词作插入语时位置比较活，句中、句末和句首均可以出现。常见的作插入语的单词有though,however, therefore, personally, luckily, fortunately, obviously等。
She had seen the picture. However, she never told it to anyone.
Luckily, his father’s second wife was kind to him.
（2）短语
现在分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语都可以作插入语，它们在句子中起到补充说明的作用。 见作插入语的短语有：for example, by the way, in some way, juding from, to tell you the truth, so far, on the contrary, no wonder, worse still, to start / begin with等。
如：By the way, how can I find you?
To tell you the truth, I have found out that he stole the car.
（3）句子
常见作插入语的句子有：do you think / expect, I believe, do you know, what’s more, what’s worse, let’s say, that is to say, as far as I know等。
如：He is an honest man, I believe.
As far as I know, Jack isn’t clever.
How soon will he be ready, do you expect?
When do you expect he will come back?
Who do you guess has taken away the book?
句法结构强化练习
1. ___________ is still a controversial issue.
A. If he is the right person for the job B. That he is the right person for the job
C. Whether he is the right person for the job D. He is the right person for the job
A. who B. which C. that D. what 3. The Latin class had twenty students, ____ had had much better language training than I. A. most of which B. which C. most of them D. most of whom 4. The establishment of the company shall start from the day ____ the business license of the
company is issued.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. whenever
5. You ________ me because I didn't say that.
A. must misunderstand B. must be misunderstanding
C. must have misunderstood D. had to misunderstand
6. Hardly had the minister finished his statement ___________ several reporters raised their
hands and put forward a string of questions.
A. when B. as C. then D. than
7. ___________the letter, I ran out of the room to the post office.
A. After I had finished for B. No sooner that I had finished up
C. As soon as I finished writing D. Since I finished up to write
8. California’s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ________
any other state.
A. that exceeded B. exceeded that C. exceeded that of D.that exceeded of
9. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ________ a
politician.
A.such B. more C. as D. than
10. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to
the body.
A. the stress it is greater B. greater is the stress
C. greater stress is D. the greater the stress
句法结构练习详解
1.【答案】C。【解析】A. if引导条件状语从句，不合题意；B. that引导名词从句，但“that”是引导词，不做任何成分，此句意思肯定，即“他是工作的合适人选”与后面的“controversial”相矛盾；C. whether 引导名词从句，“是否”，合乎题意；D. 是B句中 “that” 的省略，也不对。
2.【答案】C。【解析】 定语从句中的关系代词 that常用于下列几种情况：1)先行词中含有人和物 时；2)先行词为anything, everything, all等不定代词；3)先行词被any, no, every, little, much所修饰；4)先行词被序数词所修饰时；5)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。
3.【答案】D。【解析】当非限定性从句修饰物时，应该用 which引导从句,但当其修饰人时，应该用 who,whom或whose。A和B选项不符合此原则。C选项前应改为句号才对。
4.【答案】B。【解析】这是个主从复合句，从句需要一个含 day在内的时间状语，特指的一天，其前应用介词on。
5.【答案】C。【解析】must+have+过去分词：表示对过去发生的事情的有把握的肯定猜测。must+动词原形：表示对现在发生的事情的猜测。must+be+doing：表示对现在正进行的动作或在此刻前一直在进行的动作的猜测。
6.【答案】A。【解析】Hardly…when是固定关联词组,意为 “一……就……” 类似的有: scarlely…when, no sooner…than, 因此正确答案为A。
7.【答案】C。【解析】finish为及物动词，往往后边直接跟名词、代词或动名词，表示做完某项事或完成某项动作，故此句只有选C正确。此外，即使使用no sooner，但如果置于句首，谓语也必须倒装。因此本题答案为C。
8.【答案】C。【解析】动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。C. 代词that用以指代比较的内容 “farm output”。
9.【答案】C。【解析】动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。
10.【答案】D。【解析】The less the surface 与答案D. the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
英文的句法结构
英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。 英文的句子结构可分两大类：基本结构和特殊结构。
英文句子的基本结构
1．简单句的五大基本句型。
英文句子是以简单句为主体。并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句；主从复合句是由一个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。
英文简单句的五种基本句型。
（1）主语 + 谓语 。
此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。
例如：The fruit shop has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London.
（2）主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be外，还有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。
例如：The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill.
The weather is getting quite hot.
The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sound perfect.
（3）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。
例如：He studies English.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
We should help the disabled.
（4）主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
例如：This new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid him fifty yuan.
He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink.
Mr Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.
（5）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。
例如：We elected him monitor of our class.
We found her rather difficult to work with.
I warned him not to be late again.
My father saw him steal the money.
I found the galss broken.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
2．并列句结构
并列句是由并列连接词连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。
常用的并列连接词有：
（1）表示并列，递进关系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…
（2）表示转折/对比关系but, while, (and) yet, when
（3）表示选择关系or, either…or…, otherwise
（4）表示结果关系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus
（5）表示原因关系for
3．主从复合句结构。
英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。
一、名词性从句
1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点
名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、 同位语从句和宾语从句。 其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。
2、主语从句
That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。
(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)
Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )
他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。
(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)
Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。
What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.
学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。
What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。
Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。
(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)
When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.
2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。
(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)
How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries. 古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。 (= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.) 同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如： It is reported that… 椐报道 … It must be pointed out that … 必须指出的是 … It is likely that … 很可能的是 ..;. It is a good thing that… 很好的是 …
It happens that … 碰巧的是 …
3、表语从句
that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但as if却 可以。如：
My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.
所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。
4、同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点
同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。
The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy. 我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。
The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比较-定语从句)
令球迷们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。
There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.
有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。
5、名词性从句的考点
1、考生要明确下列四个概念
1)名词从句通常由连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)引出。
2)连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句，而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。
3)用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加that。
4)名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。
2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)
3、what 和that引导名词性从句的差别
___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B.That C.How D. Where
【答案】 A。
【解析】很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what 和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？
1) 当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：
Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。) 把它留给我，我来看看怎么做。
What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。
What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。) 生活中最重要的不是钱。
But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。
(2) what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相当于“the person that……”等。例如： He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
他已经不是过去的他了。
She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
她不是5年前的她了。
2) that
当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。
令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。
Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引导宾语从句) 在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人，你相信吗？
We heard the news that our team had won. (that引导同位语从句)
我听到我们队获胜的消息。
Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)
另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。
But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)
一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人，而不是体贴政府。
二、定语从句
1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：
用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as
关系副词：when, where, why
2、关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：
He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。
(4) 非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。
(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。
This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。
that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
4、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
5、As在定语从句中的用法
1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
6、介词+关系代词的用法
“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。
This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.
这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。
(2) from where为 “介词＋关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.
他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。
三、状语从句
1、概述
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。
2、状语从句分类及常用连词：
类 别 连 词
时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc. 地点状语从句 where, wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that, etc.
结果状语从句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.
条件状语从句 if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.
让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.
方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, etc.
3、状语从句的句法功能及考点
1) 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
当约翰在看电视的时候，他妻子在煮饭。
The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.
孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。
2) 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
一般说来，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重。
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你到哪去，都应该好好工作。
3) 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊，事业有成。
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
既然大家都到齐了，咱们就开会吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 高额的个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。
4) 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. 老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。
5) 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 这是一个好机会，我们不能让它溜走。 To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。
6) 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
如果总裁同意了，我们将立刻实施我们的计划。
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定会成功。 Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。
7) 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
即使天气很恶劣，那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。
He won’t listen whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听。
8) 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。
The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9) 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。
She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板。
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。
陈述句结构。
肯定式和否定式（各种时态和语态）。特别注意否定句结构。
疑问句结构。
英文疑问句有四种：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句（General Questions）也称“Yes-no Questions” )，
一般疑问句是要求用Yes或No 来回答的问句形式。
一般疑问句的构成方式是将be动词，助动词和情态动词提至句首。
1. be 动词有am, is, are , was, were形式。
2．助动词有do, does（一般现在时）；did（一般过去时）；am, is, are（现在进行时）；was,were（过去进行时）；shall / will（一般将来时）；should / would（过去将来时）；have / has（现 在完成时）；had（过去完成时）； am, is, are, was, were（被动语态）
3．情态动词有can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought (to)。
使用一般疑问句时须注意以下几点：
1．对have / has / had作实义动词讲时，一般疑问句形式有两种：
⑴作为“有”讲时。例如：He has no brothers → Has he no brothers? / Does he have no brothers? ⑵作其它意义时，要借助助动词do / does / did.
例如：He has breakfast at 7 in the morning. → Does he have breakfast at 7 in the morning? He had a meeting yesterday → Did he have a meeting yesterday?
2．对含有used to的句子变问句时有两种形式：
例如：He used to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
→Did he use to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
→Used he to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
3．在一般现在时和一般过去时的问句中，实义谓语动词则保留原形状态。
4．对否定一般疑问句的回答要特别引起注意，要根据实际情况来回答，排除中文的干扰。 例如：---Don’t you believe him? ---Yes, I do. ( 不， 我相信。) ；---No, I don’t.（是，我不信）
●特殊疑问句（Special Questions）也称“Wh-questions”。
其构成方式是特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句？
疑问词有疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, etc 疑问副词：when, where, how, why, etc.
特殊疑问句不能用Yes和No来回答，必须用一个完整的句子来回答，可以省去问句中相同部分。
例如：---When did he come here? --- ( He came here ) yesterday.
●选择疑问句（Alternative Questions ）
选择疑问句提出由or连接两种或两种以上的答案以供选择，看哪一种是正确的。它在结构上有两种类型：一般疑问句型和特殊疑问句型。
选择疑问句不能用yes和no来回答，必须对其作具体的选择。
例如：---Shall we go by bus or by train ? ---By bus.
----Who do you like better, Tom or Mary? ----Tom.
●反意疑问句（Disjunctive Questions）
反意疑问句提出某种观点或事实，问对方是否同意。
这种疑问句一般由两部分组成。前一部分为陈述句，后一部分为简短的一般问句。 前一部分为肯定式，后一部分为否定式；前一部分为否定式，后一部分为肯定式。 例如：I haven’t seen you before, have I?
She knows you, doesn’t she?
使用反意疑问句时，需注意以下几点：
（1）在简短的问句中，主语的人称，数，动词的时态一般应与前面的陈述部分一致。 在简短的问句中的主语不为名词乃代词是也。
例如：Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t Liu Ying? (×)
Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t she? (√ )
（2）陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody时，反意问句中主语一般为they，有时也用he.
例如：Everyone enjoys the music, don’t they?
Someone stole your watch, didn’t they?
No one was hurt, was he?
（3）陈述部分的主语为everything, anything, nothing，反意问句中主语一般为it， 例如：Everything that he says is false, isn’t it?
（4）陈述部分的主语为one指人时,反意问句中主语一般为you / one，
例如：One shouldn’t be dishonest, should you? ? should one?
（5）陈述部分为I’m…结构时，反意问句一般为aren’t I ，
例如：I am the best, aren’t I?
（6）当陈述部分中有seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定或半否定词时，反意问句中应为肯定式。
例如：You have little money in your pocket, have you?
（7）当陈述部分只出现否定前缀或后缀来表示否定时，反意问句仍为否定式。
例如： It is impossible, isn’t it?
（8）当陈述部分含有There be 结构时，其反意问句中依然使用there 作假主语。 例如：There is a book on the desk, isn’t there?
（9）当陈述部分中的情态动词must表示肯定推测时，其反意问句中应避免使用must,而应根据其后的动词（时态）形式采取相应的形式。
例如：There must be a bus in the parking lot, isn’t there?
He must have been to Wuhan, hasn’t he?
It must have rained yesterday for the ground is wet, didn’t it?
（10） 当动词不定式短语，动名词短语或其他短语作陈述部分的主语时，反意问句部分的主语通常用it。
例如：To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?
（11）当祈使句部分为祈使句时的反意问句。
①肯定的祈使句表示请求时， 反意问句部分一般用“will you”或“would you”；表示邀请、劝诱时，反意问句部分一般用“won’t you”，但是，在否定的祈使句后面则用“will you”。 例如：Give me a hand, will you?
Open a window, would you?
Have a little more coffee, won’t you?
Don’t be late, wil you?
Don’t waste too much on the thing, will you?
②在“Let’s…”句型中，其反意问句为“shall we”；在“Let us…”句型中，其反意问句应用“will you”
（12）当陈述部分为否定形式时，要注意其回答，排除中文的干扰。其回答同否定疑问句的回答一样。
例如： ---Their daughter isn’t clever, is she? ---Yes, she is. (不，她聪明 ) ----No, shi isn’t.
(是，不聪明 )
（13）当陈述部分为一主从复合句时，反意问句应与主句保持一致。
例如：He says that they have left, doesn’t he?
Today’s weather is as cold as it was yesterday, isn’t it?
（14）当陈述部分的主句中的主语是第一人称（I / We）时，谓语动词为think, suppose, believe等时，反意问句则要与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持对应关系。
例如：I don’t think you are serious, are you? (否定转移)。
I believe he knows the answer, doesn’t he?
但当陈述部分的主句中的主语不是I / We，而是其他人称时，其反意问句仍与主句一致。
（15）当在并列句中，反意文句应与第二个分句一致。
例如：He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher, is she?
John isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third time that he has been late, isn’t it?
感叹句结构。
感叹句常见句型：
①What a/an + (adj.)+ n. + 主语 + 谓语…！
②What + (adj.) + n.(复数 / 不可数名词) + 主语 + 谓语…！
③How + adj. / adv. + 主语 + 谓语…！
④How + adj. + a / an + n. +主语 + 谓语…！
⑤How + 主语 + 谓语…！
注意：在感叹句中，主语和谓语不使用倒装语序。
使用英文基本结构时应注意以下几点：
（1）在英文中逗号是不起着连接作用的，换句话说，两个独立的简单句只用“，”号隔开并连接，这是不符合英文的句子结构的。我们须根据这两句中的逻辑关系，选用适当的连接词。两个简单句可以用“；”号连接分开。
（2）英文中的复合句称为主从复合句。它必须有一个主句带一个或两个甚至两个以上的从句组成。有连接词部分为从句，无连接词部分为主句。注意连接词省略现象。
（3）在英文复合句中从句必须是陈述句顺序，注意主从句之间的时态关系。
（4）区别wh-作为疑问词和连接词。
（5）注意英文状语从句中的省略现象。
（6）在英文复合句中，两个句子不能同时使用连接词。
（7）区别连接词和介词。
英文句子的特殊结构
1、倒装句结构
英文中的某些句子根据其语法和结构的需要进行主谓顺序颠倒---倒装句。
倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种形式。
全部倒装
谓语部分全部置于主语之前的句子便是全部倒装句。
（1）在以there,here, now, then, in, away, up, down, 等副词开头的句子中：
例如：Away went the crowd one by one.（人们一个一个地离去。）
Here comes our teacher!（我们的老师来了。）
There goes the bell.
如果主语是人称代词，主谓不须倒装。
例如：There he comes.
Away they hurried.
（2）当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。
例如：South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
（3）表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语 + 连系动词 + 主语”。
例如：Present at the meeting were Mr Li, Mr Wang and other guests.
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.
Among the goods are trees, flowers, candles and toys.
注意：用于全部倒装句型的动词均是不及物动词。常以一般现在时和一般过去时出现。
部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分（即助动词、情态动词、系动词）置于主语之前的句子称为部分倒装句。
（1）疑问句均为部分倒装句。
（2）only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时。
例如：Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
注意：如果only后面的部分不是作状语则不用倒装。
（3）以never, seldom, hardly, scarcely,barely, little, often, at no time, not only, no sooner, not until等词开头的句子。
Never shall I do that again.
Little did he know about the woman.
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
No sooner had he got to the office than he started working.
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework..
(not until开头时，只倒装主句部分，从句不倒装。)
（4）在so…that…句形中，若so提至句首，则构成部分倒装句。
例如：So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.
（5）在“ so / neither / nor +be / 助动词/情态动词 + 主语 ”句型中。
（6）在“形容词 / 名词 / 动词 +as / though ”引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，对as / though从句使用部分倒装句。
Youngest as he is, he studies best in our class.
Try as he might, he didn’t succeed.
Hard as I studied, I couldn’t catch up with him.
Much as the boy liked the toy, he didn’t buy it.
注意：在此句型中，系动词be/ 情态动词/ 助动词依然在主语之后。
（7）在虚拟语气条件从句中，如果条件从句中谓语部分有were, had和should时，可以省略if, 将were, had,should和主语部分倒装。
例如：Were I you, I would take the job.
Had they asked us, we would have helped them.
Should he come tonight, tell him to ring me up.
2．强调句型
强调是一种修辞效果。为了对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出强调而采用的一种手段。 英语中的强调形式主要有两种。
（1）强调句型：It is / was + 被强调部分+that / who …
使用此句型时，需主要以下几点：
①不管被强调部分中的名词是单数还是复数，其前的be只有 is和 was两种形式。 ②被强调部分如果是“人”时，可以使用who / that。其他情况只能使用that。
③注意此句型在疑问句中的使用。
其句型变体为：特殊疑问词 + is / was + it + that…?
④此句型不能用于对谓语强调。
（2）do / does / did + 动词原形。此强调方式是对句子的谓语动词进行强调。
强调句型是语法的一项重要内容，也是考试中的一个难点。尤其是其易与名词性从句、定语从句相混淆，就更增加了难度。现结合近年来的考试试题等剖析一下强调句型的考查热点，以期有助于大家克服这一难点。
强调句型是：It is + 被强调部分 + that .. 。该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。
It was on Monday night that all this happened. 所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
It’s me that he blamed. 他怪的是我。
强调句型的考察热点
1)考查对强调句型结构的识别
强调句型的基本结构形式为: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子的其余部分。如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态 (一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等), 用It is ... that ...。例如:
1)It is the ability to do the job________matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
【答案】B。
【解析】如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态 (一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等), 则用It was ... that ...。例如:
2)It was between 1989 and 1999 ________ great changes took place in our hometown.
A. when B. that C. which D. because
【答案】B。
2)考查强调句型的疑问句式
变换句型是增加试题难度的手段之一, 强调句型结构本身就让学生“有些糊涂”, 若再使用其疑问式就更有些让学生“头疼”了。
一般疑问句式: Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
特殊疑问句式: 特殊疑问词+is/was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
3. Was________his illness________he didn’t go to see the film?
A. necessary; when B. that important of; why
C. even if; for D. it because of; that
【答案】D 。
4. Was________that I saw last night at the corner?
A. it you B. not you C. you D. that yourself
【答案】A。
3)考查强调句型的易错点
强调句型的学习、掌握中有很多难点,同时也是易错点, 这些容易出错的地方,也是各种
考试考查的重点和热点。这些易错点有:
(1) 强调时间、地点、原因状语时, 通常只使用that, 而不能使用when, where, why。
7. It was because of bad weather________the football match had to be put off.
A. so B. so that C. why D. that
【答案】D。
【解析】以上三题均为强调句型, 分别强调时间状语(only when I reread his poems recently)、地点状语 (in Qingdao) 和原因状语 (because of bad weather), 均只能使用that。
(2) 当被强调的是not .. until句型时, 应将not置于until之前, 主句由否定句改为肯定句。
8. It was not until 1920________regular radio broadcast began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
【答案】C。
(3)强调主语时, 谓语动词应与之保持一致。
【误】 It is I who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.
【正】 It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.
4) 强调主语或宾语且其为人称代词时, 应注意其形式，仍用主格或宾格形式。
【误】It was her that told me about it.
【正】It was she that told me about it.
【误】It is I who the teacher has punished.
【正】It is me whom the teacher has punished.
4)考查强调句型与相关句型的辨析
强调句型极易与定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等相关句型混淆, 故考试也常考查这方面的内容。例如:
A. 与定语从句的辨析
9. Was it during the Second World War________he died?
A. that B. while C. in which D. then
【答案】A。
【解析】本题易错选C, 以为是定语从句修饰the Second World War。该题可还原为: He died during the Second World War.
B. 与名词性从句的辨析
10. It was ________ he said ________ disappointed me.
A. what; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what
【答案】A。
【解析】本题同时考查强调句型和名词性从句这两个知识点,学生易错选C,认为两处均为名词性从句。该题可还原为: What he said disappointed me.
C. 与状语从句的辨析
11. It was about 600 years ago________the first clock with an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
【答案】A。
【解析】本题易错选C和D,认为是时间状语从句或定语从句。判断是否强调句型的一个简易方法是“还原法”, 即看其能否删除"It is/was...(that/who/whom)..."部分后还原为一个单句。能者则是,不能者则不是。该题可还原为: The first clock with a face and an hour hand was made about 600 years ago.
D. 与there be句型的辨析
12. ________is no possibility________Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether A
【答案】A。
【解析】本题为there be句型,而非强调句型。that引导的为同位语从句, 作possibility的同位语。
平行结构
一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构
并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
1. 所连接的谓语形式必须一致
He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.
2. 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致
Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.
3. 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致
Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.
4. 所连接的句子结构必须一致
She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.
二、某些特定的固定结构。
(1) 有些词后要用平行结构。例如：prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth。如：
I prefer rice to noodles.
I prefer watching TV to listening to music.
He preferred to die rather than surrender.
(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。例如：would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……)
Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.
I would as soon stay at home as go.
(3)比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。如：
Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
A. as was B. than was C. than did D. as did (92.8)
[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(C)than did与之平行。
A. that of its mining and farming combined B. mining and farming combination C. that mining and farming combined D. of its combination mining and farming [答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual
worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
三、What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语，在这种结构中，is/ was后面是强调的部分。例如：
What hurts is my left leg.
What I like is her style.
4．插入
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义，语法上称它们为“插入语”。插入语在句子中起到解释、说明等作用，有时表达说话人的一种看法。很多插入语对句子本身影响并不大，如果去掉它，我们仍然清楚句子表达的意思。然而有些插入语是句子中不可缺少的成分，如果去掉，句子的意思表达就不完整了，如for example, in other words等。因此正确分析插入语对于我们做单选题和正确理解短文的意思意义重大，我们应该注意。
插入语类型
（1）单词（多为副词）
单词作插入语时位置比较活，句中、句末和句首均可以出现。常见的作插入语的单词有though,however, therefore, personally, luckily, fortunately, obviously等。
She had seen the picture. However, she never told it to anyone.
Luckily, his father’s second wife was kind to him.
（2）短语
现在分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语都可以作插入语，它们在句子中起到补充说明的作用。 见作插入语的短语有：for example, by the way, in some way, juding from, to tell you the truth, so far, on the contrary, no wonder, worse still, to start / begin with等。
如：By the way, how can I find you?
To tell you the truth, I have found out that he stole the car.
（3）句子
常见作插入语的句子有：do you think / expect, I believe, do you know, what’s more, what’s worse, let’s say, that is to say, as far as I know等。
如：He is an honest man, I believe.
As far as I know, Jack isn’t clever.
How soon will he be ready, do you expect?
When do you expect he will come back?
Who do you guess has taken away the book?
句法结构强化练习
1. ___________ is still a controversial issue.
A. If he is the right person for the job B. That he is the right person for the job
C. Whether he is the right person for the job D. He is the right person for the job
A. who B. which C. that D. what 3. The Latin class had twenty students, ____ had had much better language training than I. A. most of which B. which C. most of them D. most of whom 4. The establishment of the company shall start from the day ____ the business license of the
company is issued.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. whenever
5. You ________ me because I didn't say that.
A. must misunderstand B. must be misunderstanding
C. must have misunderstood D. had to misunderstand
6. Hardly had the minister finished his statement ___________ several reporters raised their
hands and put forward a string of questions.
A. when B. as C. then D. than
7. ___________the letter, I ran out of the room to the post office.
A. After I had finished for B. No sooner that I had finished up
C. As soon as I finished writing D. Since I finished up to write
8. California’s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ________
any other state.
A. that exceeded B. exceeded that C. exceeded that of D.that exceeded of
9. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ________ a
politician.
A.such B. more C. as D. than
10. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to
the body.
A. the stress it is greater B. greater is the stress
C. greater stress is D. the greater the stress
句法结构练习详解
1.【答案】C。【解析】A. if引导条件状语从句，不合题意；B. that引导名词从句，但“that”是引导词，不做任何成分，此句意思肯定，即“他是工作的合适人选”与后面的“controversial”相矛盾；C. whether 引导名词从句，“是否”，合乎题意；D. 是B句中 “that” 的省略，也不对。
2.【答案】C。【解析】 定语从句中的关系代词 that常用于下列几种情况：1)先行词中含有人和物 时；2)先行词为anything, everything, all等不定代词；3)先行词被any, no, every, little, much所修饰；4)先行词被序数词所修饰时；5)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。
3.【答案】D。【解析】当非限定性从句修饰物时，应该用 which引导从句,但当其修饰人时，应该用 who,whom或whose。A和B选项不符合此原则。C选项前应改为句号才对。
4.【答案】B。【解析】这是个主从复合句，从句需要一个含 day在内的时间状语，特指的一天，其前应用介词on。
5.【答案】C。【解析】must+have+过去分词：表示对过去发生的事情的有把握的肯定猜测。must+动词原形：表示对现在发生的事情的猜测。must+be+doing：表示对现在正进行的动作或在此刻前一直在进行的动作的猜测。
6.【答案】A。【解析】Hardly…when是固定关联词组,意为 “一……就……” 类似的有: scarlely…when, no sooner…than, 因此正确答案为A。
7.【答案】C。【解析】finish为及物动词，往往后边直接跟名词、代词或动名词，表示做完某项事或完成某项动作，故此句只有选C正确。此外，即使使用no sooner，但如果置于句首，谓语也必须倒装。因此本题答案为C。
8.【答案】C。【解析】动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。C. 代词that用以指代比较的内容 “farm output”。
9.【答案】C。【解析】动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。
10.【答案】D。【解析】The less the surface 与答案D. the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。