形合与意合
✧ 形合：句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻．．．．．．
辑关系。
✧ 意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
I. 英语的形合
1．关系词和连接词：
1) All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
2) When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
3) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
4) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.
2．介词
1) He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
2) This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.
3) Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.
3．其他连接手段：形态变化（词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词形态变化等）
They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.
II. 汉语的意合
1．语序
1) 她不老实，我不能信任她。
2) 人不犯我，我不犯人。
3) 说是说了，没有结果。
4) 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。
5) 人到事中迷，就怕没人提。
2．反复、排比、对偶、对照等。
1) 他不来，我不去。
2) 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
3) 不怕慢，只怕站。
4) 吃苦在前，享乐在后。
5) 聪明一世，糊涂一时。
6) 不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜。
3．紧缩句
1) 有饭大家吃。
2) 不到黄河不死心。
3) 狼披着羊皮还是狼。
4) 上梁不正下梁歪。
5)
4．四字格
1) 不进则退
2) 酒醉智昏
3) 物极必反
4) 玩火自焚
5) 欲盖弥彰
6) 远交近攻
● 英译汉：分析句子结构、形式
● 汉译英：分析句子功能、意义
1．The growth of class consciousness among the workers was inhibited by continued high levels of employment and rising earnings for almost 15 years, combined with the propaganda of views in the labor movement reflecting the influence of Keynesian theories about the ability of capitalism to solve permanently the problem of “boom and bust” through a “managed economy” of built-in stabilizers.
2．我过去所受的那些委屈和刺激，比起他来，也只是小巫见大巫，算不得什么。
III. 形合、意合与文体
● 译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。虽译犹不译也。则达尚焉。…… 易曰修辞立诚。子曰刺达而已。又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨。亦即为译事楷模。
试译：
1．谋事在人，成事在天。
2．不打不相识。
3．敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。
形合与意合
✧ 形合：句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻．．．．．．
辑关系。
✧ 意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
I. 英语的形合
1．关系词和连接词：
1) All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
2) When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
3) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
4) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.
2．介词
1) He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
2) This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.
3) Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.
3．其他连接手段：形态变化（词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词形态变化等）
They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.
II. 汉语的意合
1．语序
1) 她不老实，我不能信任她。
2) 人不犯我，我不犯人。
3) 说是说了，没有结果。
4) 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。
5) 人到事中迷，就怕没人提。
2．反复、排比、对偶、对照等。
1) 他不来，我不去。
2) 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
3) 不怕慢，只怕站。
4) 吃苦在前，享乐在后。
5) 聪明一世，糊涂一时。
6) 不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜。
3．紧缩句
1) 有饭大家吃。
2) 不到黄河不死心。
3) 狼披着羊皮还是狼。
4) 上梁不正下梁歪。
5)
4．四字格
1) 不进则退
2) 酒醉智昏
3) 物极必反
4) 玩火自焚
5) 欲盖弥彰
6) 远交近攻
● 英译汉：分析句子结构、形式
● 汉译英：分析句子功能、意义
1．The growth of class consciousness among the workers was inhibited by continued high levels of employment and rising earnings for almost 15 years, combined with the propaganda of views in the labor movement reflecting the influence of Keynesian theories about the ability of capitalism to solve permanently the problem of “boom and bust” through a “managed economy” of built-in stabilizers.
2．我过去所受的那些委屈和刺激，比起他来，也只是小巫见大巫，算不得什么。
III. 形合、意合与文体
● 译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。虽译犹不译也。则达尚焉。…… 易曰修辞立诚。子曰刺达而已。又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨。亦即为译事楷模。
试译：
1．谋事在人，成事在天。
2．不打不相识。
3．敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。